Axial Force (Normal Force)

Tx N
Mx Mz
Ty z
x z x
zx z
My zy

y y
Stress Tensor
N =  σ z dA M x =   z ydA Gerilme tansörü:
0 0 0 
Tx =  τ zx dA M y =   z x dA 0 0 0 
 
Ty =  τ zy dA M z =  ( zy x −  zx y)dA 0 0  z 
Normal stress σz occurs in the cross-section due to the axial normal force N.
1
Saint-Venant Principle: We can assume that the stress is distributed uniformly in a distance away
from enough the application point of the loading and the support.

Load distorts lines located

near load.

Lines located away from the

load and support remain
straight.

Load distorts lines located

near support.

N
 ave = N=P axial normal force
A
Section a-a Section b-b Section c-c 2
Elongation ratio: Sections 1 and 2, which are far away from each
other as z, become sections 1’ and 2’ due to the effect of N force.
They are translated u(z) and u(z+z) respectively. Elongation ratio
along the z-axis is defined as:
u u ( z + z ) − u ( z ) du
z = →  z = lim z →0 =
z z dz

z N
du =  z dz → du = dz → du = dz
E AE
u( z) z z
N N
 du = 
u ( 0) 0
AE
dz → u ( z ) = u (0) + 
0
AE
dz

If N and A are constants along the z-axis and the length change is indicated by
u=L=u(L)-u(0) for a bar that has a length “L”,

NL L N
L = → z = = Elongation rigidity
AE L AE
L
1 1 N N2 1 N2
Strain energy: dV = N du = N dz = dz → V=  dz
2 2 AE 2AE 2 0 AE
3
Effect of density:
Analysis of maximum normal stress and elongation of a rod, which has a length of L, weight per
unit length  and cross sectional area A.
z
AL
B
Fz=0 → N− A z = 0

+ N(z)= A z
N

N B AL
 z max = = = L
A A

N
C W= A z
z
N
z
Az z 2
u ( z ) = u (0) +  dz → u ( z ) = u (0) +  dz u ( z ) = u ( 0) +
AE AE 2E
0 0

L2 L2
Because u(z=L)=0 we obtain u (0) = − Hence, elongation of the section C is L =
2E 2E
4
 Example: Calculate the maximum force P that the BC rod,
A1 =10cm2 which has two fixed ends, can carry safely under the influence of
A2=25cm2
normal force only. Elasticity modulus of the material is E and
allowable stress is given as all=14kN/cm2
D
40 cm
100 cm
F z = 0 → − Bz + P + Cz = 0 → Bz = P + C z

According to the equation above, the diagram for the Normal

Bz P Cz force is plotted in terms of Cz as shown on the left. We have only
one equation for the calculation of Bz ve Cz. We will write the
N Bz =Cz +P geometric condition (compatibility condition) as the second
Cz equation. This condition is writing that the total displacement of
+ + z the rod from the point B to the point C is zero.
LBC = 0 : compatibility condition
N1 L1 N 2 L2
LBC = LBD + LDC = + =0
A1 E1 A2 E2
(C z + P)  40 (C z ) 100 P P
→ + =0 → Cz = − → Bz =
10  E 25  E 2 2
N
P/2 Normal force diagram is plotted again according to the values we
+ z obtained. Because the cross-sectional area is small, the stress in
−
−P/2
the BD is large.
N P/2
 BD = 1 =   em = 14kN / cm2 → P  280 kN
A1 10
5
Statically indeterminate (hyperstatic) systems: We have learned that in truss systems, the rods only carry axial
normal force. In isostatic truss systems, we can easily calculate the amount of elongation of the rod by the formula
L=NL/EA, because N is the normal force of the rod that we have previously shown with S. (N=S:constant).
In this section, when the amount of elongation of the rods is known, it is possible to find the normal forces for hyperstatic
truss systems by writing compatibility conditions between their elongations. Let’s give an example.
Example: Calculate the forces of the system in the figure. All bars are made of the same material and the cross-sectional
areas are equal.
At the joint D, there are 2 equations from the equilibrium.
S2
3
F
S1
= 0 → − 10 − S1 + S3 = 0
x
4 5
3 4
1 2
S3
 y
F = 0 →
5
S1 + S 2 = 0

3 These two equations are not enough to calculate all bar forces because
the system is hyperstatic. The elongation of the bars at joint D is
exaggeratedly drawn on the left. Point D’ is the location of point D after
2
1 deformation. Elongation or shortening along the axis of the bar is
plotted and connected with a perpendicular line to D’ point.
L3 Compatibility condition is:
3 5 3
D L1 L2 = L1 + L3
4 4
L2 N 2 L2 5 N1L1 3 N3 L3 S  4 5 S1  5 3 S3  3 25 9
→ = + → 2 = + → 4S2 = S1 + S3
E2 A2 4 E1 A1 4 E3 A3 EA 4 EA 4 EA 4 4
Forces are calculated by using all three equations
D’
25 5 35
S1 = − = −2.08 kN , S 2 = = 1.67 kN , S3 = = 8.75 kN
12 3 4
6
Note that: If the rod is shortening −L is written instead of L , while using the compatibility condition.
Non-homogeneous system – composite bars :
Are systems with cross-sections made of at least two materials. It is
P
accepted that concrete and steel work together in reinforced concrete
which is an example of composites.
The normal force on the right is carried by the concrete (Nc) and steel
(Ns) together.
Equilibrium in the vertical direction:

F z = 0 → P + N s + Nc = 0

Compatibility condition:
L = Ls = Lc Steel bars
NL NL Concrete
→ s = c
Es As Ec Ac

From these two equations, we can solve each normal force for steel and
concrete, respectively.
Es As
Ns = − P
Es As + Ec Ac
Ec Ac
Nc = − P
Es As + Ec Ac As Ac

7
Axial Normal Force on a Ring:

Ring: If, relative to the radius of the ring, the dimensions of its
cross-sections are small, the ring will be very susceptible to bending
and the bending moment M will be very small to negligible (M=0).

po

cross-section

po


N qo Ro
2 N =  (qo sin  )(Ro d ) → N = qo Ro → = =
0
A A

2 ( Ro + Ro ) − 2Ro Ro

= =
2Ro Ro

8
Container vessel (ex: boiler tanks): t << Ro t: wall thickness Ro: average radius : internal pressure

1 A=1t

2  1 t − po 2 Ro 1 = 0

po po Ro
Ro
t →  =
t


z
= 1= poRo/t
Ro  z 2Ro  t − po Ro = 0
2
z= 2= poRo/2t
po
t
po Ro
z → z =
2t

1= poRo/t

2= poRo/2t Gas piplines:   =

po Ro z = 0
t
3= −po
9
Example: A strain gage is affixed to the surface of a soda can, which is made of aluminum
2014-T6. The outer diameter of the box is 60 mm and the wall thickness is 0.15 mm. When the
can lid is opened, the strain change is measured as = −170x10 −6 mm/mm.
Find the internal pressure p before the can is opened.
(For the material Al2024-T6: E=73.1GPa, =0.35)

pR p  30
σ1 = = = 200p
t 0.15
pR p  30
σ2 =
pR σ2 = = = 100p
2t 2t 2  0.15
pR
σ1 =
t

1
ε2 = [σ 2 − ν σ1 ]
E

1
→ 170 10−6 = [100p − 0.35 200p]
73.1109

→ p = 414  10 3 Pa = 414 kPa

10
Example: The system in the figure is obtained by
connecting three A-36 steel plates. Calculate the
displacement of the end A relative to the end D for the
system subjected to the loading given in the figure.
The thickness of each plate is 6 mm.
(For steel A-36: E=200GPa)

A = (0.1)( 0.006 ) = 0.0006 m 2 A = 3(0.1)( 0.006 ) = 0.0018 m 2 A = (0.1)( 0.006 ) = 0.0006 m 2

NL (50000)(0.6) (50000)(0.2) (25000)(0.8)

 Total =  = + +
AE (0.006)(200 109 ) (0.018)(200 109 ) (0.006)(200 109 )

= (2.5 10−4 ) + (0.278 10−4 ) + (1.67 10−4 )

= 4.448 10− 4 m = 0.445mm

11
 Example: The truss system in the figure is made of A-36 steel bars, each has a
cross-sectional area of 400 mm2. Calculate the necessary force P in order that the
support C displace 0.2 mm downwards.(For steel A-36: E=200GPa)
1

S1 4 1 4 2
3 45o
 Fx = 0 → − S2
5
− S1
2
=0 → S1 = −S 2
5
B
3 1
4
3
F y =0 → − P − S2
5
+ S1
2
=0
2 S2 P
4 2 5
S1 = P S2 = − P
7 7

3 3
S3 S2  Fy = 0 → S2
5
+ S3 = 0 → S3 =
7
P
3
4
Cx
C
The vertical displacement of C is also equal to the elongation of the three bars.

C =
S3 L3
→ 0.2 10−3 m =
(3P / 7)(2.8m) → P = 13332 N = 13.3 kN
E3 A3 (200 10 Pa)(400 10 m )
9 9 2

12
Example: The bar in the figure is manufactured by
sticking 6061-T6 aluminum cylinder into A-36 steel
tube. The bar is subjected to an axial force of 200kN.
Determine the average normal stress on the steel and
the aluminum part due to this loading. The outer
diameter of the tube is 80mm and the inner diameter
is 70mm. Esteel=200GPa, Ealuminum=68.9GPa

Fç
Fa F z =0 → − Fs − Fa + 200 = 0 (1)

Considering that steel and aluminum are fully connected, the compatibility condition can be written as follows.

Fs Ls Fa La → Fs L Fa L
Ls = La → = =
200 109  ( 0.04 ) − ( 0.035 )  68.9 109  ( 0.035 )
2 2 2
Es As Ea Aa  

→ Fa = 1.1254 Fs (2)

From the equations (1) ve (2) → Fa = 105.90 kN Fs = 94.10 kN

Fa 105900 N
a = = = 27.5 106 Pa = 27.5MPa
Aa  (0.035m) 2

Fs 94100 N
s = = = 79.9  10 6
Pa = 79.9MPa
As  (0.04m) 2 − (0.035m) 2 
13