The Table of Contents

Chapter 1. Fundamentals of Object-Oriented Programming ............................................................2

1. Introduction to OOP ................................................................................................................................... 2
2. Key Concepts of OOP ................................................................................................................................. 2
3. Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................................4

Chapter 2. Java Evolution .................................................................................................................. 5

1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................5
2. Origins of Java ............................................................................................................................................5
3. Key Milestones in Java's Evolution .............................................................................................................5
4. Java's Impact on Software Development ................................................................................................... 7
5. Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................................8

Chapter 3. Overview of Java Language ............................................................................................. 9

1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................9
2. Key Features of Java .................................................................................................................................. 9
3. Java Architecture ..................................................................................................................................... 10
4. Use Cases of Java .....................................................................................................................................11
5. Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................12
Chapter 1
Fundamentals of Object-Oriented
Programming

1. Introduction to OOP
OOP1 is a programming paradigm that organizes software design around data, or
objects, rather than functions and logic. OOP allows for a more intuitive way to
model real-world entities, making the developmenti process more manageable and
scalable.

2. Key Concepts of OOP

1. Encapsulation
- Encapsulation is the bundling of data (attributes) and methods (functions) that
operate on the data within a single unit, known as a class. This concept restricts
direct access to some of the object's components and prevents unintended
interference and misuse of the methods2 and data.

- Encapsulation is achieved in Java using access modifiers such as `private`,

`protected`, and `public`, ensuring that only the intended parts of a program can
access certain variables or methods.

1 Object-Oriented Programming
2 Tarike
2. Inheritance
- Inheritance is a mechanism that allows one class (the child or subclass) to inherit
the properties and methods of another class (the parent or super class). This
promotes code reusability and establishes a hierarchical relationship between
classes.

- In Java, inheritance is indicated using the `extends` keyword. A subclass can

inherit fields and methods from the super class and can also add its own features or
override existing methods.

3. Polymorphism
- Polymorphism enables objects to be treated as instances of their parent class,
allowing methods to perform differently based on the object invoking them. This
concept is crucial for implementing dynamic method resolution - There are two
types of polymorphism in Java:

- **Compile-time polymorphism** (method overloading): Achieved by defining

multiple methods with the same name but different parameters within the same
class.

- **Runtime polymorphism** (method overriding): Occurs when a subclass

provides a specific implementation of a method that is already defined in its super
class.

4. Abstraction
- Abstraction is the principle of hiding complex implementation details and
showing only the essential features of an object. It allows programmers to reduce
complexity and increase efficiency.

- In Java, abstraction can be achieved3 through abstract classes and interfaces. An

abstract class can contain both abstract methods (without implementation) and
concrete methods (with implementation), while an interface only contains method
signatures.

3 Prapt karna
3. Creating Classes and Objects
In Java, a class serves as a blueprint for creating objects. An object is an instance of
a class, containing both data and methods that operate on that data. The process of
creating an object involves defining a class and then using the `new` keyword to
instantiate it.

4. Access Modifiers
Java provides four access modifiers to control the visibility of classes, methods, and
variables:

- **Public**: Members are accessible from any other class.

- **Private**: Members are accessible only within the class they are declared.

- **Protected**: Members are accessible within their own package and by subclasses.

- **Default (Package-Private)**: Members are accessible only within their own

package if no modifier is specified.

3. Conclusion4
The principles of OOP in Java—encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and
abstraction—form the foundation of effective software design. They enhance code
modularity, reusability, and maintainability, making Java a powerful language for
building complex applications. Understanding these concepts is essential for any
developer aiming to harness the full potential of Java programming.

4 nichod
Chapter 2
Java Evolution

1. Introduction
Java is a widely-used, high-level programming language known for its portability,
scalability, and robustness. Its evolution has been shaped by technological
advancements and the needs of the software development community. This chapter
explores the key milestones in the evolution of Java, highlighting its growth from
inception to its current status as a dominant programming language.

2. Origins of Java
Java's journey began in the early 1990s at Sun Microsystems, led by James Gosling
and his team. Originally conceived as a language for embedded systems in
consumer electronics, Java was intended to be platform-independent and capable of
running on various devices. The first version, Oak, was renamed Java in 1995.

3. Key Milestones in Java's Evolution

1. Java 1.0 (1996)

 - The official release of Java 1.0 marked its entry into the programming world. It
introduced core features such as the JVM5, applets, and the foundational libraries.
Java's "Write Once, Run Anywhere" (WORA) capability became a significant selling
point.

2. Java 1.1 (1997)

- This version brought enhancements like inner classes, JavaBeans, and the
introduction of the JDBC API for database connectivity. It focused on improving
performance and expanding the capabilities of applets.

3. Java 2 (J2SE 1.2) (1998)

- A major overhaul, Java 2 introduced the Swing GUI6 toolkit, Collections
framework, and a new core API. It also marked the separation of Java into different
editions: Standard Edition (SE), Enterprise Edition (EE), and Micro Edition (ME).

4. Java 5 (J2SE 5.0) (2004)

- Known as Java 1.5, this version introduced significant language enhancements,
including generics, metadata annotations, enumerated types, and the enhanced for
loop. These changes improved code readability and type safety.

5. Java 6 (2006)
- Java 6 focused on performance improvements and added features like scripting
support through the inclusion of the Java Compiler API and the introduction of
improvements in the Java platform, including enhancements in the Java Virtual
Machine (JVM).

6. Java 7 (2011)
- Java 7 introduced features such as the try-with-resources statement, the
diamond operator for type inference, and the Fork/Join framework for parallel
programming. These additions aimed to simplify coding and improve performance.

5 Java Virtual Machine

6 Graphical User Interface
7. Java 8 (2014)
- A landmark release, Java 8 introduced lambdas and the Stream API, which
revolutionized the way developers write and process collections. It also brought the
Date and Time API, enhancing date and time manipulation.

8. Java 9 (2017)
- Java 9 introduced the Module System, which allowed developers to modularize
their applications, improving maintainability and scalability. Other features included
the JShell interactive tool and enhancements to the Stream API.

9. Java 10 (2018)
- This release focused on performance improvements, including the introduction of
local-variable type inference ( var ) and application class-data sharing, which
improved startup time.

10. Java 11 (2018)

- Java 11, a Long-Term Support (LTS) version, included significant features such as
the HTTP Client API and various enhancements to existing libraries. The removal of
deprecated features also marked a shift toward a more streamlined language.

11. Java 12 and Beyond (2019-Present)

- Java continues to evolve with regular releases, introducing features like switch
expressions, new garbage collection algorithms, and improvements in performance
and security. Each release emphasizes developer productivity and adaptability to
modern programming needs.

4. Java's Impact on Software Development

Java's evolution has significantly influenced software development practices. Its
emphasis on portability, security, and community-driven enhancements has made it
a preferred choice for enterprise applications, mobile development (Android), and
large-scale systems. The ongoing development and adoption of new features ensure
that Java remains relevant in a rapidly changing technological landscape.

5. Conclusion

The evolution of Java reflects its ability to adapt to the changing needs of developers
and the software industry. From its origins as a language for embedded systems to
its current status as a versatile, multi-paradigm programming language, Java's
journey is marked by continuous innovation and improvement. Understanding this
evolution provides valuable insights into its enduring popularity and the principles
that guide its development
Chapter 3
Overview of Java Language

1. Introduction
Java is a high-level, versatile, and widely-used programming language designed to
be platform-independent, secure, and robust. It was developed by Sun Microsystems
in the mid-1990s and has since become one of the most popular programming
languages in the world. This chapter provides an overview of Java, highlighting its
key features, architecture, and its role in modern software development.

2. Key Features of Java

1. Platform Independence
- Java is designed with the philosophy of "Write Once, Run Anywhere" (WORA).
This means that Java programs can run on any device that has a Java Virtual
Machine (JVM), allowing developers to create applications without worrying about
the underlying hardware or operating system.

- Java is an object-oriented programming language, which means it uses objects to

model real-world entities. Key principles of OOP—encapsulation, inheritance,
polymorphism, and abstraction—are integral to Java, promoting modular and
reusable code.
3. Strongly Typed
- Java enforces strict type checking, meaning that all variables must be declared
with a data type. This reduces the likelihood of runtime errors and enhances code
clarity and maintainability.

4. Automatic Memory Management

- Java includes an automatic garbage collection mechanism that manages memory
allocation and deallocation. This helps prevent memory leaks and allows developers
to focus more on application logic rather than memory management.

5. Rich Standard Library

- Java comes with a comprehensive standard library (Java API) that provides a wide
range of classes and methods for tasks such as file I/O, networking, data structures,
and GUI development. This extensive library accelerates development by providing
reusable components.

6. Multithreading Support
- Java supports multithreading, allowing developers to write programs that can
perform multiple tasks simultaneously. This feature is essential for building
responsive applications, especially in environments where user interaction is
required.

7. Security Features
- Java provides a robust security model, including features like the Java sandbox,
bytecode verification, and built-in security APIs. This makes it suitable for developing
secure applications, particularly in web environments.

3. Java Architecture
Java's architecture consists of several key components:

1. Java Development Kit (JDK)

- The JDK is a software development environment that includes tools for
developing, compiling, and debugging Java applications. It contains the Java
Compiler (javac), the Java Runtime Environment (JRE), and various development
tools.

2. Java Runtime Environment (JRE)ii

- The JRE provides the libraries and components required to run Java applications.
It includes the JVM, which interprets and executes Java byte code.

3. Java Virtual Machine (JVM)iii

- The JVM is a crucial component that enables Java's platform independence. It
translates Java byte code into machine code specific to the underlying hardware,
allowing the same Java program to run on different platforms.

4. Use Cases of Java

Java is widely used across various domains, including:

- **Enterprise Applications**: Java is popular for building large-scale enterprise

systems due to its robustness, security, and scalability.

- **Web Applications**: Java frameworks like Spring and Java Server Faces (JSF) are
commonly used for developing dynamic web applications.

- **Mobile Development**: Java is the primary language for Android app

development, supported by tools like Android Studio.

- **Embedded Systems**: Java is utilized in embedded devices and IoT applications

due to its portability and security features.

- **Game Development**: While not as common as other languages, Java is used in

game development through frameworks like Lib GDX.
5. Conclusion
Java's design and architecture make it a powerful language for a wide range of
applications. Its emphasis on portability, security, and object-oriented principles has
contributed to its enduring popularity among developers. Understanding the
fundamentals of Java equips programmers with the skills needed to buildiv efficient
and reliable software in various domains. This overview sets the stage for a deeper
exploration of Java's features, syntax, and applications in subsequent chapters.

iiJava run time environment

iiiJava virtual Machine
iv Banana

Bloch. J. (2008). JAVA. gurugram: pk shinha.

Schildt, H. (2007). Java: The Complete Reference. haryana: jk publisher.