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    Atoms, Molecules, Compounds, Mixtures & Solutions (NOTES)

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    Muhammad Asim Raza

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    Atoms, Molecules, Compounds, Mixtures & Solutions (NOTES)

    Uploaded by

    Muhammad Asim Raza
    6 views3 pages

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    6 views3 pages

    Atoms, Molecules, Compounds, Mixtures & Solutions (NOTES)

    Uploaded by

    Muhammad Asim Raza

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
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    Atoms, Molecules, Compounds, Mixtures & Solutions (NOTES)

    Atoms
    • The smallest particle of an element that can take part in a chemical reaction.

    • The major part of an atom is empty.

    • Consists of three subatomic particles: electrons, protons, and neutrons.

    o Protons: Positively charged particles in the nucleus of an atom.

    o Electrons: Negatively charged particles revolving around the nucleus.

    o Neutrons: Neutral particles (no charge) in the nucleus of an atom.

    • An atom is electrically neutral because the number of protons is equal to the number of
    electrons.

    • Symbol: One or two letters from the name of an element used to represent its one
    atom.
    • Atomic Number (Z): The number of protons present in an atom of an element.
    • Mass Number (A): The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom of an element.
    • Isotopes: Atoms of the same element with different mass numbers (different numbers
    of neutrons).
    o Example: Carbon-12 and Carbon-14 are isotopes of carbon. Carbon-12 has 6 neutrons
    while Carbon-14 has 8 neutrons.
    Molecules
    • A particle that can exist independently.

    • Formed when two or more atoms combine.

    • Examples:

    o Helium (He) - A single atom of helium can exist independently.

    o Hydrogen (H2) - Two hydrogen atoms combine to form a hydrogen molecule.

    o Water (H2O) - Two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom combine to form a water
    molecule.

    o Carbon Dioxide (CO2) - One carbon atom and two oxygen atoms combine to form a
    carbon dioxide molecule.
    Atoms, Molecules, Compounds, Mixtures & Solutions (NOTES)

    Compounds
    • Formed when two or more elements combine in a fixed ratio.

    • Examples:

    o Water (H2O) - Always has a fixed ratio of two hydrogen atoms to one oxygen atom.

    o Carbon Dioxide (CO2) - Always has a fixed ratio of one carbon atom to two oxygen
    atoms.

    Mixtures
    • Formed when two or more substances are physically combined in any ratio.

    • Examples:

    o Saltwater - The amount of salt and water can vary in a saltwater mixture.

    o Air - A mixture of gases like nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide in varying amounts.

    Solutions
    • A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.

    • Components of Solutions:
    o Solute: The substance that dissolves in a solution (present in a smaller quantity).
    ▪ Example: In a saltwater solution, salt is the solute.
    o Solvent: The substance in which the solute dissolves (present in a larger quantity).
    ▪ Example: In a saltwater solution, water is the solvent.
    • Types of Solutions:
    o Saturated Solution: A solution in which no more solute can dissolve at a particular
    temperature.
    ▪ Example: If you keep adding salt to water and stir, eventually the salt will stop
    dissolving and settle at the bottom; this is a saturated solution.
    o Unsaturated Solution: A solution in which more solute can dissolve at a particular
    temperature.
    ▪ Example: A small amount of salt dissolved in water, where more salt can still be
    dissolved, is an unsaturated solution.
    Atom Representation
    Atoms, Molecules, Compounds, Mixtures & Solutions (NOTES)

    • Atomic structure diagrams show the arrangement of electrons, protons, and neutrons in
    an atom.

    • Example:

    o Magnesium (Mg): Atomic number 12, Mass number 24.

    ▪ It has 12 protons and 12 neutrons in its nucleus.

    ▪ It has 12 electrons arranged in shells: 2 in the first shell, 8 in the second shell, and 2 in
    the third shell.

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