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Exercises
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Surname, First name
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Logic and Set Theory (2IHT10)
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Exam (on campus)
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This exam will be scanned and graded in the online system Ans. It will be automatically associated with
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you need more space, please use the extra space provided on pages 9 and 10 of the form. You may use
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You are not allowed to use any books, notes, or other course material. Your solutions to the problems
have to be formulated and written down in a clear and precise manner.

You can obtain 30 points in total by solving all problems in this test correctly; how many points you
can obtain with a correct solution for a problem is indicated before the number of the problem. Note that
a partially correct solution is sometimes awarded with a fraction of the points. Your grade for this final
test will be determined by dividing the total number of points you scored by 3.

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Formal Reasoning
5p 1 Prove with a flag-style derivation (i.e. using the methods described in part II of the book) that the
formula

(¬P ∨ Q) ⇒ (P ⇒ (Q ∨ R))

is a tautology.

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Predicate Logic

Let H be the set of all human beings, including Anna, Boris and Carlos.

Furthermore, let M be a unary predicate on H and let P and G be a binary predicates on H

M (x) : ’x is male’;
P (x, y) : ’x is a parent of y’;
G(x, y) : ’x is a grandparent of y’.

Give formulas of predicate logic that express the following two sentences:
2p 2a "Boris and Carlos are (half) brothers."

2p 2b "Anna does not have nephews." (A nephew of Anna is the son of a brother or sister of Anna.)

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Sets
5p 3 Let A, B and C be arbitrary sets. Prove that

A ∩ B ⊆ C ⇒ A / C ⊆ Bc .

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Relations
Let R be the relation on Z × Z defined, for all x1 , x2 , y1 , y2 ∈ Z, by:

(x1 , x2 ) R (y1 , y2 ) if, and only if, x 1 + y 2 = x 2 + y1 .

5p 4a Prove that R is an equivalence relation.

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2p 4b Let [(1, 2)]R denote the equivalence class of (1, 2) with respect to R. (This is according to the
notation used in the videos; according to the notation used in the book, the same equivalence class
would be denoted by K((1, 2)) .) Furthermore, let A = {−2, −1, 0, 1, 2}

Determine [(−1, 2)]R ∩ (A × A).

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Induction
6p 5 Prove that 2n ≥ n2 for all n ∈ N with n ≥ 4.

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Orderings
3p 6 Let R be the reflexive ordering on N+ , defined, for all x, y ∈ N+ , by:

xRy if, and only if, ∃c [c ∈ N+ ∶ y = xc ]

(recall that N+ = {n ∈ N ∣ n > 0}).

Furthermore, let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}.

Give the Hasse diagram of ⟨A, R⟩.

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Extra space
If you need extra space, you can write (part of) a solution below. Please state clearly, in the box associated
with the question to which this solution belongs, that we should look for the (rest of the) solution on p. 9.

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Extra space
If you need extra space, you can write (part of) a solution below. Please state clearly, in the box associated
with the question to which this solution belongs, that we should look for the (rest of the) solution on p. 10.

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