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Abstract
Deeper neural networks are more difficult to train. We present a residual learning
framework to ease the training of networks that are substantially deeper than those used
previously. We explicitly reformulate the layers as learning residual functions with reference
to the layer inputs, instead of learning unreferenced functions. We provide comprehensive
empirical evidence showing that these residual networks are easier to optimize, and can
gain accuracy from considerably increased depth. On the ImageNet dataset we evaluate
residual nets with a depth of up to 152 layers---8x deeper than VGG nets but still having
lower complexity. An ensemble of these residual nets achieves 3.57% error on the
ImageNet test set. This result won the 1st place on the ILSVRC 2015 classification task.
We also present analysis on CIFAR-10 with 100 and 1000 layers. The depth of
representations is of central importance for many visual recognition tasks. Solely due to
our extremely deep representations, we obtain a 28% relative improvement on the COCO
object detection dataset. Deep residual nets are foundations of our submissions to ILSVRC
& COCO 2015 competitions, where we also won the 1st places on the tasks of ImageNet
detection, ImageNet localization, COCO detection, and COCO segmentation.
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