DATA STRUCTURES

There are two types of data structures in python namely:

1.Built In Data structures.

2.Userdefined Data Structures.

Built In Data Structures are:

 Numbers
 Strings
 Lists
 Tuples
 Dictionary
 Boolean
 Sets

User Defined Data Structures are :

 Stack
 Tree
 Graph
 Queue
 Linked List
 Pie Chart.

NUMBERS

Number data types store numeric values. They are immutable data types, means that changing the
value of a number data type results in a newly allocated object.

Types: Integers

Float

Integers:
Int, or integer, is a whole number, positive or negative, without decimals, of unlimited length.

Whole numbers- 1,2,3 etc…

No decimals are allowed.

Int is a built in function in python.

FLOAT :
 Float is is a data type composed of a number that is not an integer, because it includes a
fraction represented in decimal format.
 0.4,0.8 etc…

 Can display digits past the decimal point

Arithmetic Operators:

 Addition +
 Subtraction –
 Multiplication *
 Division /
 Floor Division //
 Percentage %
 Power **

Operator Description Example

+ Addition Adds values on either side of the operator. a+b=

30

- Subtraction Subtracts right hand operand from left hand operand. a–b=-
10

* Multiplies values on either side of the operator a*b=

Multiplication 200

/ Division Divides left hand operand by right hand operand b/a=2

% Modulus Divides left hand operand by right hand operand and returns b%a=
remainder 0

** Exponent Performs exponential (power) calculation on operators a**b =10

to the
power 20
 // Floor Division - The division of operands where the result is 9//2 = 4
the quotient in which the digits after the decimal point are and
removed. But if one of the operands is negative, the result is 9.0//2.0
floored, i.e., rounded away from zero (towards negative = 4.0, -
infinity) − 11//3 = -
4, -
11.0//3 =
-4.0

Sample Programs using Arithmetic Operators:

Program 1:

x = 15
y=4
# Output: x + y = 19
print('x + y =',x+y)

# Output: x - y = 11
print('x - y =',x-y)

# Output: x * y = 60
print('x * y =',x*y)

# Output: x / y = 3.75
print('x / y =',x/y)

# Output: x // y = 3
print('x // y =',x//y)

# Output: x ** y = 50625
print('x ** y =',x**y)

Program 2 :

Arithmetic Operators using Functions:

Input:

import sys

def main():

num1 = int(input("Enter the Integer Number1:"))

 num2 = int(input("Enter the Integer Number2:"))

print()

print("Addition of two number :", add(num1,num2))

print("Subtraction of two number :",subtract(num1,num2))

print("Multiplication of two number :",multiply(num1,num2))

print("Division of two number :",divide(num1,num2))

def add(num1,num2):

result = num1+num2

return result

def subtract(num1,num2):

result = num1-num2

return result

def multiply(num1,num2):

result = num1*num2

return result

def divide(num1,num2):

if(num2==0):

print("error")

result = num1//num2

return result

if __name__ == "__main__":

main()

Output:

Enter the Integer Number1:13

Enter the Integer Number2:34

Addition of two number : 47

Subtraction of two number : -21

Multiplication of two number : 442

Division of two number : 0

Comparison Operators:
Mainly generate Boolean value true or false.

Also called as relational operators

The types of comparison operators are:

 Equal to ==
 Not Equal to !=
 Greater than >
 Less than <
 Greater than or equal to >=
 Less than or equal to <=

Operator Description Example

Decides whether the values are equal a = 20, b = 20 a
Equal-To (== )
or not. == b returns True
Not-Equal-To (!= Decides whether the values are a = 10, b = 12a !=
) unequal or not. b returns True
Greater-Than Decides whether the left-value is a = 25, b = 10 a >
(> ) greater or not. b returns True
Decides whether the left-value if lesser a = 10, b = 25 a <
Less-Than (< )
or not. b returns True
Decides whether the left-value is
Greater-Than- a = 10, b = 10 a
greater or equal to the right value or
Equal-To (>= ) >= b returns True
not.
Less-Than-Equal- Decides whether the left-value is lesser a = 34, b = 34 a
To (<= ) or equal to the right value or not. <= b returns True

Example Programs:
Program 1:
a=12
b=8
print(a == b) . Output : False
print(a != b). Output : True
print(a>b) . Output: True
print(a<b). Output: False
print(a>=b) Output: True
print(a<=b). Output : False

Assignment Operators:
They are mainly used to assign values to the variables.

Operator Description Syntax

Assign value of right side of expression to left side x=y+

=
operand z

+=
Add and Assign: Add right side operand with left side
operand and then assign to left operand a += b

Subtract AND: Subtract right operand from left operand

and then assign to left operand: True if both operands
-=
are equal a -= b

Multiply AND: Multiply right operand with left operand a *= b

*=
and then assign to left operand

Divide AND: Divide left operand with right operand and

/=
then assign to left operand a /= b

Modulus AND: Takes modulus using left and right

%=
operands and assign result to left operand a %= b

Divide(floor) AND: Divide left operand with right

//=
operand and then assign the value(floor) to left operand a //= b

Exponent AND: Calculate exponent(raise power) value a **= b

**=
using operands and assign value to left operand

Performs Bitwise AND on operands and assign value to

&=
left operand a &= b
 Operator Description Syntax

|=
Performs Bitwise OR on operands and assign value to
left operand a |= b

Performs Bitwise xOR on operands and assign value to

^=
left operand a ^= b

Performs Bitwise right shift on operands and assign

>>=
value to left operand a >>= b

a<<=b.
Performs Bitwise left shift on operands and assign value
<<=
to left operand.
Sample Programs:

Program 1:

a=3

b=5

c=a+b

# Output

print(c)

Output: 8

Program 2:

a=3

b=5

#a=a-b

a -= b

# Output

print(a)

Output: -2
Program 3:

a=3

b=5

#a=a*b

a *= b

# Output

print(a)

Output: 15

Program 4:

a=3

b=5

# a = a ** b

a **= b

# Output

print(a)

Output: 243

Program 5:
a=17
b=10
print("Binary number for {0} is {0:08b}".format(a))
print("Binary number for {0} is {0:08b}".format(b))

Output:

Binary number for 17 is 00010001

Binary number for 10 is 00001010

Program 6: (And if both bits are 1):

a = 17

b = 10

#a=a&b

a &= b

# Output

print(a)

Output : 0

Explanation: 00010001 (a=17)

00001010(b=10)

00000000(comparing both)

Program 7:
a = 17
b = 10
# a = a | b
a |= b
# Output
print(a)

Output: 27

Output Explanation: 00010001 (a=17)

00001010(b=10)

00011011(comparing both)

Program 8:
a = 17
b = 10
# a = a ^= b
a ^= b
# Output
print(a)

Output : 27
Output Explanation: 00010001 (a=17)

00001010(b=10)

00011011(comparing both)

Program 9:

a=3

b=5

# a = a >> b

a >>= b

# Output

print(a)

Output : 0

Logical operators:

 And
 OR
 NOT

AND:

If both are true it is true or else false

T T –T

TF–F

FF–F

OR:

If either one is it is true

T,F – T

T,T –T

F,F –F
Not:

It works like negotiation.

a=4>5

not a

Output -- True

Program:

a= 1>3

b=8>7

a and b

Output: False

a or b

Output: True

Other Built in Functions in python:

abs:

print(abs(-4))

output : 4

round:

print(round(3.55,1))

output : 3.6

type:

print(type(a))

output: integer
all() :

It returns true if all items passed in iterable are true or else it returns false.
k=[1,3,4,6]

Print(all(k)) .Output: True

K=[1,3,7,0]

Print(all(K)). Output : False

bin():

It is used to return binary representation of a specified integer. A result always starts with prefix 0b

x=10

y=bin(x)

print(y)

Output: 0b1010

Float():

Print(float(9))

Output : 9.0

Print(float(8.9))

Output: 8.9

Len():

Name= “Vamsi”

Print(len(Name))

Output: 5

IF Else Statement in Python:

 It evaluates whether an expression is true or false.

 If a condition is true, if statement executes otherwise else statement executes.
 These statements helps coders to control the flow of programs.
Programs:

Program 1: even or odd number

num = int(input("Enter a number: "))
mod = num % 2
if mod > 0:
print("This is an odd number.")
else:
print("This is an even number.")

Output:

Enter a number: 77

This is an odd number.

Program 2:
num=5
if num==1:
print('Monday');
elif num==2:
print('Tuesday')
elif num==3:
print('Wednesday')
elif num==4:
print('Thursday')
elif num==5:
print('Friday')
elif num==6:
print('Saturday')
elif num==7:
print('Sunday')
else:
print('Invalid input, please enter 1 to 7 only')
print('Learn Python with Vamsi')

Output: Friday

Learn Python with Vamsi

STRINGS
 They are sequence of characters with single or double quotes. Example- ‘India’, “Vamsi”.
 They are ordered sequences where we can perform indexing and slicing.
Vamsi
012 34
Print(a[2])
 Output: 2

Basic Programs:

Program 1:

Name = “Vamsi”

Print(Name)

Output: Vamsi

Program 2 : Concatenation( adding strings)

Name = “Vamsi”

Surname = “ Eluri”

Print(Name + Surname)

Output: VamsiEluri

Program 3 : Replication:

Name = “Vamsi”

Print(Name*5)

Output: VamsiVamsiVamsiVamsiVamsi

Program 4: Slice Operator( To print a part of a string)

Name = “Vamsi”

Print(Name[1:3])

Output: am

Print(Name[2:])

Output: msi

Print([-3:-1])

Output: ms

Name = “Vamsi Chowdary”

Print(name[::4])

Output: Vior
Program 5: Capitalization

Name = “vamsi”

print(Name.capitalize())

Output: Vamsi

Program 6: Count method

name = “VamsiKrishna”

substring = “a”

print(name.count(substring))

Output : 2

Program 7: Index

name= “Vamsi”

sub = “ms”

print(name.index(sub))

Output: 2

Program 8: alphanumeric

name = “Vamsi”

print(name.isalnum())

output: True

name = “V@amsi”

print(name.isalnum())

Output: False
Program 9: alphabets

name = “Vamsi”

print(name.isalpha())

Output: True

name = “Vamsi Krishna”

Print(name.isalpha())

Output: False

Program 10: Numbers

a = “V12”

print(a.isdigit())

Output: False

Program 11: Upper or Lower case

name = “VAMSI”

print(name.islower())

print(name.isupper())

Output: False

True

Program 12: To print in Lower or upper case

name = “VAMSI”

print(name.lower())

Output : Vamsi

name= “Vamsi”

print(name.lower())
Output: Vamsi

name = “VAmsI”

print(name.upper())

Output: VAMSI

Program 13: SWAP

name = “VaMSi”

print(name.swapcase())

Output:vAmsI