Chapter-2

VECTOR ANALYSIS
Course Content
• Scalars and vectors, vectors in two and three dimensions, unit vector, laws of vector addition,
Resolution of a vector in a plane, rectangular components, scalar and vector products.

Even the physical quantities can be classified as the fundamental and derived quantities but according to
the magnitude and direction aspects these can also be categorized as Scalar and Vector quantities. This
categorization helps to the description and implementation of all the concepts of science. However; in the
advanced branches of Physics the designing and simulations based on this classification.

1. Scalars: -Those physical quantities which having only magnitude but no direction are called the
scalars. For example: temperature, length, mass, work etc.
The scalars are represented by the numbers. A scalar can be negative or positive.
These scalar quantities follow the simple rules of algebra.
2. Vectors: Those physical quantities which having both the magnitude and direction, are called the vectors.
For example displacement, velocity, acceleration, weight, force, momentum etc.

The vectors are represented by arrow (⟶) notations. These vectors can also be
added, subtracted and multiplied by the rules of vector algebra. But the division of two vectors is not
valid in this vector algebra.

Importance of Vectors: In the field of physics the vectors are of great importance due to the
following reasons.
1. Many laws of physics can be expressed in compact form by the use of vectors.
2. Many derivations and expressions can be greatly simplified by the use of vectors.
3. The laws of physics which expressed in the form of vectors remain invariant even for translation of
the co-ordinate system.

Few Definitions in Vector Algebra:

1. Unit vector: The unit vector of a given vector; is a vector of unit magnitude and has the same
direction as that of the given vector. The unit vector is used in Physics for the direction notations
because its magnitude cannot affect the measurement of that quantity.

⃗ is written as A
A unit vector of A ̂ (A cap). Since magnitude of A
⃗ is A; So:

⃗A Given Vector
⃗A = AA
̂ or A
̂= =
A Modulus of vector
2. Equal Vectors: Two vectors are said to be equal vectors, if they have equal magnitude and
same direction.

If two vectors ⃗A and ⃗B are represented by two equal parallel lines drawn with same
scale, having arrow heads in the same direction as in Figure 2.1, then ⃗A and ⃗B are equal vectors. i.e.

1
 ⃗ =B
A ⃗

Figure 2.1 Equal Vectors

3. Negative Vectors: A negative vector of a given vector is a vector of same magnitude but acting
in a direction opposite to that of the given vector.

The negative vector of ⃗A is represented as−A

⃗ . In the given figure−A
⃗ is equal in
⃗.
length but opposite in direction to the vectorA

Figure 2.2 Two Negative Vectors

4. Co-initial vector: The two vectors are said to be co-initial if their initial point is common. In
the Figure 2.3 the two vectors are starting from the same point o.

Figure 2.3 Co Initial Vectors

5. Collinear vector: These are those vectors which having equal or unequal magnitudes and
acting either along the parallel straight lines or along the parallel lines in the same directions or
along the parallel lines in the opposite directions, as shown in the following Figures .

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 6. Co-planar Vectors: The vectors which are acting in the same plane are called the co-planar
⃗ ,B
vectors. As the vectors A ⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 C
⃗ are acting in the plane of paper, so these are co-planar vectors.

Figure 2.4 Co-Planar Vectors

7. Localized Vector: It is a vector whose initial point is fixed. It is also known as the fixed vector.
8. Zero vectors: A vector having zero magnitude is called the zero vector or the null vector. It is
⃗.
denoted by0

Laws of Vector Addition: Two or more vectors can be added geometrically by making use of
following laws of vector addition:

1. The triangle law of vector addition: This law states that, if two vectors can be represented
in magnitude and direction by the two sides of a triangle taken in the same order, then the resultant
is represented completely by the third side of the triangle taken in the opposite order.

If ⃗P & ⃗Q
⃗ are two vectors, then their sum can be obtained by using the law of triangle.

Figure 2.5 Two vectors, which can be added by the Triangle Law of Vector Addition

Draw the vector,alnog Q ⃗⃗ , Now move the vector P

⃗ parallel to itself such that the tail of vector P ⃗ coincides
with the head of Q ⃗ . Thus the vectors Q⃗ and P ⃗ are represented as the sides of triangle ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ AB and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
BC
respectively. Therefore according to the law of triangle of vector addition, the vector AC⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = R
⃗ (say); drawn
⃗⃗ to the tip of P
from the tail of Q ⃗ . 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛 R
⃗ will be taken as the third side of the triangle which is in the
opposite order. Hence it represents the sum of two vectors Q⃗ and P⃗.

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 Figure 2.6 Triangle Law of vector Addition for which, ⃗R = ⃗P + ⃗Q

2. Parallelogram law of Vector Addition: It states that, if two vectors acting simultaneously
at a point can be represented both in magnitude and direction by the two adjacent sides of a
parallelogram, the resultant is represented completely by the diagonal of the parallelogram passing
through the same point.

Let us find the resultant of two vectors P ⃗ &Q ⃗ as shown in Figure 2.7. To find their
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = P
resultant, draw vectorAB ⃗ then move the vector Q ∥ to itself so that its tail coincides with the tail of
vectorP⃗ . If we mark its tip ‘D’ then the vectorAD⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ represents the vectorQ
⃗⃗ in this way complete the ∥gm
ABCD.

Figure 2.7 Paralleogram Law of Vector Addition

Hence the two vectorsP ⃗ and ⃗Q

⃗ are represented by the two sides of the ∥gm ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AB and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AD respectively. Then
according to this law, the vectorAC = R(say), which represents the sum of vectors P and ⃗Q. Thus:
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗ ⃗

⃗R = ⃗P + ⃗Q

3. Polygon law of vector addition: This law is generally used to obtain the resultant of more
than two vectors. This law is very efficient and reliable, used for the addition of no of vectors. It
states that, if a number of vectors can be represented in magnitude and direction by the different
sides of a polygon taken in the same order, then their resultant is represented in magnitude and
direction by the closing sides of the polygon taking in opposite order.

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 ⃗,B
Let us find that the resultant of four vectorsA ⃗ ,C
⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 D ⃗⃗ as shown in Figure 2.8. To find
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = A
the resultant, draw the vectorOK ⃗ then move the vector B⃗ ∥to itself, so that its tail coincides with the tip
of vectorA⃗ . Mark the tip of vector B ⃗ as L and similarly move the vectors C ⃗ and D ⃗ ∥ to their self and
coincides their tails with the tips of vector B ⃗ and the vector C ⃗ respectively. Mark the tips of vectors
⃗C 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ⃗D
⃗ as M and N respectively.

Figure 2.8 Different Vectors for Addition Figure 2.9 Polygon Law of vector Addition

So, the sides of the ∥gm are OK ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ , ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

KL, LM ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 MN
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ are of the same order and the side ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
ON is of opposite
order. So, it represents the resultant (R ⃗ ) of all sides, thus R ⃗ =A ⃗ +B⃗ +C⃗ +D⃗

Zero Vector: A vector having zero magnitude is called a null vector or zero vector. A zero vector is
⃗ . The following two operations give rise to zero vectors:
represented by0
1. When the vector is multiplied to zero, the result is a zero vector. Thus:

⃗ )= ⃗0
0(A
2. When a negative of a vector is added to the vector, the result is a zero vector. Thus:

⃗A + (−A
⃗ )= ⃗0

Properties of a Zero Vector: The Zero Vector has the following properties:
1. The addition or subtraction of a zero vector is again the same vector. Thus:

⃗A + ⃗0 = ⃗A

2. The multiplication of a non-zero real number with a zero vector is again a zero vector. If ‘n’ is a
non-zero real vector, then:
⃗ ) = ⃗0
n (0

3. If n1 and n2 are two different non-zero real numbers, then their relation:

n1 ⃗A = n2 ⃗B

⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 B
The above can hold only, if both A ⃗ are zero vectors.

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 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = r represents a vector in space. In order to
Vectors in Three Dimensions: Consider the vector OP
express it in the form of three mutually ⊥ components, construct a rectangular parallelepiped OABCDEFP
with its three edges along the three co-ordinate axes OX, OY and OZ. Let î, ĵ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 k̂ be the unit vectors
along OX, OY and OZ axis respectively as shown in Figure 2.10.

Figure 2.10 The Vectors in three dimensional space

Then according to the polygon law of vector addition vectors, we have:

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OP = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OA + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AB + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
BP − − − (1)
If there are three sides of rectangular parallelepiped are OA=x, OC=y and OE=z; then:

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OA = xî, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OC = yĵ, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = zk̂
OE

Since, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AB = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OC = yĵ and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ OE = zk̂
BP = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Bu using these values in equation (1), we get

r = xî+ yĵ+ zk̂

The above equation expresses the vector r̂ oriented in space in terms of rectangular components xî, yĵ, zk̂.

If ‘r’ is the magnitude of vectorr, then it follows that:

r = √x 2 + y 2 + z 2

Thus, the magnitude of a vector is equal to the square root of the sum of the square of the magnitude of its
rectangular components.

⃗ and B
Scalar Product (Dot Product): The scalar product of the two vectorsA ⃗ is defined, as the
⃗ and the cosine of the angle between them.
product of the magnitudes of the vectors 𝐴 and 𝐵

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 ⃗ and B
The scalar product of two vectors A ⃗ gives a scalar and is denoted asA
⃗ .B
⃗ , it is also
known as dot product or inner product of the two vectors.

⃗ inclined at angle θ
Figure 2.11 The two vectors 𝐴 and 𝐵

Mathematically: If θ is the angle between the vectors ⃗A andB

⃗ , then:

⃗ .B
A ⃗ = ABcosθ − − − (1)

The above equation can be written as:

⃗A. ⃗B = A(Bcosθ) = B(Acosθ) − − − (2)

⃗ along the
As shown in the following figure (a); Bcosθ is the magnitude of the component of the vector B
⃗ . Similarly as shown in figure (b) Acosθ is the magnitude of the component of the
direction of vectorA
⃗ along the direction of vectorB
vector A ⃗.

⃗
Figure 2.12 Magnitude of the component of Vector 𝐴 and 𝐵
So, the equation (2) can be expressed as:

⃗A. ⃗B = magnitude of ⃗A × magnitude of the component of ⃗B along ⃗A

⃗ × magnitude of the component of A

= magnitude of B ⃗ along B
⃗

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Important Note: 1. î. î = ĵ. ĵ = k̂. k̂ = (1)(1) cos 00 = 1
2. î. ĵ = ĵ. k̂ = k̂. î = î. k̂ = k̂. ĵ = ĵ. î = (1)(1) cos 900 = 0

Properties of scalar product:

1. Dot product (Scalar Product) of the two vectors obeys commutative law i.e.

⃗A. ⃗B = ⃗B. ⃗A

⃗ .B
Now, A ⃗ = AB cos θ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 B
⃗ .A
⃗ = BA cos θ

But, AB cos θ = BA cos θ

∴ ⃗A. ⃗B = ⃗B. ⃗A
2. The dot product of a vector with itself gives the square of its magnitude.

⃗ .A
A ⃗ = (A)(A) cos 00 = A2

∴ ⃗A. ⃗A = A2 or A = √⃗A. ⃗A Where A is the magnitude of ⃗A

⃗ and B
3. The dot product of two mutually ⊥ vectors is zero. If two vectors A ⃗ are perpendicular to each
other, then:

⃗ .B
A ⃗ = AB cos 90o = AB(0) = 0

∴ ⃗A. ⃗B = 0
4. Two vectors are said to be collinear i.e. act parallel or anti-parallel to each other, if their dot product
is numerically equal to the product of their magnitudes.

When vectror ⃗A parallel to ⃗B (θ = 00 ) that means ⃗A. ⃗B = (A)(B) cos 00 = AB

⃗ antiparallel to B
When A ⃗ (θ = 1800 ) then ⃗⃗⃗A. B
⃗ = (A)(B) cos 1800 = AB(−1) = −AB

5. The dot product obeys the distributive law i.e.

⃗A. (B
⃗ + ⃗C) = ⃗A. ⃗B + ⃗A. ⃗C

Vector Product (Cross Product): The magnitude of the cross product of the two vectors ⃗A and ⃗B is
⃗ and sine of the angle between them. The
defined as the product of the magnitudes of the vectors 𝐴 and 𝐵
vector product is also known as cross product of vectors 𝐴 and𝐵⃗ . The result of this operation is a vector
due to which it is known as the vector product.

Mathematically: If θ is the angle between the vectors ⃗A and ⃗B then;

⃗ ×B
A ⃗ = AB sin θ n̂ − − − (𝐴)

Where n̂ is a unit vector ⊥ to both ⃗A andB

⃗ . And the direction of ⃗A × ⃗B is that of the unit vectorn̂.

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 ⃗ ×𝐁
The direction of 𝐀 ⃗ may be found by using the right hand rule thumb rule.

Right Hand Thumb Rule: Curl the fingers of the right hand in such a way that they point in the direction
of rotation from vectorA⃗ to B ⃗ through the smaller angle between them. Then the thumb points in the
⃗ ×B
direction of vector A ⃗ ; as shown in Figure 2.13.

Figure 2.13 Direction of ⃗A × ⃗B by Right Hand Thumb Rule

Important Note: 1. î × î = ĵ × ĵ = k̂ × k̂ = (1)(1) sin 00 n̂ = 0

̂=K
2. î × ĵ = (1)(1) sin 900 K ̂

̂
Hence, î × ĵ = K
̂ is the unit vector⊥ to the plane of î and ĵ and it points in the direction in which the right hand
Where K
thumb will advance, when rotated from î to ĵ.
̂ ) = −K
and ĵ × î = (1)(1) sin 90 (−K ̂

̂
∴ î × ĵ = −ĵ × î = K

Similarly ĵ × k̂ = −k̂ × ĵ = î and k̂ × î = −î × k̂ = ĵ

Properties of Vector Product:

1. “The cross product of a vector with itself is a null vector.” Since a vector is always parallel to itself;
θ=00 it can be expressed as

⃗ ×A
A ⃗ = (A)(A) sin 00 n̂ = ⃗0

2. “The cross product of two vectors does not obey the commutative law” mathematically it can be
expressed as
⃗ .B
A ⃗ ≠B
⃗ .A
⃗

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 ⃗ ×A
From the figure 2.13 it is clear that the direction of vector B ⃗ is opposite to that of vector A
⃗ ×B
⃗
since the magnitude in each case is ABsin θ we have:
⃗ ×B
A ⃗ = −B
⃗ ×A
⃗

i. e. ⃗A × ⃗B ≠ ⃗B × ⃗A

Figure 2.13 Opposite directions of ⃗A × ⃗B and ⃗B × ⃗A

3. The cross product obeys the distributive law, it can expressed mathematically:

⃗ × (B
A ⃗ +C
⃗ ) = (A
⃗ ×B
⃗ ) + (A
⃗ ×C
⃗)

4. “The cross product of the two vectors represents the area of the parallelogram formed by them.” Let
a parallelogram ABCD, whose adjacent sides ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AB and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AD are represented by the vectors ⃗A and ⃗B
respectively.

Hence, the area of parallelogram ABCD= ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

AB × ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AD = ⃗A × ⃗B = ABsinθ

⃗ and B
Figure 2.14 Paralleogram ABCD in which two sides are represented by A ⃗

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 ⃗ and B
Important Points: If the two vectors A ⃗ are expressed in terms of rectangular components are:

⃗A = x1 î + y1 ĵ + z1 k̂ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ⃗B = x2 î + y2 ĵ + z2 k̂

⃗ = (x1 î + y1 ĵ + z1 k̂)(x2 î + y2 ĵ + z2 k̂)

⃗ .B
then, A

= x1 x2 + y1 y2 + z1 z2 [∵ î. î = ĵ. ĵ = k̂. k̂ = (1)(1) = 1]

Similarly: ⃗A × ⃗B = (x1 î + y1 ĵ + z1 k̂) × (x2 î + y2 ĵ + z2 k̂)

i j K
= |x1 y1 z1 | = î[y1 z2 − z1 y2 ] + ĵ[x2 z1 − x1 z2 ] + k̂[x1 y2 − y1 x2 ]
x2 y2 z2

Resolution of a Vector in Plane-Rectangular components: The process of vector addition is

called the composition of vectors. The resolution of a vector into components vectors is just the converse of
the composition.
“The process of splitting up a vector into two or more vectors is known as the resolution of
a vector.” The vectors into which a given vector split are called the component vectors. The component
vector in a given direction gives the measure of the effect of the vector in that direction.

Rectangular components of a vector in a plane: The resolution of a vector into two mutually ⊥
vectors are called the rectangular resolution of the vector in a plane or two dimensions. Consider a vector
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OR = r has to be resolved into two component vectors along the direction of two mutually ⊥ components
vectors along the directions of X-axis and Y-axis.

Figure 2.15 Resolution of a Vector in a Plane

The unit vectors î and ĵ be the unit vectors along X-axis and Y-axis respectively.
From the point R, drop RP⊥ to the X-axis and RQ ⊥ to Y-axis respectively. From the ∥gm law of
vector addition, we get:

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OR = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OP + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OQ

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 If, OP=x, OW=y then; ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = yĵ
OP = xî and OQ

Therefore: r = xî + yĵ − − − (1)

The equation (1) describes the rectangular resolution of the vector r into the components xî and yĵ.
Generally; xî and yĵ are called x-component and the y-component of the vector r respectively. Further x
and y are called magnitudes of two component vectors.

If ‘r’ is the magnitude of the vector r and θ is its inclination with X-axis, then from the right
angled ΔOPR,
OP x
cos θ = = ⇒ x = r cos θ
OR r
PR OQ y
also; sin θ = = = ⇒ y = r sin θ
OR OR r
Similarly, in the right angled ΔOPR; we have:

OR2 = PR2 + OP 2

⇒ OR = √PR2 + OP 2

⇒ r = √y 2 + x 2

Hence, above equations gives the relation between the magnitudes of the vector (r) with the magnitudes of
rectangular component vectors (x and y).

⃗ and ⃗𝐁 is 600, then what is the ratio of𝐀

1. If the angle between vectors 𝐀 ⃗ . ⃗𝐁 𝐚𝐧𝐝 |𝐀
⃗ × ⃗𝐁|?

Solution:
⃗ .B
A ⃗ AB cos θ
Ratio of ⃗A. ⃗B 𝑎𝑛𝑑 |A
⃗ × ⃗B| = =
⃗ ×B
|A ⃗ | AB sin θ

⃗A. ⃗B
= cot θ hence = cot θ = cot 600 [∵ θ = 600 ]
|A × B|

⃗ .B
A ⃗ cos 600 1⁄
= = cot 600 = = 2 = 1
|A × B| sin 600
√3⁄ √3
2
So we conclude that,
⃗A. ⃗B 1
= Ans.
|A × B| √3

⃗ = 𝐢̂ − 𝟓𝐣̂ and 𝐁
2. Show that the vectors 𝐀 ⃗ = 𝟐𝐢̂ − 𝟏𝟎𝐣̂ are parallel to each other.

Solution: It can be explained in terms of vector product as ⃗A × ⃗B = AB sin θ n̂

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 ⃗ and B
The two vectors A ⃗ will be parallel if (θ=00) i.e. A
⃗ ×B
⃗ =0

i j k
⃗ ×B
Let, A ⃗ = |1 −5 0| = î[0] + ĵ[0] + k̂[−10 − 10] = 0
2 −10 0
⃗ ×B
∴A ⃗ =0

Hence the vectors ⃗A and ⃗B are parallel to each other.

⃗
Derivation for the resultant of triangle law of vector addition: Let the given vectors are A
and B⃗ which are taken along the two sides of a triangle; in order and their resultant is represented by the
third side of the triangle; in opposite order.
⃗ is along the side OP, B
Let the vector A ⃗ along PQ and the resultant is along OQ as shown in Figure 2.17 in
which Q meets to D as QD perpendicular to OD along OP.

Figure 2.17
Now in right angled ΔOQD; we have:

OQ2 = OD2 + DQ2 − − − (1)

OQ2 = (OP + PD)2 + DQ2 − − − (2)

Now, from ΔPQD;
PD
= cosθ ⇒ PD = PQcosθ
PQ

PD = ⃗Bcosθ
DQ
also; = sinθ ⇒ DQ = PQsinθ = ⃗Bsinθ
PQ
⃗ sinθ
DQ = B

⃗ , OP=A
From (2) Put all values: OQ=R ⃗ , PD=B
⃗ cosθ, DQ=B
⃗ sinθ
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 2 2 2
⃗ | = [A
⇒ OQ2 ⇒ |R ⃗ + ⃗Bcosθ] + |B
⃗ | sin2 θ

or R2 = A2 + B2 cos2 θ + 2ABcosθ + B2 sin2 θ

∴ R2 = A2 + B2 sin2 θ + B2 cos 2 θ + 2ABcosθ

R2 = A2 + B2 [sin2 θ + cos 2 θ] + 2ABcosθ

∴ R2 = A2 + B2 + 2ABcosθ ⇒ 𝑅 = √A2 + B2 + 2ABcosθ

Direction of⃗⃗⃗𝐑: Let R

⃗ makes an angle α with A
⃗;

QD QD Bsinθ
then; tanα = = =
OD OP + PD A + Bcosθ
Derivation for the resultant of ∥gm Law of vector addition:

Figure 2.18 Resultant of parallelogram Law of Vector addition

Let the two vectors P⃗ and Q⃗ act simultaneously along the two adjacent sides of a ∥gm. Their resultant is
⃗ ; passing through the same point. Draw CD ⊥ to OD; which meets from OA to D.
represented byR
Now: In right angled ΔOCD:

OC2 = OD2 + CD2 − − − (1)[Pythagorus Theorem]

⇒ OC2 = (OA + AD)2 + CD2 − − − (2)

Now: In right angled ΔACD:
AD
= cos θ
AC
⇒ AD = AC cos θ
⃗ cos θ
∴ AD = Q

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 CD
also = sin θ ⇒ CD = AC sin θ ⇒ CD = Q sin θ
AC
Hence; OC2 = (P + Q cos θ)2 + Q2 sin2 θ

OC2 = P 2 + Q2 cos 2 θ + 2PQcosθ + Q2 sin2 θ

OC2 = P 2 + 2PQcosθ + Q2 [sin2 θ + cos 2 θ]

OC2 = P 2 + Q2 + 2PQcosθ ⇒ R2 = P 2 + Q2 + 2PQcosθ

∴ R = √P 2 + Q2 + 2PQcosθ

Direction of⃗⃗⃗R: Let the resultant ⃗R makes an angle α with theP

⃗ . So,

CD CD Qsinθ
tanα = = =
OD OA + AD P + Qcosθ

Numerical based on the triangle law of vector addition:

1. Find the resultant of two velocities, 3ms-1 along east and 4ms-1 along north.
Solution: Let AB=3ms-1 along east and BC=4ms-1 along north

Figure 2.19
Let the resultant of two velocities is provided by AC

⇒ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AC = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AB + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
BC (apply the triangle law of vector addition)
The magnitude of AC is:

AC = √AB2 + BC2 = √9 + 16 = √25 = 5ms −1

BC 4 4
also tan α = = ⇒ α = tan−1 ( )
AB 3 3

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 Assignment

⃗ and B
1. Two vectors A ⃗ of magnitude 5 units and 7 units respectively make an angle 60o with each
⃗.
other. Find the magnitude of the resultant vector and its direction with respect to the vector A
⃗ and B
2. Two vectors A ⃗ of magnitude 5 units and 7 units respectively make an angle 60o with each

other. Find the magnitude of the difference vector ⃗A − ⃗B and its direction with respect to the vector
⃗A.
3. Define different types of vectors giving examples like: co-linear, co-initial, parallel, anti-parallel,
equal, negative, unit, zero/null.
4. Two vectors ⃗A and ⃗B are given in the component form as ⃗A = 5î + 7ĵ − 4k̂ and ⃗B = 6î + 3ĵ + 2k̂.
Find ⃗A + ⃗B, ⃗B + ⃗A, ⃗⃗⃗
A − ⃗B, ⃗⃗⃗
B − ⃗A.
5. Given two vector ⃗A = 2î + 4ĵ + 5k̂ and ⃗B = î + 3ĵ + 6k̂, find the product ⃗A. ⃗B, and the magnitudes
⃗ and B
of A ⃗ . What is the angle between them?
6. Check whether the following vectors are orthogonal.
⃗ = 2î + 3ĵ and B
(i) A ⃗ = 4î − 5ĵ ⃗ = 5î + 2ĵ and D
(ii) C ⃗ = 2î − 5ĵ

7. Two vectors are given as r = 2î + 3ĵ + 5k̂ and F

⃗ = 3î − 2ĵ + 4k̂. Find the vector τ⃗ = r × F
⃗.
8. Define Paralleogram law of vector addition; give its geometrical representation, and its domain of
utility.
9. If |A+B|=|A-B|, find the angle between A and B.
10. Find a unit vector parallel to the resultant of the vectors 𝐴= 𝑖̂+4𝑗̂-2𝑘̂ and B=3𝑖̂-5𝑗̂+𝑘̂ .

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