Module-2

Literature Review
and Technical
Reading, Attributions
and Citations
Course Instructor: Dr. Chethan L S
Associate Professor
Dept. of CSE
PESITM, Shivamogga
The primary goal of literature review is to know the use of content/ideas/approaches in the
literature to correctly identify the problem .
It also helps the researcher understand clearly that the research to be undertaken would
contribute something new and innovative.

New and Existing Knowledge

New knowledge in research can only be interpreted within the context of what is already
known, and cannot exist without the foundation of existing knowledge.
The new knowledge can have different interpretations depending on
What the researcher’s background
One’s perception of that new knowledge can change from indifference to excitement
Depending on what else one knows.
The existing knowledge is needed to make the case that there is a problem and that it is
important.
The New Knowledge: one again needs the existing knowledge: the context, the significance,
the originality, and the tools.
 o e s One finds this knowledge by reading and surveying the literature in the field that
re d g
e in
Wh exist ome was established long ago and also about the more recent knowledge which is in
hi s e c
t d g
w le ? fact always changing.
n o o m
k fr

Textbooks Research papers

Older established knowledge
Newer work
Provide the established Goal is normally to present a small piece
knowledge and the background of new knowledge
to be able to read the newer work It assumes that the reader already
usually recorded in the research knows a lot in that field.
papers. Researcher going back to other sources to
try and interpret what is going on in a
particular research paper.
Review process
How and why certain technical development took place, so that it is easy for the reader to
comprehend why the present talk is being undertaken
An effective review of literature ensures
A firm foundation for advancing knowledge
Facilitates theoretical growth
Opens new avenues of possible work.

Good literature survey is the first expectation of a supervisor

When done well can create a good impression that the state of art in the chosen field is well
understood.

A literature review should be able to summarize as to

What is already known from the state of the art,
Detail the key concepts and the main factors or parameters and the underlying
relationships between those,
Describe any complementary existing approaches,
Enumerate the inconsistencies or shortcomings
 A good literature survey is typically a two-step process as enumerated below:
Identify the major topics or subtopics or concepts relevant to the subject under consideration.

Place the citation of the relevant source (article/patent/website/data, etc.) in the correct
category of the concept/topic/subtopic
 Analysis and Synthesis of Prior Art
After collecting the sources, the researcher is ready to break down each article and identify
the useful content in it, and then synthesize the collection of articles
A literature survey grid of N topics and M sources
Understanding the hypothesis,
Understanding the models and the experimental
conditions used,
Making connections,
Comparing and contrasting the various
information,
Finding out the strong points and the loopholes.

Few criteria that could help the researcher in the evaluation of the information under study:
Authority: What are the author’s credentials and affiliation? Who publishes the information?
Accuracy: Based on what one already knows about the topic or from reading other sources, does the
information seem credible? Does the author cite other sources in a reference list or bibliography, to
support the information presented?
Scope: Is the source at an appropriate comprehension or research level?
 Bibliographic Databases
“Bibliographic databases” refer to “abstracting and indexing services” useful for collecting
citation-related information
Possibly abstracts of research articles from scholarly literature and making them available
through search.
Popular bibliographic databases

Web of Science
Search tool for scholarly materials
Allows the researcher to search in a particular topic of interest, which can be made by selection in
fields that are available in drop down menu such as title, topic, author, address, etc.
Based on the researcher’s need the search result can be broadened or narrowed down using the
built-in fields provided in this website.
When clicked on any of the search results, this website provides the title of the paper, authors, the
type of journal, volume, issue number and year of publication, abstract, keywords, etc.,
 Google and Google Scholar
Google is a great place to start one’s search when one is starting out on a topic. It can be helpful in
finding freely available information, such as reports from governments, organizations, companies,
and so on.

Limitations:
It’s a “black box” of information. It searches everything on the Internet, with no quality control—one
does not know where results are coming from.
There are limited search functionality and refinement options.

Google Scholar Limitation

Some of the results are not actually scholarly. An article may look scholarly at first glance, but is not a
good source upon further inspection.
It is not comprehensive. Some publishers do not make their content available to Google Scholar.
There is limited search functionality and refinement options.
 Operators can be combined within searches.
OR—Broadens search by capturing synonyms or variant spellings of a concept.
Example: Synchronous OR asynchronous will find results that have either term present.

Brackets/Parentheses ( )—Gather OR’d synonyms of a concept together, while

combining them with another concept. Example: RAM (synchronous OR asynchronous).

Quotation marks “ ”—Narrow the search by finding words together as a phrase,

instead of separately. Example: RAM (synchronous OR asynchronous) “Texas
Instruments”.
Site—limits the search to results from a specific domain or website. This operator
is helpful when searching specific websites such as the BC government,
which is Example: RAM(synchronous OR asynchronous) “Texas Instruments”
site: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Filetype—limits the search to results with a specific file extension one could
look for pdf’s, PowerPoint presentations, Excel spreadsheets, and so on. Example:
RAM (synchronous OR asynchronous) “Texas Instruments” site: http://
ieeexplore.ieee.org, filetype: pdf.
 Effective Search: The Way Forward
A scholarly publication is one wherein the published outcome is authored by researchers in a
specific field of skill.
The content is typically more complex and advanced than those found in general magazines.
Most of the engineering researchers need to refer articles that appear in scholarly journals,
books or other peer-reviewed sources, there is also a substantially useful content in more
popular publications
A researcher must consider what type of information is needed, and where it could be found.

Searching is an iterative process:

• Experiment with different keywords and operators;
• Evaluate and assess results, use filters;
• Modify the search as needed; and
• When relevant articles are found, look at their citations and references
After the search is complete, the researcher needs to engage in critical and thorough reading,
making observation of the salient points in those sources, and summarize the findings.
A detailed comparison and contrast of the findings is also required to be done. This entire
process may be needed to be done multiple times.
It is mandatory for a Ph.D. scholar to write a synopsis of the topic and submit it to the doctoral
committee for approval.
During this stage, the scholar needs to undertake an extensive literature survey connected
with the problem.
 Introduction to Technical Reading
The literature where knowledge is archived is very fragmented and there are bits and pieces all
over the place.
Very rarely will one find everything that one want close together in one place.
It is also important to know where to read from; relying on refereed journals and books published
by reputed publishers is always better than relying on easily available random articles off the
web.
Technical paper may require rereading the paper multiple times and one might expect to spend
many hours reading the paper.
Amount of time can be reduced by initial skimming through the paper to decide whether it is
worth careful reading.
Start out the skimming process by reading the title and keywords (these are any- ways, probably
what caught the initial attention in the first place). If on reading these, it does not sufficiently
seem to be interesting; it is better to stop reading and look for something else to read.
If the abstract is of interest, one should skip most of the paper and go straight to the conclusions
to find if the paper is relevant to the intended purpose
If the paper has continued to be of interest so far, then you should continue to read Introduction
section to know the background information about the work
The next sections to read are the Results and Discussion sections which is really the heart of the
paper.
One should really read further sections like the Experimental Setup/Modeling, etc., only if one is really
interested and wishes to understand exactly what was done .
 Conceptualizing Research
characteristics of a research objective
new knowledge at the center
must be accepted by the community of other researchers

How do we actually conceptualize the research?

solvable or achievable.
one must already be aware of what is in the literature.
one is probably already an expert at the edge of knowledge else it is difficult to say with confidence
that one has a good research objective.
This is a very tough step because one needs to know all that literature in the field.

when working at the Ph.D. level one needs to bring together the three parts:
(i) significant problem,
(ii) the knowledge that will address it, and
(iii) a possible way to make that new knowledge

Researcher needs the help of someone else, typically the supervisor who may already be an expert and
an active researcher in that field
 Critical and Creative Reading

The reader should not be under the assumption that reported results or arguments are correct.
Rather, being suspicious and asking appropriate questions is in fact a good thing.
Have the authors attempted to solve the right problem?

Are there simpler solutions that have not been considered?

What are the limitations (both stated and ignored) of the solution

are there any missing links?

Are the assumptions that were made reasonable?

Is there a logical flow to the paper or is there a flaw in the reasoning?

Flexibility to discard previous erroneous judgments is also critical.

Critical reading is relatively easy. It is relatively easier to critically read to find the mistakes than to
read it so as to find the good ideas in the paper.
creatively is harder, and requires a positive approach in search. In creative reading, the idea is to
actively look for other applications, interesting generalizations, or extended work which the authors
might have missed?
 Taking Notes While Reading
In each research paper, there are a lot of things that one might like to highlight for later use such as
definitions, explanations, and concepts.
If there are questions of criticisms, these need to be written down so as to avoid being forgotten later
on.
A good technical reading should end with a summary of the paper in a few sentences describing
the contributions.

Reading Mathematics and Algorithms

An engineering researcher generally cannot avoid mathematical derivations , algorithm or proofs as
part of research work.
 Reading a Datasheet
Researchers in different fields of engineering will need to read certain types of documents.
mechanical and civil engineers would need to read drawings related to mechanical parts and
buildings.
Researchers in the field of electronics need to read datasheets.
Datasheets enable a researcher (or a working professional) to design a circuit or debug any given
circuit with that component.
The first page of the datasheet usually summarizes a part’s function and features, basic
specifications, and usually provides a functional block diagram
Datasheets usually end with accurate dimensions of the packages a part is available in.
When working with a new part, or when deciding which part to use in the research work, it is
recommended to carefully read that part’s datasheet
 Citations: Functions and Attributes
Citations (references) credit others for their work.

Any portion of someone else’s work or ideas in papers, patents, or presentations must be used in any

new document only by clearly citing the source.

It is important to ensure that credit for that existing knowledge is suitably acknowledged.

When a bibliography of previously published patents or papers is placed in the new works of a

researcher, a connection is established between the new and previous work.

Citations help the readers to verify the quality and importance of the new work and justification of

the findings.

It is a way to tell readers that certain material in the researcher’s present work has come from

another source and as an ethical responsibility

A researcher needs to cite each source twice:
(i) in-text citation, in the text of the article exactly where the source is quoted or
paraphrased, and
(ii) a second time in the references
 Three main functions of citation:
Verification function: Citation offers the readers a chance to ascertain if the original source is justified
or not.
Acknowledgment function: Researchers primarily receive credit for their work through citations.
Citations help all researchers to enhance their reputation and provide detailed background of the
research work.
Documentation function: Citations are also used to document scientific concepts and historical
progress of any particular technology over the years
 There are certain cases when references do not fulfill the actual goal of citations and
acknowledgments, and thus do not benefit the reader.
Spurious citations: In certain cases, when citation is not required or an appropriate one is not found, if
the author nevertheless goes ahead with including one anyways, it would be considered as a spurious
citation.
Biased citations: When authors cite the work of their friends or colleagues despite there being no
significant connection between the two works.
Self-citations: There is nothing wrong in citing one’s prior work if the citation is really relevant. it is
also advantageous for the reader because citations of all the related works of the same author are
given in one paper and this may reduce the effort of the reader in trying to find the full versions of
those papers.
However, there can also be negative impact on the journal as well as individual researchers due to
inappropriate and irrelevant self-citations.
Coercive citations: One side effect is that it creates an incentive for editors to indulge in coercion to
add citations to the editor’s journal. Such demands consequently diminish the reputation of the
journal.
 Impact of Title and Keywords on Citations
The citation rate of any research paper depends on various factors including significance and
availability of the journal, publication types, research area, and importance of the published research
work.
Title is the most important attribute of any research paper.
Title plays important role in marketing and makes research papers traceable. A good title is
informative, represents a paper effectively to readers, and gains their attention.
The download count and citation of a research paper might be influenced by title.
In general, titles containing a question mark, colon, and reference to a specific geographical region are
associated with lower citation rates.
Review articles and original articles usually receive more citations than short communication
articles.
If maximum number of allowable keywords are used, then the chance of the article being found
increases and so does the probability of citation count of the article.
 Knowledge Flow Through Citation
Knowledge flows through verbal communications, books, documents, video, audio, and images,
which plays a powerful role in research community in promoting the formulation of new knowledge.
In engineering research, knowledge flow is primarily in the form of books, thesis, articles, patents,
and reports.
Citing a source is important for transmission of knowledge from previous work to an innovation .
Knowledge flow happens between co-authors during research collaboration, among other
researchers through their paper citation network, and also between institutions, departments,
research fields or topics, and elements of research .
Figure 3.2 shows a relationship between co-authorship and different types of citations.
Styles for Citations