Digital Communication

(CCE 345)

Academic Year (2022-2023)

Dr. Mohamed Abdelhamed

Dr. Emad Abd-Elaty

Binary Digital Modulation- Part 2

(BPSK-MPSK)
1
Binary Digital Modulation
Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK)
❑ In BPSK, the phase of the carrier is varied according to the
amplitude of the modulating signal (i.e., 𝑚(𝑡) is polar).
❑ BPSK have only two signal elements, one with a phase of 0°, and
the other with a phase of 180°.

2
Binary Digital Modulation
Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) (Cont.)
❑ In BASK, the criterion for bit detection is the amplitude of the
signal; in BPSK, it is the phase. Noise can change the amplitude
easier than it can change the phase. In other words, BPSK is
more immune to noise than BASK.
❑ BPSK is superior to BFSK because we do not need two carrier
signals.
❑ The bandwidth for BPSK is the same as that for BASK, but less
than that for BFSK, where no bandwidth is wasted for separating
two carrier signals.

3
Binary Digital Modulation
Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) (Cont.)
Implementation of BPSK
❑ We use the same idea as the BASK but with a polar NRZ signal
instead of a unipolar NRZ signal.
❑ The polar NRZ signal is multiplied by the carrier frequency; the
bit-1 (positive voltage) is represented by a phase starting at 0°; the
bit-0 (negative voltage) is represented by a phase starting at 180°.

4
Binary Digital Modulation
Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) (Cont.)
BPSK waveform equation (Cont.)
❑ We can write the carrier modulation signal as
𝑠𝐵𝑃𝑆𝐾 𝑡 = 𝐴 cos(𝑤𝑐 𝑡 + ∅𝑖 ) 𝑖 = 0, 1 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑇𝑏
❑ where 𝑚(𝑡) is a polar binary signal with levels -1 and +1. we can
write the carrier modulation signal as
𝑠1 𝑡 = A cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡
𝑠𝐵𝑃𝑆𝐾 𝑡 = 𝑠𝑖 (𝑡) = ൞
𝑠0 𝑡 = A cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 180° = −A cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡

❑ In this case, The energy of the symbol 𝑠𝑖 𝑡 given by

𝐴2 𝑇𝑏
𝐸1 = 𝐸0 =
2
❑ the average energy per bit and given by
5
𝐸𝑏 = 𝑃1 𝐸1 + 𝑃0 𝐸0
Binary Digital Modulation
Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) (Cont.)
BPSK waveform equation (Cont.)
1
❑ the Assuming equally likely bits 𝑃1 = 𝑃0 = . Hence, Eb becomes
2
𝐴2 𝑇𝑏
𝐸𝑏 = 𝐸1 = 𝐸0 =
2
PSD of BPSK signal
❑ Power spectral density (PSD) of polar non-return-to-zero (NRZ)
codes
𝑆𝑚 𝑓 = 𝐴2 𝑇𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐 2 𝑇𝑏 𝑓
1
𝑆𝐵𝑃𝑆𝐾 𝑓 = 𝑆𝑚 𝑓 − 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑆𝑚 𝑓 + 𝑓𝑐
4
❑ The transmission bandwidth assuming raised-cosine filter is used

𝐵𝑇 = 𝑅𝑏 (1 + 𝑟)
6
Binary Digital Modulation
Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) (Cont.)
BPSK coherent detection (Cont.)
❑ In BPSK, 𝑠0 𝑡 = −𝑠1 𝑡 and, there is only one bandpass filter
matched to 𝑠1 𝑡 or one correlator with reference 𝑠1 𝑡 .

Coherent BPSK Receiver using matched BPF

7 Coherent BPSK Receiver using correlator form

Binary Digital Modulation
Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) (Cont.)
BPSK coherent detection (cont.)
❑ When the received symbol is 𝑠1 𝑡 , The integrator output is

𝑇𝑏 𝑇𝑏

𝑦1 𝑡 = න 𝑠12 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = න 𝐴2 cos2 𝑤𝑐 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0 0
𝐴2 𝑇𝑏 𝐴2 𝑇𝑏
= ‫׬‬ 1 + cos 2𝑤𝑐 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = = 𝐸1
2 0 2

❑ When the received symbol is 𝑠0 𝑡 , The integrator output is

𝑇𝑏 𝑇𝑏

𝑦0 𝑡 = න 𝑠0 𝑡 𝑠1 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = − න 𝑠12 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = −𝐸1
0 0

8
Binary Digital Modulation
Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) (Cont.)
Performance of BPSK
❑ Assuming equally likely bits and optimum threshold, the
probability of bit error can be expressed as
𝐸1 +𝐸0 −2𝐸10 𝑇𝑏
𝑃𝑏 = 𝑄 , 𝐸10 = ‫׬‬0 𝑠1 𝑡 𝑠0 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = −𝐸1
2𝑁𝑜
❑ In BPSK, the probability of bit error can be calculated as
2𝐸1
𝑃𝑏 = 𝑄
𝑁𝑜
❑ Bit error rate in terms of average energy 𝐸𝑏 can be given by
𝐸𝑏 = 𝑃1 𝐸1 + 𝑃0 𝐸0 = 𝐸1
2𝐸𝑏
𝑃𝑏 = 𝑄
𝑁𝑜
9
Binary Digital Modulation
Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) (Cont.)
Performance of BPSK (Cont.)
❑ Consider a phase error in the correlation detector such that the
reference 𝐴 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃 , where 𝜃 is the phase error. If the
input is 𝑠1 𝑡 , the output of the correlator is
𝑇𝑏
𝐴2 𝑇𝑏
𝑦1 𝑡 = න 𝐴 cos 𝑤𝑐 𝑡 × 𝐴 cos 𝑤𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃 𝑑𝑡 ≈ cos 𝜃 = 𝐸1 cos 𝜃
2
0
❑ If the input is 𝑠0 𝑡 = −𝑠1 𝑡 , the output of the correlator is
𝑇𝑏

𝑦1 𝑡 = න −𝐴 cos 𝑤𝑐 𝑡 × 𝐴 cos 𝑤𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃 𝑑𝑡 ≈ −𝐸1 cos 𝜃

0

2𝐸𝑏
𝑃𝑏 = 𝑄 cos(𝜃)
𝑁𝑜

10
M-ary Digital Modulation
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)
❑ The simplicity of BPSK designer is to use 2-bits at a time in each
signal element, thereby decreasing the required bandwidth.
❑ The scheme is called quadrature PSK or QPSK because it uses two
separate BPSK modulations; one is in-phase, the other quadrature
(out-of-phase).
❑ If the duration of each bit is 𝑇𝑏 , the duration of each bit sent to the
corresponding BPSK signal is 2𝑇𝑏 . This means that the bit to each
BPSK signal has one-half the frequency of the original signal.

11
M-ary Digital Modulation (Cont.)
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) (Cont.)
❑ In M-PSK modulation, each one of the 𝑀 symbols represent 𝑘 bits
where 𝑀 = 2𝑘 .
❑ The symbol duration is 𝑇𝑠 = 𝑘𝑇𝑏 and the symbol rate is
𝑅𝑠 = 1/𝑇𝑠 = 𝑅𝑏 /𝑘
𝑅𝑏
❑ The M-PSK bandwidth: 𝐵𝑇 = 𝑅𝑠 1 + 𝑟 = (1 + 𝑟)
𝑘

In QPSK system:
❑ The total number of symbols is 𝑀 = 4 symbols which are
represent by 𝑘 = 2 bits/symbol.
❑ The symbol duration is 𝑇𝑠 = 2𝑇𝑏 and the symbol rate is 𝑅𝑠 = 1/𝑇𝑠
𝑅𝑏
= 𝑅𝑏 /2. Consequently, QPSK bandwidth is 𝐵𝑇 = (1 + 𝑟)
12
2
M-ary Digital Modulation (Cont.)
Implementation of QPSK system
❑ we can write the QPSK signal as
𝑠𝑄𝑃𝑆𝐾 𝑡 = 𝑠𝑖 𝑡 = cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃𝑖 , 𝑖 = 1, 2, … , 𝑀 , 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑇𝑠
𝑖−1 2𝜋 𝜋
where 𝜃𝑖 = +
𝑀 4
❑ Hence, 𝑠𝑄𝑃𝑆𝐾 𝑡 = cos 𝜃𝑖 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝑖 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡
= 𝐼𝑖 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 − 𝑄𝑖 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡
where 𝐼𝑖 is the in-phase component, 𝐼𝑖 = cos 𝜃𝑖 and 𝑄𝑖 is the
quadrature components, 𝑄𝑖 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝑖 .
𝜽𝒊 𝑰𝐢 𝑸𝐢 Dibit
𝜋 Τ4 1 1 11
3𝜋Τ4 -1 1 01
−3𝜋Τ4 -1 -1 00
−𝜋Τ4 1 -1 10 Constellation Diagrams
13
M-ary Digital Modulation (Cont.)
Block diagram of QPSK system

14
M-ary Digital Modulation (Cont.)
Sketch QPSK signal for bit stream

15
M-ary Digital Modulation (Cont.)
Performance of M-PSK
❑ Symbol error rate 𝑃𝑒 can be calculated as
2𝐸𝑠 𝜋
𝑃𝑒 ≅ 2𝑄 sin , 𝐸𝑠 = 𝑘𝐸𝑏
𝑁𝑜 𝑀

❑ In QPSK, 𝑀 = 4 , and the probability of symbol error 𝑃𝑒 is

2𝐸𝑏
𝑃𝑒 ≅ 2𝑄
𝑁𝑜

❑ Assuming Gray coding is used with PSK symbols in which

each symbol error results in one bit error and, hence bit
error rate becomes
𝑃𝑒 𝑃𝑒
𝑃𝑏 = =
𝑘 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (𝑀)
16
17