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TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of Figures ............................................................................................................................ 5
List of Tables ............................................................................................................................. 5
Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 6
Livestock Rawalpindi ............................................................................................................ 8
Product Snapshot ................................................................................................................10
Dairy ..................................................................................................................................11
Meat ..................................................................................................................................12
Poultry................................................................................................................................14
METHODOLOGY...................................................................................................................... 16
DATA ANALYSIS ....................................................................................................................16
Rapid Assessments – Field Visits ..........................................................................................17
Issues and Challenges. ......................................................................................................... 17
Livestock Statistics................................................................................................................18
Low Productivity ..................................................................................................................20
Inefficient Nutrition ..............................................................................................................21
Disease Spread ....................................................................................................................22
Marketing Problems.............................................................................................................24
Institutional Capacity ..........................................................................................................26
Other Issues and Challenges ..............................................................................................27
Farm Management ..........................................................................................................27
Value Addition..................................................................................................................27
Objectives .............................................................................................................................. 28
Potential Breeds ..................................................................................................................... 28
Livestock Development Strategy.......................................................................................... 29
Institutional and Human Resource Development ............................................................29
Strengthening and Restructuring livestock Institutions ..................................................29
Creating a Pool of Animal Health Workers.....................................................................30
In-Service and Pre-Service Training Regime...................................................................30
Comprehensive Curriculum Review and Improvement ...............................................30
Technology Transfer Offices at Livestock Universities ....................................................31

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 Strengthening Livestock Research and Academia-Industry Linkages.........................31
Disease Surveillance, Animal Health and Extension Services ..........................................31
Improvement in Animal Health Services Delivery ..........................................................32
Improved Disease Surveillance and Establishment of Disease-Free Clusters ..............32
Institutional Mechanism for Disease Outbreak Management .....................................32
Improvement in Diagnostic Regime ...............................................................................33
Strengthening Extension and Outreach Services ..........................................................33
Robust ICT-Based Farmer Communication Programs ...................................................33
Livestock Productivity Enhancement & Market Access ...................................................34
Improving Domestic Feed Supply and Animal Nutrition ...............................................34
Breed Management and Livestock Identification and Traceability System ...............34
Rural Infrastructure Development ...................................................................................35
Access to Market for Small Farmers ................................................................................35
Livestock Market Information System .............................................................................35
Access To Finance, Sustainability, Regulations & Compliance Regime .........................36
Livestock Market Reforms & Introducing Insurance Schemes ......................................36
Veterinary Service Guidelines and Code of Conduct ..................................................36
Livestock Products Quality and Safety Standards .........................................................37
Calibrating and Refining Import and Export Policy & Regulations...............................37
Promoting Micro-finance Linkages and Credit for Small Farmers & Credit for
Commercial Farmers and Processors .............................................................................37
Investment Promotion and Enterprise Development .......................................................38
Business Enabling Environment & Introducing Livestock Investment Policy ................38
Introducing Risk Guarantee Fund for Livestock Investors ..............................................39
PPPs in Livestock Sector and Basket of Model PPPs ......................................................39
Enterprise Fund for Livestock Sector & Investor Roadshows and Expos .......................39
Economic Impact .................................................................................................................. 40
Dairy Value Chain ...............................................................................................................42
Key Interventions .................................................................................................................43
Meat Value Chain ...............................................................................................................44
Key Interventions .................................................................................................................45
Key Interventions ................................................................................................................46
Proposed Projects .................................................................................................................. 47

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Livestock Population Rawalpindi Division ............................................................... 9
Figure 2: Comparison of Livestock Population .....................................................................19
Figure 3: Productivity Gap of Milking & Meat Animals ........................................................21
Figure 4: Vaccination Requirement as Per Population ........................................................23
Figure 5: Market Demand & Supply Gap .............................................................................25
Figure 6: Number of Livestock Facilities.................................................................................26

LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Mineral Status of Blood, Soil and Fodder ................................................................22

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INTRODUCTION
The livestock sector of Pakistan plays a pivotal role in the nation's economy, serving as a
significant income source for a substantial portion of the population. It contributes 60.1% to the
agricultural value addition and constitutes 11.5% of the GDP. Within this sector, a variety of
activities, such as the breeding, rearing, and sale of animals like cattle, sheep, goats, and poultry,
are conducted. It's a dynamic field that adapts to meet the increasing demand for livestock
products. Nevertheless, it faces several challenges that require attention, including limited market
access, outdated farming practices, and inadequate veterinary services.

The livestock industry operates through an extensive market chain and serves as a lifeline for
small-scale farmers in developing nations. Approximately 8.0 million families are involved in
livestock production, relying on it for over 40% of their income. The demand for livestock products
differs significantly between developing and developed countries, creating a stark contrast. Several
factors influence the cost of milk production, encompassing expenses related to feeding, heifers,
labor, electricity, diesel, treatment, artificial insemination, equipment, machinery, and land or rent.
Among these factors, feeding expenses carry the most significant weight. In peri-urban dairying,
the cost of milk production is relatively high due to the adoption of a fully stall-feeding system.

When comparing Pakistan to developed countries, the per capita availability of meat and milk is
notably lower. When projecting the per capita demand for animal products, there is an evident
protein deficiency gap from animal sources across all Asian countries. Livestock production must
consider consumer preferences for factors such as food safety, quality, the spread of zoonotic
diseases, animal welfare, reduced use of treatments, and a sustainable environmental impact.

Approaching the year 2050, there's a looming projection of a global population swelling to 9.6
billion people, presenting a formidable challenge to the agricultural system. This challenge hinges
on the need to enhance production and ensure the accessibility and affordability of food for
everyone. In this pursuit, the livestock sector assumes a pivotal role in shaping the food system. It
stands as a multifaceted and dynamic component of agriculture, contributing a significant one-
third to the global agricultural GDP. This sector exerts its influence on various aspects, including
animal health and nutrition, the demand for animal feed, supply chain integration in the market,
farm-level production expansion, farm income, and land utilization.

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In recent decades, livestock production has left an indelible mark on the agricultural landscape,
taking up a primary position in the utilization of land resources, with 26% of grazing lands and
one-third of arable land dedicated to feed crops. Livestock maintains close ties with the feed crop
sector through the generation of by-products such as manure and draught power. In many
developing countries, livestock functions as a means of wealth storage and a safety net, playing a
role in preserving the cultural distinctiveness and traditional practices of various societies.

The changing demand for animal-based food has resulted in shifts in land use patterns and has
placed substantial pressure on the livestock sector. Diverse livestock production systems coexist,
encompassing extensive systems like grazing for ruminant animals, intensive systems
characterized by a large number of animals fed concentrated feed in controlled environments, and
intermediate systems that fall between these two extremes. It is of utmost importance to enhance
the positive economic, social, and environmental contributions of the livestock sector while
mitigating any adverse effects through the definition of appropriate pathways.

The livestock sector is poised for rapid growth in the future, particularly in emerging economies,
as it strives to meet the projected demand for protein. In 2015, it was reported that 800 million
people globally suffered from undernourishment due to insufficient access to both micro and
macro nutrients, including protein, fats, and carbohydrates, resulting in hidden hunger
characterized by micronutrient deficiencies like anemia and vitamin A deficiency (FAO, 2015).
Livestock contributes 18 percent of dietary calories and accounts for 25 percent of protein supply
(FAO, 2016). Beyond its role in providing high-quality protein, livestock plays a critical part in
food security by supplying essential vitamins like vitamin A, B-12, riboflavin, calcium, iron, and
zinc, which are challenging to obtain in significant quantities from other sources like plants. The
impact of livestock extends beyond the production of meat and milk, positively contributing to
food security through the supply of both macro and micronutrients, the utilization of draught power
for agricultural tasks, and the generation of income for households and the national economy.

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Recent research into the role of livestock in ensuring food security in countries like Morocco and
Saudi Arabia has unveiled a growing demand for livestock-derived products. This increased
demand can be attributed to factors such as population growth, urbanization, and rising affluence.
However, in developing nations, the heightened reliance on pastoral livestock has heightened the
vulnerability of rural households to food insecurity. This vulnerability primarily arises from
shifting precipitation patterns and a greater dependence on imported products among urban
consumers. In peri-urban areas, households engaged in livestock farming incorporate a higher
proportion of animal-derived food into their diets compared to households without livestock. These
households heavily rely on items like milk, meat, poultry, and eggs, which play a significant role
in supporting their livelihoods. In the context of Pakistan, the province of Punjab stands out with
the largest human and livestock populations. A considerable number of individuals, particularly
women, rely on livestock not only for their livelihoods but also for ensuring their food security in
this region.

LIVESTOCK RAWALPINDI
The livestock sector in Rawalpindi Division, Pakistan, plays a crucial role in the local economy,
serving as a source of income for numerous small-scale farmers and breeders. Rawalpindi Division
is home to a variety of livestock, including cattle, buffaloes, goats, sheep, and camels. Furthermore,
this division hosts several medium and small-scale commercial dairies and meat processing
facilities. Over recent years, the livestock industry in Rawalpindi Division has experienced
significant expansion, driven primarily by the increasing demand for meat and dairy products. This
demand is not only within the region but also notably in the neighboring city of Islamabad. The
division's cattle population is estimated at approximately 1.2 million cattle and buffaloes.
Additionally, milk production in Rawalpindi Division is relatively modest, with an estimated
annual output of around 1.5 million tons. The accompanying chart provides a visual representation
of the statistical data on the livestock population in Rawalpindi Division.

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Figure 1: Livestock Population

Goats 14,564
1,045

Sheep 6,056
405

Buffalo 14,122
385

Cattle 14,946
989

Total Population (Millions) = 2,824 thousand (5.7% of Punjab

Population) Punjab Rawalpindi

FIGURE 1: LIVESTOCK POPULATION RAWALPINDI DIVISION

SOURCE: LIVESTOCK AND DAIRY DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT
The data provided here concerns the livestock population in Rawalpindi Division, expressed in
thousands, as opposed to the overall livestock population in Punjab. Rawalpindi Division houses
989,000 cattle, 385,000 buffalo, 405,000 sheep, and 1,045,000 goats, totaling 6,207,000 livestock
animals. Analyzing the relative proportions offers insights into the significance of Rawalpindi
Division's livestock population within the Punjab context. In this division, cattle constitute 6.6%
of Punjab's total cattle population, buffalo makes up 2.7%, sheep comprises 6.7%, and goats
represent 7.2%. In total, Rawalpindi Division's livestock population accounts for approximately
5.7% of the entire livestock population in Punjab. These statistics underscore the substantial
contribution of Rawalpindi Division to Punjab's livestock sector.

The livestock sector in Rawalpindi faces several challenges, with fodder scarcity being a
significant issue, particularly in the Potohar region. Grazing areas are limited and often situated at
a considerable distance from farmers. Similar to other parts of Punjab, Rawalpindi grapples with
challenges such as limited access to credit and technical assistance, inadequate infrastructure and
services, and low livestock industry productivity. Many small-scale farmers and breeders in
Rawalpindi Division find it challenging to compete with larger commercial operations. Moreover,

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there is a noticeable deficiency in research and development investment aimed at improving
breeding, feeding, and health management practices.

To address these issues, the Pakistani government has introduced various initiatives to bolster the
livestock sector in Rawalpindi Division. These initiatives encompass extending credit, providing
technical support, and offering training to small-scale farmers and breeders. The government has
also allocated resources to enhance infrastructure and services, including the establishment of
veterinary clinics, feed mills, and milk processing plants. Additionally, private sector organizations
actively contribute to the development of the livestock sector in Rawalpindi by investing in
research and development and promoting best practices in breeding, feeding, and health
management. However, while these efforts are valuable, they may not be sufficient for
comprehensive sector development in this region. Prioritizing interventions through a value chain
approach and strategically implementing them across the area is essential for achieving more
favorable outcomes.

PRODUCT SNAPSHOT
In Rawalpindi, the livestock sector offers a wide range of products that play diverse roles in human
consumption and well-being. Livestock yields various products, including meat, dairy, eggs, and
a multitude of by-products sourced from animals like leather, wool, and feathers. Meat, originating
from animals such as cattle, sheep, goats, and poultry, serves as a crucial source of dietary protein,
presenting an assortment of options like beef, mutton, lamb, chicken, and pork, catering to
consumer preferences. Dairy items, predominantly derived from cows and buffaloes, encompass
milk, butter, cheese, yogurt, and other dairy derivatives, providing essential nutrients like calcium
and vitamins. Eggs, produced by poultry, serve as a versatile ingredient in cooking and offer a
nutrient-rich food item.

Moreover, the livestock sector contributes to non-food products, with leather used for making
footwear, garments, and accessories, while wool and feathers find applications in textiles and
bedding. This overview of products underscores the extensive array of goods originating from
livestock, underscoring the sector's significance in fulfilling diverse human needs and enhancing
overall quality of life. The specific context of these products in Rawalpindi Division is detailed
below.

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DAIRY
Dairy products, rich in vital nutrients like protein, calcium, vitamins, and minerals, play a crucial
role in promoting healthy growth and development, particularly in children, while supporting
overall nutrition and well-being. Moreover, the dairy sector offers employment and income
opportunities to millions worldwide,
benefiting farmers, farm laborers, milk High Nutrition
processors, distributors, and retailers, Milk produced in Pakistan have
more nutritional value than other
thus serving as a vital source of world having 8 to 12 percent of FAT
livelihood for rural communities and and 10 to 15 percent of Calcium
Low-Cost Farming
contributing to poverty reduction and
Farming in Pakistan is mostly
economic stability. Additionally, dairy linked to the agriculture farmers
products serve as a valuable source of who have their own inputs.
International Recognition
animal protein, especially in regions
Neeli Ravi is considered the best
with limited access to alternative protein buffalo breed in the world.
sources, ensuring food security by High Potential
providing a stable and diverse diet for Neeli-Ravi buffalo produced more
populations. Furthermore, sustainable than 47 liters in 3 milking sessions
during a buffalo gala competition in
dairy farming practices can enhance soil April 2013 at BRI Pattoki.
fertility, reduce greenhouse gas
emissions, and promote biodiversity, making it an integral component of many agricultural
systems that facilitate nutrient recycling through manure utilization and feed production.

Farmers in the area predominantly raise cattle, buffaloes, and

goats to meet the demand for milk production. Rawalpindi
Division, estimated to house only 1.2 million heads of cattle
and buffaloes, makes a significant contribution to the dairy 80%
industry. The region exhibits low milk production, amounting
to approximately 1.5 million tons annually. Dairy farming in
Rawalpindi Division encompasses a mix of small-scale and
Farmers Type
large-scale operations. Small-scale dairy farming is prevalent,
80% milk is produced at
with individual farmers or households maintaining a few small scale
animals for milk production. Alongside these, there are large-scale commercial farms employing

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modern farming practices, housing a greater number of animals. Rawalpindi Division sustains a
vibrant local market for dairy products, where dairy consumption holds a pivotal place in the
regional diet. The population of Rawalpindi, as well as the surrounding areas, relies extensively
on dairy products for daily consumption, cultural traditions, and religious

However, the dairy industry in Rawalpindi faces challenges common to most sectors, including
fluctuating milk prices, insufficient modern infrastructure, and concerns regarding animal health
and milk quality control. Nonetheless, there are abundant opportunities for growth and
enhancement through the adoption of modern farming techniques, value addition to dairy products,
and the establishment of more robust market connections. Additionally, the issue of unavailability
of fodder in the area due to water scarcity presents a significant challenge that needs to be
addressed.

MEAT
Meat is a valuable source of vital nutrients like protein, iron, zinc, and vitamin B12, which are
essential for maintaining good health and preventing malnutrition, particularly among vulnerable
groups such as children and
pregnant women. Consuming meat ➢ Export Potential

as part of a diverse diet helps ensure

Pakistan has been hoping to export meat and meat
a balanced intake of nutrients preparations worth $500m by the end of the current
necessary for optimal well-being fiscal year to Jordan, Indonesia and Egypt

➢
and meeting nutritional
International Marketing
requirements. The livestock sector,
including meat production, serves Being a Muslim state with halal-certified
slaughterhouses, there is no reason why we should
as a significant means of livelihood not be able to carve a big niche for ourselves in the
for numerous individuals in halal global meat business, he says, but laments that
the prevalence of the FMD is proving to be a major
Pakistan, offering employment
bottleneck in the way.
opportunities to farmers, herders,
butchers, traders, and other related ➢ Value Addition

industries. Supporting the meat Meat export, like all other export businesses, is a
industry contributes to improved value-added chain — production, processing and
marketing — that requires focus on all three areas.
incomes and economic conditions,

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thereby enhancing food security at both individual and community levels. Access to an adequate
meat supply plays a crucial role in meeting the protein needs of
the population, supporting growth, tissue repair, and overall
maintenance of the body. Livestock, including animals raised for
meat production like cattle, goats, and poultry, actively
contributes to agricultural activities in Pakistan. Through
utilizing agricultural by-products such as crop residues and agro-
industrial by-products for animal feed, the integration of crop and
livestock production enhances agricultural productivity, thereby
promoting food security. With its abundant livestock resources,
Pakistan holds significant potential for meat exports, offering an
opportunity to boost the country's economy and foreign exchange earnings. This economic aspect
further strengthens food security by stimulating trade and enhancing overall financial stability at
the national level.

Livestock production is a significant part of the agricultural sector in Rawalpindi Division. The
region is known for its sizable number of livestock farms, focusing on cattle, goats, and poultry.
Annually, Rawalpindi Division slaughters approximately 250,000 large animals and 386,000 small
animals (goats and sheep). The meat production amounts to around 50 thousand tons, contributing
an estimated value of 28 billion rupees per
year. Livestock serves as a crucial source of
income for many farmers in the area. To meet
the demand for meat products, Rawalpindi
Division has multiple slaughterhouses that
adhere to the required standards for proper
slaughtering, processing, and meat storage.
There are also numerous meat shops in the
division where consumers can purchase fresh
meat. Meat consumption in Rawalpindi
Division is high, playing a significant role in
the local cuisine and cultural practices. The
consistent demand for meat products reflects the dietary preferences of the population. Meat prices

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in the market can fluctuate due to various factors, including seasonal variations, supply, demand,
and operational costs. Affordability may be a concern for certain segments of the population,
considering these price fluctuations and market conditions. To ensure the quality and safety of
meat products, the government of Pakistan, including provincial and local authorities, has
implemented regulations and guidelines. These measures aim to maintain hygienic practices in
slaughterhouses, transportation, and meat storage, prioritizing public health.

POULTRY
Poultry plays a vital role in ensuring food security in Pakistan. It is a major source of animal
protein, providing affordable and accessible meat to a large portion of the population. Poultry
products, such as chicken and eggs, are widely consumed across the country, making them an
essential part of the Pakistani diet. Poultry farming has become a crucial source of livelihood for
many people in Pakistan, particularly
Highest Performance
in rural areas. It offers employment
Poultry production in Pakistan has
opportunities for farmers, workers in experienced great growth and
development in recent years, with a major
hatcheries, feed mills, processing
modernization of farms
plants, and other related industries.
Poultry farming provides income
Low Price Nutrition
stability and economic growth, Consumption of chicken meat is growing
especially for small-scale farmers. steadily in Pakistan because of its low price
(beef is over 20% and mutton is over 50% more
The poultry industry contributes expensive) and low-fat content
significantly to the national economy
Export Potential
of Pakistan. It generates substantial
Pakistan was found to be involved in the export
revenue through poultry meat and of processed and packed chicken meat and
egg products including frozen carcasses, ready
egg production, as well as the sale of to cook items and value-added meat and
related products and services. The eggs; a practice reported earlier in India

industry contributes to the country's

GDP, foreign exchange earnings, Food Security
and tax revenues. Poultry farming is Highest consumed commodity in Pakistan’s
food basket. 1.94 million tons of chicken are
relatively easier and quicker currently produced and 2 million tons of eggs
compared to other livestock sectors. annually

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The production cycle for poultry is shorter, allowing farmers to achieve quicker returns on their
investments. This factor makes poultry farming an attractive option for both small and large-scale
farmers, contributing to agricultural development and rural prosperity.

Poultry farming provides employment opportunities for women and youth in Pakistan. It is a sector
that requires relatively less physical labor and can be managed within smaller spaces. This makes
it suitable for women entrepreneurs and young individuals seeking entrepreneurial opportunities
and income generation. Pakistan has the potential to export poultry products to meet the global
demand. Poultry exports can
contribute to foreign exchange
earnings and enhance the
country's trade balance.
Additionally, the export of
poultry products helps in
promoting the image of Pakistani
products internationally. he
poultry industry in Pakistan has
seen technological advancements
and modernization in recent years in the shape of controlled farming which has enhanced the
production of poultry in Pakistan.

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METHODOLOGY
This section provides detail about the methodology used for the analysis.

SPATIAL ANALYSIS
Mapping, product zoning, Value Chain Development

QUANTITATIVE/QUALITATIVE

Field Data Collection: Preliminary meetings,

Stakeholders Consultations, Desk Research

REPORT WRITING

A compilation of regional development plan of

Livestock sector

DATA ANALYSIS
After collecting the data, the team proceeded to analyze and discuss all of the information. They
ensured that any gaps in the collected data were addressed by cleaning, integrating, and reviewing
the data. The Livestock departments were also contacted through email and telephone to gather
additional information. Through a field assessment, the team was able to identify the issues and
challenges and propose an intervention that focuses on developing a specialized value chain.

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RAPID ASSESSMENTS – FIELD VISITS

The Urban Unit Livestock sector team visited the Rawalpindi division during
the month of August for stakeholder sessions and ground truthing.

ISSUES AND CHALLENGES.

There are several issues and challenges facing the livestock sector in Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan.
Some of these include:

➢ Malnutrition: Malnutrition due to unavailability of fodder, the Potahar area is water

stressed and dependent on rainwater so there is lack of fodder crop in the area. This can
lead to poor growth, reduced immunity, and increased susceptibility to disease.
➢ Lack of proper infrastructure: Many farmers in Rawalpindi lack access to proper facilities,
such as veterinary clinics, feed mills, and modern barns, which can limit the productivity
and health of their animals.
➢ Limited access to markets: Many small-scale farmers in Rawalpindi has difficulty
accessing markets to sell their animals, which can lead to low prices and limited profits.
➢ Disease: Livestock in Rawalpindi are at risk of various diseases, such as foot and mouth
disease, which can lead to significant losses for farmers.

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 ➢ Lack of government support: Farmers in Rawalpindi often lack access to government
programs and subsidies, which can make it difficult for them to compete with larger, more
established farmers.
➢ Climate change: Climate change and variability can have a significant impact on the
livestock sector in Rawalpindi, as it can affect pasture growth, water availability and
increase the risk of diseases.
➢ Open grazing: Open grazing is another major problem in Rawalpindi, as it can lead to land
degradation, loss of vegetation and soil erosion.

These issues are explained thoroughly in separately below.

LIVESTOCK STATISTICS
The figure provided is a comparison of livestock population statistics in Punjab, Pakistan, from
2006 to 2018. These figures are based on the 2006 census and an estimate from the 2018 Economic
Survey of Pakistan. However, there have been no official livestock censuses conducted in Pakistan
since 2006, and the 2018 census statistics have not been published due to a significant discrepancy
between the actual figures and the figures published in the economic survey. Experts argue that
the estimate used in the economic survey is based on a growth rate from 1996-2006 and may not
accurately represent the current animal population growth in Pakistan. This highlights the issue of
a lack of accurate and up-to-date statistics on the livestock population in Pakistan, particularly in
the Punjab region. There is a need for another census to accurately analyze the actual statistics of
the livestock population and its representation in the country's economy.

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 Population Comparison (Rawalpindi Division)
1,285
1,045
989 963

556
405 403
385

Cattle Buffalo Sheep Goats

2017 2006

FIGURE 2: COMPARISON OF LIVESTOCK POPULATION

SOURCE: URBAN UNIT
The unavailability of accurate and up-to-date livestock statistics in the province of Punjab,
Pakistan is a major issue for the livestock sector. Without reliable data, it is difficult for
policymakers, researchers, and industry stakeholders to make informed decisions, and to
effectively plan and implement development initiatives. One of the consequences of the lack of
data is the use of unreliable growth rate for the livestock population. Without accurate data on the
number of livestock growth rate estimates are often based on extrapolations and assumptions,
which can lead to inaccuracies and inconsistencies. This can affect the allocation of resources and
the design of development programs, as they may not be based on a realistic understanding of the
current state of the livestock population. Furthermore, the lack of livestock data also makes it
difficult to monitor and assess the impact of development initiatives. Without a livestock database,
it is impossible to measure the success of policies and programs aimed at increasing livestock
numbers. Overall, the unavailability of reliable statistics and the use of unreliable growth rate
estimates for the livestock population in Punjab, Pakistan is a major issue that needs to be
addressed to ensure the sustainable development of the livestock sector.

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LOW PRODUCTIVITY
Low productivity in livestock production in Rawalpindi, Pakistan can be caused by several factors,
the most prominent of them is the small farm holding, almost 70-80% of smallholder milk
producers and it is accelerated through the unavailability of the required feed. The Rawalpindi
division is considered the Potohar region of Punjab and mostly dependent on the rain fed irrigation
system which cause low fodder cop. These Smallholders produce milk to meet family requirements
at minimal cost and have limited access to substantial milk market. Moreover, the small farmer
lacks the approach of breed improvement and have no progeny tracks and record. More than 80
percent of animals are non-descriptive. This cross breeding without knowledge causing the genetic
mixture of animals and have reduced the milk productivity in general. The basic reason of
undescriptive breeding is that the smallholders produce milk to meet family requirements at
minimal cost and have limited access to substantial milk market, so they don’t really bother the
yield of the animals they mostly do farming as part of their life style. There are other factors that
are also affecting the productivity in livestock given as follows;

➢ Lack of proper nutrition: Poor quality feed and inadequate quantity of feed can lead to low
productivity in livestock.
➢ Poor genetics: Use of low-quality breeding stock can lead to low productivity and reduced
offspring quality.
➢ Lack of veterinary care: Inadequate veterinary care, such as lack of vaccines and treatments
for diseases, can lead to reduced productivity and high mortality rates.
➢ Unfavorable environmental conditions: Exposure to extreme temperatures, poor
ventilation, and poor sanitation can negatively impact the health and productivity of
livestock.
➢ Inefficient management practices: Poor management practices, such as overcrowding and
inadequate waste management, can lead to reduced productivity and increased disease
transmission.
➢ Economic constraints: Lack of financial resources to invest in proper infrastructure, feed,
and veterinary care can also lead to low productivity in the livestock industry in
Rawalpindi.

The figure below shows the productivity gap of some milking and meat animals in the Rawalpindi
division as compared to progressive and international best yields. Milking animals, as well as milk

20 | P a g e
yield, play an important role in enhancing milk production. It is also observed that milking
buffaloes yield have a greater potential of a liter per day while the exotic cattle show the maximum
productivity respectively. In short, the cattle milk and meat potential are higher internationally. In
contrast to the international market, camel milk and buffalo meat show the maximum productivity
gap in the Rawalpindi Division. This sheds a light on the past when milk yield augmentation had
been practiced through artificial insemination, which had a very diminutive impact on milk
production. Milk yield can be raised only through genetic advancement and cross-breeding of
cattle with high-yielding exotic breeds.

80

64

27

14 15
8 6 8 10
1.5 2 2.8

Cattle Buffalo Camel Goat

Rawalpinidi Division Progressive Farmer Yield World Best Average

FIGURE 3: PRODUCTIVITY GAP OF MILKING & MEAT ANIMALS

SOURCE: URBAN UNIT

INEFFICIENT NUTRITION
This region is one of great providers of ruminant milk and meat in the country. However
indigenous farmers or shepherds of rural areas still rely on traditional fodders in order to raise their
animals. Diversified range of plants such as trees, shrubs, herbs and grasses are traditionally
significant for their fodder value1. Though all kind of floras are in use as fodders, the regional
grasses are considered to be a more reliable fodder source for ruminant animals. This preference
may be due to the fact that grasses are more palatable than other shrubby fodders for ruminants.

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As grasses are able to grow massively in various seasons around the year, their accessibility for
ruminant feeding is more convenient. It is reported that 53% of total ruminant feed is composed
of grasses. There are several factors that have been mentioned as below.

➢ There is gap between the required and availability of feed and fodder for livestock
➢ The fodder domain is under the agriculture department while the livestock nutrition
requirement varies by area and there is no integration between these departments.
➢ There is huge deficiency of required minerals in the animals causing low productivity and
also low strain to the disease.
➢ Almost 50–60% of the feed requirements of these animals are fulfilled from grazing along
with wheat straw and some green fodder which could not fulfilled the nutritional
requirements

TABLE 1: MINERAL STATUS OF BLOOD, SOIL AND FODDER

Districts Deficiency in Blood Deficiency in Soil Deficiency in Fodder

Rawalpindi Na, Zn Zn, Co, Cu

Attock Ca, Fe P, k Mn, Zn

Jhelum Fe, K Na, P Mn, Zn, Cu

Chakwal K Na, K, Zn, Zn,Co

DISEASE SPREAD
Livestock in Rawalpindi, Pakistan, are vulnerable to a variety of diseases, including infectious and
non-infectious diseases. Some of the common diseases include Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD),
Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR), Brucellosis, and Mastitis. These diseases can have significant
impacts on the health and productivity of livestock, leading to reduced income for farmers and
decreased food security for communities. Effective disease control measures, such as vaccination,
biosecurity, and early detection and reporting, are crucial in preventing and managing disease
outbreaks.

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The availability of vaccines for livestock diseases, including Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD), in
Rawalpindi, Pakistan, have many challenges such as a huge gap exists between FMD vaccine
demand/requirement and local vaccine production is not enough to meet the required demand,
FMDRC currently producing 8 million of doses per Annum which is not event 5 percent of the
total 180 million requirement as shown in the graph below.

Vaccination Requirement as Per Population (Millions)

7,478

3,739

2,664 2,664

1,332 1,320 1,332

830
660
415

Cattle Buffalo Sheep Goat Total

Population at Rawalpindi Vaccine doses required

FIGURE 4: VACCINATION REQUIREMENT AS PER POPULATION

SOURCE: LIVESTOCK AND DAIRY DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT

The government import 54 million doses per year which is 25 to 30 percent of the total demand
so, there is a huge gap exist in the vaccine requirement and availability although L&DD spending
1.8 B Rs per annum for vaccine import which is a huge pressure on the local exchequer. Moreover,

23 | P a g e
there are certain other factors affecting the vaccination process and causing disease spread,
including:

➢ Supply chain disruptions: Interruptions in the supply chain, such as production shutdowns
or shipping delays, can affect the availability of vaccines.
➢ Financial constraints: The cost of vaccines may be a barrier for some farmers, particularly
small-scale and low-income farmers.
➢ Lack of awareness: Some farmers may not be aware of the importance of vaccination or
may not have access to information on available vaccines.
➢ Limited veterinary services: In some areas, there may be a shortage of trained veterinary
professionals to provide vaccine administration and related services.
➢ Political and social instability: Political or social instability in the region can also affect the
availability of vaccines, as well as the delivery of veterinary services.

It is important for the government and veterinary authorities to provide support and resources for
disease control and to educate farmers on best practices for preventing the spread of disease.
Additionally, international cooperation and exchange of information and best practices can help in
addressing the issue of diseases in livestock in Rawalpindi and other areas.

MARKETING PROBLEMS
Livestock marketing in Rawalpindi division, like in other regions, faces several challenges. Most
prominent of them is the contribution of the corporate sector is very restricted in the livestock
sector, which is almost 1%, and Contribution of the commercial sector in the livestock sector is
around 4%, due to this poor value chain linkages and low value addition and processing of the
meat and dairy products as shown in the graph below.

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 Supply Demand Gap
(Million Tons)

99

43
31
28

1.1 1.2 0.7 0.8 1.4 3.7 1.0 2.5

Milk Beef Mutton Milk Beef Mutton

2003 2020
Supply Demand

FIGURE 5: MARKET DEMAND & SUPPLY GAP

SOURCE: LIVESTOCK AND DAIRY DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT

Many other factors are also affecting as given below:

➢ Lack of proper infrastructure: A lack of proper facilities for the storage, transportation, and
sale of livestock can create bottlenecks in the marketing chain and lead to price reductions
for farmers.
➢ Information asymmetry: Farmers may not have access to current market information and
prices, making it difficult for them to make informed decisions about when and where to
sell their livestock.
➢ Middleman exploitation: Intermediaries, such as traders and commission agents, often play
a significant role in livestock marketing and can exploit farmers by offering low prices.

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 ➢ Health and disease management: Poor health management of livestock can lead to disease
outbreaks and reduce the quality and price of animals.
➢ Regulations and policies: The existence of complex regulations and policies can create
barriers to entry and restrict competition in the livestock market.

Addressing these issues requires a multi-stakeholder approach, including the development of better
infrastructure, increasing access to market information, promoting competition, and improving
health management practices.

INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY
The existing facilities are proving inadequate to meet the needs of the current population. With the
growing number of residents, it has become essential to establish facilities in every Union Council
(UC) to address the increasing demands. The data provided in the figure below represents the
number of Veterinary Hospitals (VHs), Veterinary Dispensaries (VDs), Veterinary Clinics (VCs),
and Slaughterhouses in the city of Rawalpindi. According to the data, Rawalpindi has a total of 57
Veterinary Hospitals, 78 Veterinary Dispensaries, 20 Veterinary Clinics, and 17 Slaughterhouses.

Rawalpindi

17 41

138
161

VHs VDs VCs Slaughrer houses

FIGURE 6: NUMBER OF LIVESTOCK FACILITIES

SOURCE: LIVESTOCK AND DAIRY DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT

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This expansion is particularly crucial for ensuring the availability of veterinary services, which
have received insufficient emphasis in the past. Moreover, while the focus has been primarily on
veterinary services, the extension services have been neglected, creating a significant gap in the
provision of comprehensive support. To address these shortcomings, it is imperative to revamp the
departmental structure and implement necessary reforms that would enable the delivery of
improved and holistic services to the population.

OTHER ISSUES AND CHALLENGES

FARM MANAGEMENT
Poor farm management is a major issue in the livestock industry in Rawalpindi division. It can
lead to a range of problems, such as low productivity, reduced animal health and welfare, and
decreased profitability. One of the key factors contributing to poor farm management is a lack of
training and education for farmers. This can result in improper feeding and nutrition practices,
insufficient animal health management, and inadequate housing and facilities. Furthermore, many
farmers in the region struggle with limited access to credit and other resources, making it difficult
for them to invest in their farms and improve management practices. Addressing these challenges
requires a combination of education and training programs, access to financial resources, and
government support in the form of policies and infrastructure development. Improving farm
management in the region will not only benefit farmers but also contribute to the overall growth
and development of the livestock industry in Rawalpindi division.

VALUE ADDITION
In Rawalpindi division, there is a significant lack of value addition in livestock products, which
results in lower prices for farmers and reduced competitiveness in the market. One of the key
reasons for this is the absence of processing and packaging facilities for meat, dairy, and other
livestock products. This results in a low-quality product that is often sold at a discount, and farmers
receive a lower return for their efforts. Additionally, the lack of awareness about the benefits of
value-added products and limited access to markets for these products can also contribute to the
problem. To address this issue, there is a need for investment in processing and packaging
facilities, along with training and education programs for farmers to improve their understanding

27 | P a g e
of the value-added product market. This will not only increase the profitability of farmers but also
help to develop a more sustainable and competitive livestock industry in Rawalpindi division.

OBJECTIVES
Improving breed development, on-farm mechanisms, medical facilities and
01 providing high-quality nutritional feed for enhanced productivity.

Contribute towards poverty alleviation and economic development of the

02 province through the provision of an enabling environment and farmer
support services in the livestock sector

Incorporating modern processing technologies to move towards high value-

03 added meat and dairy products.

Strengthen local markets and price mechanism and increase accessibility to

04 the international market by adopting international standards and
certification

POTENTIAL BREEDS

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LIVESTOCK DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY

INSTITUTIONAL AND HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT

In the context of Rawalpindi Division's regional growth strategy, the Livestock Development in
the region will be built upon strong institutional support and a well-qualified human resource
capacity.

To establish this foundation, there is a need to identify and put into effect institutional
modifications that focus on improving research, extension, and training capabilities. Within this
framework, the government is committed to augmenting the capabilities of provincial livestock
departments, suggesting a mechanism for implementing and coordinating Livestock Development,
endorsing and reinforcing veterinary and livestock education and training, fortifying research
facilities, and more. By equipping these institutions with the necessary capabilities, it is anticipated
that all levels of these organizations will function at their best and play a role in fostering the
advancement of the livestock sector. The strategy comprises the following strategic measures.

STRENGTHENING AND RESTRUCTURING LIVESTOCK INSTITUTIONS

With the enactment of the 18th constitutional amendment, provincial livestock departments are
now tasked with an expanded role in backing the various elements set forth in the vision document.
Several of these organizations, including those within the livestock department, grapple with

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shortcomings like inadequate staffing, constrained budgets and resources, and a dearth of training
prospects. To tackle these obstacles, it becomes imperative to enhance the capabilities of these
institutions through a thorough institutional assessment and the execution of a robust plan for
capacity and institutional development. This will empower them to make a meaningful
contribution to the realization of the objectives.

CREATING A POOL OF ANIMAL HEALTH WORKERS

To address the limited presence of public veterinary staff across Division in relation to the growing
livestock population, there is a need to establish a large pool of animal health workers who can
effectively meet the needs of livestock farmers in their communities. These workers will serve as
a crucial link between state-of-the-art research and on-ground livestock management practices. By
providing first aid, regular vaccinations, and acting as liaisons between farmers and veterinary
staff, and will contribute to improved husbandry practices and livestock productivity enhancement.

IN-SERVICE AND PRE-SERVICE TRAINING REGIME

Public sector universities across the country are currently providing training to undergraduate
students in the DVM program, with graduates finding employment in both public and private
sectors. However, there exists a capacity gap between these graduates and the sector's
technological and research needs, except for a few universities that have improved their curricula
recently. To address this, there is need to support veterinary and livestock faculties in public sector
universities, enhancing their pre-service training programs and transforming them into centers of
excellence. Collaboration with provincial livestock departments and extension staff will ensure the
direct dissemination of the latest practices into the field. Additionally, international linkages, joint
programs, study visits, and research projects could be facilitated.

COMPREHENSIVE CURRICULUM REVIEW AND IMPROVEMENT

To enhance in-service and pre-service training, a comprehensive review of all livestock training
curricula is crucial, ensuring their alignment with the evolving needs of the sector. These curricula
will encompass technical content as well as areas such as extension methodology, communication
skills, small business management techniques, and participatory techniques for forming farmer
organizations

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TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER OFFICES AT LIVESTOCK UNIVERSITIES
Following advancements in livestock research infrastructure, the establishment of technology
transfer offices in selected universities is crucial. These offices will facilitate effective coordination
and synergy between research and technology development. This transfer will enable further
development and utilization of technology, improving production, productivity, and value addition
in the livestock sector.

STRENGTHENING LIVESTOCK RESEARCH AND ACADEMIA-INDUSTRY LINKAGES

Aim is to establish a connected research network among public sector institutes to overcome
resource challenges and traditional management practices. A web-based platform will enable
collaboration, while substantial government funding will upgrade infrastructure and align the
research agenda with private sector needs, covering areas such as disease control, genetic
improvement, feed resources, and value addition. Close coordination with farmers and extension
services will ensure practical testing of research interventions.

DISEASE SURVEILLANCE, ANIMAL HEALTH AND EXTENSION SERVICES

The livestock sector in Rawalpindi is impacted by various livestock diseases, and the strength of
preventive and curative veterinary services is crucial in managing these infectious and non-
infectious diseases. To effectively monitor the health and productivity of animal populations, as
well as the attributes of animal products and veterinary biologics, the widespread availability of
quality veterinary services is necessary.

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Therefore, ensuring easy and unrestricted access to high-quality animal healthcare services for
farmers is a fundamental pillar of the livestock for Rawalpindi. The following interventions should
be adopted to enhance animal health delivery across division.

IMPROVEMENT IN ANIMAL HEALTH SERVICES DELIVERY

The current field support animal health services fail to meet the increasing needs of livestock
farmers, leading them to rely on unqualified private veterinarians. To address this issue, the
establishment of a qualified animal health workforce, the enhancement of livestock assistants'
skills, and the strengthening of provincial livestock departments. Monitoring mechanisms will be
improved to ensure field staff delivers services at an acceptable quality level. To meet the growing
demand, the government will involve the private sector in curative animal health services through
the development of guidelines and accreditation for quality assurance.

IMPROVED DISEASE SURVEILLANCE AND ESTABLISHMENT OF DISEASE-FREE

CLUSTERS
An important aspect is the creation of a knowledge base on disease prevalence in different regions
and the maintenance of an updated disease map. This will enable the implementation of effective
control measures, enhance disease surveillance capabilities, leverage ICT-based solutions, and
establish a robust animal disease reporting and epidemiology system. Emphasis will be placed on
controlling common infectious diseases such as Foot and Mouth disease, PPR, HS, enterotoxaemia
in livestock. The government will also develop disease-free zones in selected regions to meet
international market standards and facilitate the export of high-quality livestock products through
improvements in vaccination, disease control, and investments in livestock breeding and marketing
infrastructure.

INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISM FOR DISEASE OUTBREAK MANAGEMENT

Outbreaks of infectious diseases in livestock have severe consequences for food security, including
the loss of livestock products, high-value genetic livestock, increased production costs, trade
disruptions, and hindered investment. The government needs to establish a robust institutional
mechanism to effectively manage and minimize economic losses during disease emergencies. This
will involve early warning systems, contingency plans, training, and collaboration with relevant

32 | P a g e
stakeholders to ensure a comprehensive emergency response, as well as the establishment of legal
and administrative structures to handle such situations.

IMPROVEMENT IN DIAGNOSTIC REGIME

To enhance disease surveillance, existing institutional structures such as divisional directorate of
disease surveillance and district diagnostic laboratories need to be strengthened. These labs will
not only have improved capacity for diagnosing livestock diseases but will also expand their scope
to include testing the quality of feed, milk, meat, and poultry products. Special diagnostic facilities
for poultry should be established in areas with high poultry concentrations. The government could
also explore private sector participation in setting up diagnostic facilities to ensure better public
health and increased exports.

STRENGTHENING EXTENSION AND OUTREACH SERVICES

A key aspect of this strategy involves enhancing and strengthening extension services to improve
the education and awareness of livestock farmers, especially in rural areas, and facilitate the
adoption of new technologies for livestock production and animal health. This will be achieved by
establishing and reinforcing livestock farmers training centers, organizing regular farmer field
schools, conducting model farming practice demonstrations, and providing capacity-building
opportunities for extension staff. These initiatives aim to bridge knowledge gaps, address training
needs, and ensure the availability of effective livestock extension services at the grassroots level.

ROBUST ICT-BASED FARMER COMMUNICATION PROGRAMS

Given the extensive livestock production and the widespread presence of millions of dispersed
livestock farmers in Pakistan, it is essential to establish a strong communication program that
complements formal extension services. This program will prioritize disease control, livestock
nutrition, farming practices, and marketing. The government could collaborate with international
donors to leverage information and communication technology, capitalizing on the country's high
mobile phone usage and local radio channels, to develop a modern farmer communication
program.

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LIVESTOCK PRODUCTIVITY ENHANCEMENT & MARKET ACCESS
Enhancing livestock management and productivity, along with improving marketing systems, is a
vital component of Livestock Development. Despite being among the top five countries in
livestock population, the sector grapples with issues of low productivity and subpar yields. The
aim is to optimize the genetic potential of local livestock breeds through effective management
practices and a viable breed policy. Livestock department should give priority to nutrition, farm
practices, and strengthening the connection between research and extension services to establish a
modernized livestock sector. Additionally, a key objective is to enhance market access for
livestock producers, ensuring they receive better value for their products. To get higher outputs
throughout the division, the following measures should be implemented.

IMPROVING DOMESTIC FEED SUPPLY AND ANIMAL NUTRITION

Livestock's growth and reproductive efficiency are closely tied to their diet, making balanced
nutrition crucial. A key initiative in this area is to enhance animal nutrition by ensuring the
availability of quality fodders throughout the year, improving silage and hay production, and
providing balanced concentrate feeds with proper mineral inputs. By meeting animals' nutritional
needs, the expectation is to increase their yield by 20% to 25%, reduce calving intervals, and
expedite puberty. To support this effort, livestock department should hire designated extension
workers who will be trained in preparing balanced rations and disseminating this knowledge within
their communities. This approach will be integrated into a dairy/meat hub model that combines
yield improvement services with farm produce marketing.

BREED MANAGEMENT AND LIVESTOCK IDENTIFICATION AND TRACEABILITY SYSTEM

Pakistan possesses world-class dairy buffalo and tropical dairy cattle, but effective management
and continuous improvement are necessary. Special emphasis on this area, implementing a
national livestock breeding policy in collaboration with livestock research institutions to conserve

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indigenous breeds. Priority will be given to buffalos, Sahiwal, Cholistani, Red Sindh, Thari cattle,
Beetal, Kamori, Pateri, and Bari goats. Additionally, there is need to strengthen institutional
infrastructure for breed improvement and AI services regulation, ensuring integrated collaboration
among government agencies, calf raising centers, semen production units, and AI extension
services. Furthermore, research will be conducted to address the challenge of lacking a well-
defined beef breed for optimal feed conversion ratio and increased meat yield.

RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT

An efficient and well-maintained rural infrastructure plays a crucial role in livestock development.
Investments in rural roads, water supply, transportation, storage, markets, electrification,
communication, water management schemes, auction markets, and abattoirs are essential for
boosting livestock production. Currently, rural infrastructure is insufficient and unevenly
distributed, hindering the development of the rural economy. This includes improving farm-to-
market roads, market infrastructure, and promoting alternative energy sources such as solar and
biogas.

ACCESS TO MARKET FOR SMALL FARMERS

Efficient market access is a significant challenge for smallholder livestock farmers. In the dairy
sector, the absence of milk cooling tank (Chillers) networks and limited presence of dairy
cooperatives result in farmers selling their milk to informal middlemen at unfavorable prices.
Livestock markets also face infrastructure issues and lack grading systems, affecting farmers'
ability to obtain fair prices. To address these challenges, establishing systems for market
information dissemination, fostering strong relationships between value chain players and farmers,
implementing standards and grading mechanisms, and improving market infrastructure.

LIVESTOCK MARKET INFORMATION SYSTEM

Establishing livestock market information systems. These systems, potentially could be developed
with private sector involvement, will deliver real-time market updates to farmers through SMS,
radio, and digital displays within the markets. By collecting, analyzing, storing, and sharing
livestock prices and volume information from multiple markets, including details on animal type,
breed, age class, sex, and grade, these systems aim to empower farmers and traders to make
informed decisions.

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ACCESS TO FINANCE, SUSTAINABILITY, REGULATIONS & COMPLIANCE REGIME
The acknowledgment of the importance of certain prerequisites and cross-cutting considerations
specific to the livestock sector in Rawalpindi Division, which are vital for achieving the goals of
the livestock Development. These include ensuring easy access to affordable financing, promoting
sustainable development with a focus on gender and environmental aspects, and establishing a
supportive regulatory framework that encourages compliance.

The following intervention could help the farmer’s sustainability and growth.

LIVESTOCK MARKET REFORMS & INTRODUCING INSURANCE SCHEMES

In addition to the development of livestock market infrastructure discussed earlier, effective
regulation of livestock markets is crucial to ensure fair pricing based on accurate weight
measurements. The current regulatory system fails to address the exploitation of livestock owners
and byproduct producers by intermediaries and middlemen. To address these issues, establish a
regulatory framework with guidelines and standards for livestock markets, including provisions
for housing, feeding, water availability, and disease monitoring. Performance contracting and
public-private partnerships will be introduced to improve the quality of market services.

VETERINARY SERVICE GUIDELINES AND CODE OF CONDUCT

The government should establish and enforce guidelines and a code of conduct for both public and
private veterinary service practitioners and para-vets. These guidelines will set standards for

36 | P a g e
service quality and outline their responsibilities in disease surveillance and outbreak management.
It should include clear definitions of negligence, misconduct, legal obligations, and principles of
animal welfare, extending to existing private sector individuals and diagnostic facilities.

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTS QUALITY AND SAFETY STANDARDS

To ensure that improvements in the livestock sector benefit consumers, the government should
enhance food safety standards in accordance with international norms for dairy and livestock
products. This includes regulations for milk chilling, the prohibition of milk adulteration,
minimum pasteurization requirements, quality standards for milk handling and manufacturing
facilities, as well as regulations for loose and processed meat, byproducts, and poultry farms.
Strengthening institutional capacity in local governments will be necessary to ensure compliance
with these standards.

CALIBRATING AND REFINING IMPORT AND EXPORT POLICY & REGULATIONS

A thorough assessment should be conducted to review the import and export policies and
regulations regarding livestock, livestock products, and input support such as live animals, dry
milk, whey, etc. The aim is to ensure that the policy framework is strategically aligned for
sustained growth in the medium and long term, while eliminating any distortions that may hinder
progress. To facilitate the growth of the livestock sector, active engagement with relevant public
and private stakeholders will be undertaken, encompassing a comprehensive policy review that
encompasses the entire sector, including machinery, equipment, feed ingredients, feed additives,
medicines, vaccines, and more.

PROMOTING MICRO-FINANCE LINKAGES AND CREDIT FOR SMALL FARMERS &

CREDIT FOR COMMERCIAL FARMERS AND PROCESSORS
In light of the livestock sector's structure, which involves numerous small farmers and lacks
corporate farming, establishing connections with these farmers becomes crucial for private
investors interested in the upstream value chain. To integrate them into modernization efforts and
encourage investments, provincial governments should collaborate with microfinance
organizations to ensure access to small loans. This approach not only relieves investors of the
burden of supporting farmers but also promotes a seamless value chain and aligns livestock
investments with the government's poverty alleviation agenda. Furthermore, a group-based

37 | P a g e
financing scheme for small farmers engaged in agri-related activities, and efforts should made to
expand credit availability through drafted guidelines for livestock, fisheries, and poultry financing.

INVESTMENT PROMOTION AND ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT

The livestock sector's promotion and the successful realization rely heavily on adequate resources
and investments. The government's role will be to act as a facilitator and catalyst, establishing a
favorable environment that encourages the active and competitive involvement of the private
sector in all aspects of livestock production, processing, and marketing at local, regional, and
global levels.

Meanwhile, the private sector will capitalize on these enabling conditions by making strategic
investments in the sector. The following steps needs to be taken for a better investment attracting
sector.

BUSINESS ENABLING ENVIRONMENT & INTRODUCING LIVESTOCK INVESTMENT

POLICY
Despite Pakistan's agricultural nature, there is currently no specific agricultural investment policy
in place, including one for the livestock sector. So, there is need to develop a national livestock
investment policy that encourages private investments in the sector. This policy will outline
incentives for future investments in prioritized sub-sectors and strategic areas of the livestock value
chain. Additionally, the government should make plans to collaborate with donors to establish
supportive mechanisms for investment incentives and creating a business-friendly environment.

38 | P a g e
INTRODUCING RISK GUARANTEE FUND FOR LIVESTOCK INVESTORS
Investors often seek guarantees to mitigate risks associated with their investments. These
guarantees provide reassurance and confidence to investors, reducing their potential downside. To
effectively manage such risks, it is prudent for the government to only offer guarantees for risks it
is well-equipped to handle. However, providing sovereign guarantees at this level can be complex
and significantly increase the government's contingent liabilities. To address these concerns, the
government, with the assistance of donors, could establish a guarantee fund that specifically offers
risk coverage in selected areas for investments in the livestock sector.

PPPS IN LIVESTOCK SECTOR AND BASKET OF MODEL PPPS

Despite the existence of public-private partnership laws, and initiatives such as the IPDF at the
federal level, Pakistan has seen limited success in implementing PPPs, particularly in productive
sectors such as livestock and dairy. The main challenge lies in the absence of viable projects that
the government can offer to the private sector through competitive processes. The government
should produce more projects based on PPP model rather than implementing all on its own. This
will also encourage the private sector investment in this sector.

ENTERPRISE FUND FOR LIVESTOCK SECTOR & INVESTOR ROADSHOWS AND EXPOS
To generate national and international attention towards the livestock sector, organizing marketing
roadshows and expos would be an effective approach. Some events would target specific national
or international investors to attract private financing for selected projects, while others would
create networking opportunities and foster linkages across the livestock value chain and different
markets. Additionally, the government would establish an enterprise fund to encourage
entrepreneurship among graduates by providing seed funding for selected students to start their
own enterprises.

39 | P a g e
ECONOMIC IMPACT
Implementing the aforementioned interventions with dedication has the potential to create a
thriving livestock sector and generate higher yields for progressive farmers. The expected
outcome, as indicated in the table
provided, is a significant increase in
output from 139 billion to an estimated
304 billion. Moreover, these interventions
have the capacity to raise farmers' income
in the Livestock Sector from 68 thousand
to 140 thousand per month.

40 | P a g e
 Animal in Output Potential Potential Output Potential Value
Product Population Production Yield (tons) Price Value in PKR Yield (Tons) (Pkr)

Milking
Cow 988,618 446,553 8 1,089,589 80 87,167,088,963 20 2,723,972 217,917,722,408

Milking
Buffalo 385,479 174,119 6 261,178 90 23,505,998,703 12 522,356 47,011,997,406

Meat (Cow) 988,618 158,400 135 21,384 400 8,553,600,000 200 31,680 12,672,000,000

Meat
(Buffalo) 385,479 90,600 157 14,224 400 5,689,680,000 180 16,308 6,523,200,000

Sheep 404,767 111,300 47 5,231 800 4,184,880,000 65 7,235 5,787,600,000

Goat 1,045,457 275,200 40 11,008 900 9,907,200,000 58 15,962 14,365,440,000

Total 139,008,447,666 304,277,959,813

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DAIRY VALUE CHAIN

Farm Inputs Production Collection Processing Distribution Consumer

Farm Inputs Production Collection Processing Consumer

• Land •Informal: 95% Informal Informal •Informal:

• Livestock Feed •Formal: 5% •Katcha Dodhis •Producers •Direct Selling
• Herd Mix •Pucca Dodhis •Processing Agents •Local Retail Shops
• Machinery •Contractors •Confectioners & Confectioners
• Labor •Formal •Products Include: •Formal:
• Medication •Dodhis Yogurt, Lassi, •Retail Stores
•Contractors Ghee, •Company Owned
•Direct Farmer Sweetmeats, Butter, Outlets
Procurement Cream •Home Delivery
•Commercial & •Formal
Corporate •Large Enterprises
Farming •Bakers &
Confectioners
•Products Include:
UHT and
Pasteurized Milk
and Milk Products

42 | P a g e
KEY INTERVENTIONS

Sector
Breed Nutrition and Farm Management Marketing Value addition
Improvement Feed
Dairy
➢ Provision of Grazing ➢ Farmer training ➢ DE capping or ➢ Establishing
➢ Conservation and
spaces at programs with the ensuring market milk collection
preservation of
community level help of private competitive points at
indigenous breed
with draught sector to ensure pricing of the community
➢ Provision of
tolerant varieties proper livestock milk level for
Stress-free
➢ provision of silage management ➢ Price flooring farmers to
environment
making machine at ➢ Excluding extension could be eliminate
➢ Tagging, tracking
community level services from introduced for middle man
and acquiring of
➢ Providing feed veterinary services milk famers to from milk sale
elite male of
(wanda) at and establishing a sustain ➢ Incentivize
Dhanni breed for
subsidized rate at separate Institute ➢ Grading and private sector
Semen
village level to for extension Packing facilities to introduce
production
ensure nutritional services of farm and acts for value addition
➢ Provision of high
level in the animals management and buffalo milk and exports in
nutritional Dairy Sector I,e
Cheese,

43 | P a g e
MEAT VALUE CHAIN

Processing of Meat
Livestock Input Production Marketing
Meat Market

Livestock Input Production Marketing Processing of Meat Meat Market

• Land • Production Systems • Rural Farmers • Recognized • Recognized

• Feed and • Large Ruminants: • Village slaughterhouse slaughterhouse
Nutrition • Rural Subsistence Beoparis • Unrecognized • Rural Butchers
• Herd Mix Small Holdings –55- • Live-animal slaughterhouse • Urban Butchers
• Farm and 60% Market • Formal-Meat • Wholesalers
Infrastructure • Rural Market • Wholesales Processors • Traders
• Farm Labor oriented Small • Retailers • Retailers
• Veterinary Care Holdings 20-25% • traders • Export Market
and Services • Rural Commercial • Company related
Medium-Sized outlets
Farming 10-15%
• Peri-Urban
Commercial Large-
Seized Farming – 6-
8%
• Small Ruminants:
• Nomadic
• Transhumant
• Sedentary Household
• Occasion-specific
(Eid-ul-Adha)

44 | P a g e
KEY INTERVENTIONS

Sector

Breed Nutrition and Farm Marketing

Meat Improvement Value addition
Feed Management

➢ A specialized breed ➢ Goat & Sheep ➢ Farmer training ➢ Small cattle mandi ➢ Incentivize
development and fattening program programs with the could be introduced private sector to
semen production should also be help of private to increase farmer introduce value
unit should be introduced for sector to ensure outreach in the addition and
introduce for high Rawalpindi division proper livestock market exports in meat
meat yielders ➢ Feed subsidy management ➢ Price De capping or Sector.
➢ Goat breeding and program for goat ➢ Excluding extension quality grading
AI should be farmers could be services from should be
introduced for introduced veterinary services introduced
indigenous breed ➢ specialized fodder and establishing a ➢ Modern slaughter
I,e beetal crops could be houses with packing
introduced to fulfill facilities needs to be
nutritional introduced
requirement of the
livestock

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KEY INTERVENTIONS

Sector

Disease Control Marketing

Poultry Breed Improvement Nutrition and Value Addition
and Prevention
Feed

➢ Poultry research ➢ Availability of Raw ➢ Strict enforcement ➢ Involve private ➢ Incentivize private
center should be materials for of control sector to sector to introduce
introduced in the
commercial poultry measures such as introduce value addition and
division to enhance
should be ensured biosecurity and poultry meat exports in poultry
poultry breed
to cope price shocks vaccination at the packing and sector.
➢ Household poultry
in the poultry national level to slaughtering
programs should be
market I.e., GMO control and units to ensure
introduced and
Soybean manage farm level end level
increased units in
endemic H9N2 AI consumer
the existing
outbreaks health
programs
successfully.

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PROPOSED PROJECTS
Cost
Area of Intervention Category Intervention
(Million)
Conservation and preservation of indigenous breed 200
Establishment of specialized breed and semen production unit for high milk
25
yielders
Short term
200
Provision of high yield breeder at community level for enhance breading
Provision of Stress free environment to the animals Soft
Tagging, tracking and acquiring of elite male of Dhanni breed for Semen
Breed Improvement 100
production
Medium-term
Household poultry programs should be enhanced for provision of poultry
349
units.
150
R&D in the local breed and collaboration with international institutes
Long term
30
Specialized R&D programs for Goat and sheep breed improvements
Provision of Grazing spaces at community level with draught tolerant
varieties 200
Providing feed (wanda) at subsidized rate at village level to ensure
nutritional level in the animals 150
Nutrition and Feed Short term
Feed subsidy program for goat farmers could be introduced 100

Ensuring an Adequate Supply of Raw Materials for the Commercial Poultry

Industry to Mitigate Price Volatility, such as GMO Soybeans. Soft

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 Cost
Area of Intervention Category Intervention
(Million)
Goat and Sheep fattening program should also be introduced for Rawalpindi
division 100
Medium-term
Specialized fodder crops relevant to local environment could be introduced
to fulfil nutritional requirement of the livestock 200

Strengthening of Disease Diagnosis, Reporting, Surveillance System, and ISO

200
Certification of Diagnostic Labs
Short term
Enhancement of vaccine production for Livestock & Poultry. 350

Establishment of Research Center for Molecular investigations of field strains of

Disease Control and 250
the FMD, HS, ETV, PPR, Mycoplasma, Brucella, ND, and Avian Influenza.
Prevention

Long term Establishing technical route epidemiological survey, compulsory immunization,

barrier system for controlling livestock movement from high-risk area to disease-
1200
free zone, monitoring & warning and quarantine supervision and emergency
treatment and disease-free certification system.

Farmer training programs with the help of private sector to ensure proper
100
livestock management
Short term Excluding extension services from veterinary services and establishing a
Extension Services separate Institute for extension services of farm management and nutritional 200
enhancement

Medium-term Upgradation of the livestock directorate Rawalpindi 300

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 Cost
Area of Intervention Category Intervention
(Million)

Establishing milk collection points at community level (Bhains Colonies) for

300
farmers to eliminate middle man from milk sale

Short term Grading and Packing facilities and acts for buffalo milk 150
DE capping or ensuring market competitive pricing of the milk soft
Price flooring could be introduce for milk famers to sustain Soft
Marketing
Medium-
Small cattle mandi could be introduced to increase farmer outreach in the market 100
term

Modern slaughter houses with packing facilities needs to be introduced 800

Long term
Involve private sector to introduce poultry meat packing and slaughtering units
200
to ensure end level consumer health

Incentivize private sector to introduce value addition and exports in Dairy Sector
200
I,e Cheese,

Value addition Long term Incentivize private sector to introduce value addition and exports in meat Sector. 200

Incentivize private sector to introduce value addition and exports in poultry

200
sector.

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