CLASS 10 IT -402 NOTES

Session 1: Methods of Communication

The word ‘communication’ comes from the Latin word commūnicāre, meaning ‘to share’. Clear
and concise communication is of immense importance in work and business environment as
there are several parties involved.

Communication has three important parts:

1. Transmitting — The sender transmits the message through one medium or another.

2. Listening — The receiver listens or understands the message.

3. Feedback — The receiver conveys their understanding of the message to the sender in the
form of feedback to complete the communication cycle.

Communication Process and Elements

The various elements of the communication cycle are:

Sender: the person beginning the communication.

Message: the information that the sender wants to convey.
Channel: the means by which the information is sent.

Receiver: the person to whom the message is sent.

Feedback: the receiver’s acknowledgment and response to the message.

Methods of Communication

· Face-to-face informal
· communication
· e-mail
· Notices/Posters
· Business Meetings
· social networks, message, phone call for communication, newsletter, blog, etc

Choosing the right method of communication depends on

• Target audience
• Costs
• Kind/type of information
• Urgency/priority

Session 2: Verbal Communication

Verbal communication includes sounds, words, language, and speech. Speaking is one of the
most effective and commonly used ways of communicating. It helps in expressing our emotions in
words.
Type of Verbal Communication

Interpersonal Communication: This form of communication takes place between two

individuals and is thus a one-on-one conversation. It can be formal or informal.

Written Communication: This form of communication involves writing words. It can be letters,
circulars, reports, manuals, SMS, social media chats, etc. It can be between two or more people.

Small Group Communication: This type of communication takes place when there are more
than two people involved. Each participant can interact and converse with the rest.

Public Communication: This type of communication takes place when one individual addresses
a large gathering.

Advantages of Verbal Communication

It is an easy mode of communication in which you can exchange ideas by saying what you want
and get a quick response.
Disadvantages of Verbal Communication

Since verbal communication depends on written or spoken words, sometimes the meanings can
be confusing and difficult to understand if the right words are not used.
Mastering Verbal Communication

Think Before You Speak

• Think about your topic.
• Think about the most effective ways to make your listeners

Understand the topic.

Write or note down whatever you plan to say.
Concise and Clear
Speak clearly, loudly and at moderate speed.
Be sure the information you want to share is to the point.
Do not repeat the same sentences.
Confidence and Body Language
Be confident.
Maintain eye contact, stand straight and be attentive.
Be friendly.

Session 3: Non-verbal Communication

Non-verbal communication is the expression or exchange of information or messages without
using any spoken or written word.

Importance of Non-verbal Communication

In our day-to-day communication
• 55% communication is done using body movements, face, arms, etc.
• 38% communication is done using voice, tone, pauses, etc.
• only 7% communication is done using words.

Types of Non-verbal Communication

• Facial Expressions
• Posture
• Gestures or Body Language
• Touch
• Space
• Eye Contact
• Paralanguage : tone, speed and volume of our voice.

Session 4: Communication Cycle and the Importance of Feedback

For effective communication, it is important that the sender receives an acknowledgement from
the receiver about getting the message across. While a sender sends information, the receiver
provides feedback on the received message.

Types of Feedback

• Positive Feedback
• Negative Feedback
• No Feedback

A good feedback is one that is:

• Specific: Avoid general comments. Try to include examples to clarify your statement. Offering
alternatives rather than just giving advice allows the receiver to decide what to do with your
feedback.

• Timely: Being prompt is the key, since feedback loses its impact if delayed for too long.

• Polite: While it is important to share feedback, the recipient should not feel offended by the
language of the feedback.

• Offering continuing support: Feedback sharing should be a continuous process. After offering
feedback, let recipients know you are available
for support.

Importance of Feedback

• It validates effective listening: The person providing the feedback knows they have been
understood (or received) and that their feedback
provides some value.

• It motivates: Feedback can motivate people to build better work relationships and continue the
good work that is being appreciated.
• It is always there: Every time you speak to a person, we communicate feedback so it is
impossible not to provide one.

• It boosts learning: Feedback is important to remain focussed on goals, plan better and
develop improved products and services.

• It improves performance: Feedback can help to form better decisions to improve and increase
performance.

Session 5: Barriers to Effective Communication

What is Effective Communication?

Effective communication follows the basic principles of professional communication skills.

Barriers to Effective Communication

Physical Barriers
Physical barrier is the environmental and natural condition that act as a barrier in communication
in sending message from sender to receiver. Not being able to see gestures, posture and general
body language can make communication less effective.

Linguistic Barriers
The inability to communicate using a language is known as language barrier to communication.
Language barriers are the most common communication barriers, which cause
misunderstandings misinterpretations between people

Interpersonal Barriers
Barriers to interpersonal communication occur when the sender’s message is received differently
from how it was intended.

Organisational Barriers
Organisations are designed on the basis of formal hierarchical structures that follow performance
standards, rules and regulations, procedures, policies, behavioural norms, etc. All these affect the
free flow of communication in organisations

Cultural Barriers
Cultural barriers is when people of different cultures are unable to understand each other’s
customs, resulting in inconveniences and difficulties.People sometimes make stereotypical
assumptions about others based on their cultural background

Ways to Overcome Barriers to Effective Communication

• Use simple language

• Do not form assumptions on culture, religion or geography

• Try to communicate in person as much as possible

• Use visuals

• Take help of a translator to overcome differences in language

• Be respectful of other’s opinions

7 C's of Communication

Session 6: Writing Skills — Parts of Speech

Writing skills are part of verbal communication and include e-mails, letters, notes, articles,
SMS/chat, blogs, etc.

Capitalisation Rules

Punctuation : Full stop, Comma, Question mark, Exclamation mark

Basic Parts of Speech

The part of speech indicates how a particular word functions in meaning as well as grammatically
within the sentence. Some examples are nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs ,adverbs ,
Conjunctions, Prepositions, Interjections

Session 7: Writing Skills — Sentences Active and Passive Sentences

Types of Sentences

1. Statement or Declarative Sentence

2. Question or Interrogative Sentence
3. Emotion/Reaction or Exclamatory Sentenc
4. Order or Impe rative Sentence
 Unit2: Self Management Skills
Self Management Skills are those skills that help a person to control his thoughts, wants, feelings
and actions. It allows you to maximize your productivity and performance in various fields of your
career. When we talk about employability, Self-management skills help you to manage a good
career path.
• Self-awareness: Ask for honest feedback. Gather insights on your personality and work-
specific proficiencies. Think about your daily interactions and how you handled situations well or
could have handled them differently.
• Responsibility: Taking responsibility for your tasks is very important. Taking ownership is the
step towards self-development. For example, if you have been assigned a task by a teacher;
ensure you take complete ownership. Even if you are unable to complete the task on time, you
must report it and then correct it.
• Time Management: Prioritise the things you have to do. Remove waste and redundancy from
work. Make a time table and follow it diligently.
• Adaptability: Stay current with best practices and read up on new information always. Prepare
yourself for new changes, so that you can transition seamlessly.

Session 1: Stress Management

What is Stress?
Stress can be defined as our emotional, mental, physical and social reaction to any perceived
demands or threats. These demands or threats are called stressors. Stressors are the reason for
stress.
For example,

• you are too close to the exams but feel unprepared.

• you are experiencing a loss of someone close in the family.

• you are worried about what people would think of you if you don’t dress well or cannot speak
confidently.

Stress Management

Managing stress is about making a plan to be able to cope effectively with daily pressures. The
ultimate goal is to strike a balance between life, work, relationships, relaxation, and fun. By doing
this, you are able to deal with daily stress triggers and meet these challenges head-on.

Always keep in mind the ABC of stress management

A: Adversity or the stressful event

B: Beliefs or the way you respond to the event

C: Consequences or actions and outcomes of the event

Management Techniques

Here are a few simple stress management techniques.

• Time management: Proper time management is one of the most effective stress-relieving
techniques.

• Physical exercise and fresh air: A healthy lifestyle is essential for students. Stress is generally
lower in people who maintain a healthy routine. Doing yoga, meditation and deep breathing
exercises help in proper blood circulation and relaxes the body. Even taking a walk or playing in
the park will help you get a lot of fresh oxygen, which will help you become more active.

• Healthy diet: Having a healthy diet will also help you reduce stress. Eating a balanced diet,
such as Dal, Roti, vegetables and fruits will give you the strength to do your daily work efficiently.

• Positivity: Focussing on negative aspects of life will add more stress. Instead, learn to look at
the good things and stay positive. For example, instead of feeling upset over a scoring less in a
test, try to maintain a positive attitude and look at ways to improve the next time.

• Sleep: We should get a good night’s sleep for at least 7 hours so that your brain and body gets
recharged to function better the next day.

• Holidays with family and friends: Going to a relative’s place, such as your grandparents’
house or a new place during your summer vacations can help you break from the normal routine
and come back afresh.

Ability to Work Independently

If you can become a calm and relaxed person, you will have the ability to work independently,
which means.

1. becoming self-aware, self-monitoring, and self-correcting.

2. knowing what you need to do.

3. taking the initiative rather than being told what to do.

4. recognising your mistakes and not blaming others.

5. having the ability and the will to learn continuously.

Emotional Intelligence

Emotional intelligence is the ability to identify and manage one’s own emotions, as well as the
emotions of others.

• Emotional awareness : the ability to identify and name one’s own emotions.

• Harnessing emotions : the ability to harness and apply emotions to tasks like thinking and
problem solving.

• Managing emotions : the ability to regulate one’s own emotions when necessary and help
others to do the same.

Some steps to manage emotional intelligence are as given below.

• Understand your emotions: Observe your behaviour and note the things you need to work on.
You can then work on the things you need to improve.

• Rationalise: Do not take decisions abruptly; be rational in your thinking.

• Practise: Do meditation and yoga to keep yourself calm.

Session 2: Self-awareness — Strength and Weakness Analysis

Techniques for Identifying your Strengths and Weaknesses

Finding Strengths (or abilities)

Think of anything that you are always successful at.

Think about what others like in you.
Take out time and think about what you do well.

Finding Weaknesses

Point out the areas where you struggle and the things you find difficult to do.
Look at the feedback others usually give you.
Be open to feedback and accept your weaknesses without feeling low about it. Take it as an
area of improvement.

Difference between Interests and Abilities (Strengths)

Interests

1. Things that you like to do in your free time that make you happy. An acquired or natural
capacity

2. Things you are curious about or would do even if no one asked you to do it.
3. Things you want to learn or would like to do in the future

Ability

1. An acquired or natural capacity

2. nable you to perform a particular job or task with considerable proficiency.

Session 3: Self-motivation
Self-motivation is simply the force within you that drives you to do things. Self-motivation is what
pushes us to achieve our goals, feel happy and improve our quality of life. In other words, it is our
ability to do the things that need to be done without someone or something influencing us.

Qualities of Self-motivated People

1. Know what they want from life

2. Are focussed
3. Know what is important
4. Are dedicated to fulfill their dreams

Building Self-motivation

Find out your strengths

Set and focus on your goals
Develop a plan
to achieve your goals
Stay loyal to your goals

Session 4: Self-regulation — Goal Setting

Goals : They are a set of dreams with a deadline to get them, for example, saving pocket money
to buy a favourite mobile phone by a particular date.

Goal setting : It is all about finding and listing your goals and then planning on how to achieve
them.

How to Set Goals?

We can use SMART method to set goals. SMART stands for:

• Specific : A specific and clear goal answers six questions. Who is involved in the goal? What
do I want to do? Where do I start? When do I start and finish? Which means do I use? Why am I
doing this?
Not a specific goal: “I would learn to speak English.”

Specific goal: “I would learn to speak English fluently by joining coaching classes after my
school everyday, and in six months I will take part in the inter-school debate competition.”

Measureable : A measureable goal answers the questions “How much?”, “How many?” and
“How do I know that I have achieved results?”

Not measurable goal: “I want to be rich.”

Measurable goal: “I want to have 5 times more money than what I have today in my hand at the
end of this year.”

Achievable : Breaking down big goals into smaller parts will make the goal achievable. Bigger
Goal: “I want to become a teacher in my school.”

Realistic : A realistic goal would be something that we want to achieve and can work towards.

Example of unrealistic goal: “I will read my entire year’s syllabus in one day and get good
marks.”
Realistic goal: “I spend 3 hours every day of the year after school to revise my subjects to get
good marks in the exams.”

• Time bound : A SMART goal should have a timeframe by when the goal needs to be achieved.
This encourages us to take actions to completely fulfill the goals.

Not a time bound goal: “I want to lose 10 kg someday.”

Time bound goal: “I want to lose 10kg in the next 6 months.”

Session 5: Self-regulation — Time Management

Time Management and Its Importance

Time management is the thinking skill that helps you to

• complete tasks on time.
• make a daily timetable.
• make a good guess at how long it will take you to do something.
• submit homework and assignments on time.
• not waste time during the day.

Four Steps for Effective Time Management Organise

1.Organise: We plan our day to- day activities.
2. Pritortis: We make a to-do list that has all our activities and we rank them in the order of
importance.
3. Control: We have a control over our activities and time.
4. Track: We identify and note where we have spent our time.
\

Unit 3: Basic ICT Skills

Topics to Study:
Session 1: Basic Computer Operations

Session 2: Performing Basic File Operations

Session 3: Computer Care and Maintenance
Session 4: Computer Security and Privacy

Basic ICT Skills gives you a complete understanding of computer operations and its
maintenance.

Session 1: Basic Computer Operations

ICT skills help us to communicate, run our business and stay connected with our family and
friends. Hence, every person needs to acquire ICT skills and build them to stay updated with the
latest software and applications (apps).

Computer Hardware and Software

A computer system consists of two main parts—

Hardware- The physical parts that we can see and touch are called hardware. It is the machinery
of a computer. These are the keyboard, monitor, CPU, etc.

Software: The part which cannot be seen but it makes hardware to work. Example: Windows,
MS office etc.
Operating System (OS). This is the software that starts working as soon as we switch on a
computer. It displays the desktop on the monitor. Some of the most commonly used operating
systems for laptops and desktop are Ubuntu, Microsoft Windows and Mac OS.

Starting a Computer

To start a computer, press the Power button on the CPU. This will start the operating system and
display the desktop on the monitor.

Basic Functions performed when a computer starts a computer automatically runs a basic
program called BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) as soon as it is switched on or the power
button is pushed on. The BIOS first does a self-test. If the self-test shows that the system is fine,
the BIOS will load the Operating System.
Login and Logout

When you login to the computer with your login-ID and password (as shown in Figure 3.5), the
computer knows that you are an authorised person and allows you to work on the applications in
the computer.

Shutting Down a Computer

You can shut down the windows computer clicking Star button at the bottom left corner and then
click Shut Down. When you click Shut down, the Operating System will close all the applications
and turn off the computer.

Using the Keyboard

A keyboard is an input device used to type text, numbers and commands into the computer.

Function Keys

Keys labeled from F1 to F12 are function keys. You use them to perform specific functions.

(a) Control keys: Keys, such as Control (CTRL), SHIFT, SPACEBAR, ALT, CAPS LOCK and
TAB, are special control keys

(b) Enter key: The label on this key can be either ENTER or RETURN, depending on the brand
of computer that you are using. You use the ENTER or the RETURN key to move the cursor to
the beginning of a new line.

(c) Punctuation keys: Punctuation keys include keys for punctuation marks, such as colon (:),
semicolon (;), question mark (?), single quotation marks (‘ ’), and double quotation marks (“ ”). (d)

(d) Navigation keys: Keys, such as the arrow keys, HOME, END, PAGE UP, and PAGE DOWN
are navigation keys.

(e) Command keys: Keys, such as INSERT (INS), DELETE (DEL), and BACKSPACE are
command
keys. When the INSERT key is turned ON, it helps you overwrite characters to the right of the
cursor

(f) Windows key: Pressing this key opens the Start menu

Using a Mouse
a small device that you can use to move, select and open items on your computer screen.

Roll Over or Hover

Some actions can be done by simply rolling over or hovering over an item. When you bring the
mouse over a file in File Explorer, it will show the details of that file

Point and Click

As you move the mouse on your desk, a pointer moves correspondingly on your screen.When
you click a particular file, it gets selected
Drag and Drop
To move an item, you need to click it, and then holding the mouse button down, move the item to
a new location. After you move the item to the new location, you release the mouse button. This
is called drag and drop.

Double-click
Double-clicking means to quickly click the left mouse button twice. When we double-click on a
file, it will open the file.

Session 2: Performing Basic File Operations

Files and Folders
All information stored in a computer is kept in files.Each file is given a file name and has a
file name extension that identifies the file type.Example: .txt, .jpg, .mp3.

A folder is a location where a group of files can be stored

Basic Shortcuts

CTRL+z — undo
CTRL+y — redo
CTRL+a — select all
CTRL+x — cut
CTRL+c — copy
CTRL+v — paste
CTRL+p — print
CTRL+s — save.

Session 3: Computer Care and Maintenance

Importance of Care and Maintenance of Computers

Taking care of electronic devices, such as computer and mobiles helps them to work properly.

Basic Tips for Taking Care of Devices

(i) Keyboard: You can clean a keyboard with a soft brush

(ii) Screen: You can wipe the screen with a soft cloth to remove any finger marks.

(iii) Handle devices carefully: Handle and move your laptop carefully and avoid dropping or
banging it against a hard surface.
(v) Keep the computer cool: If a computer, laptop or mobile device gets overheated, the internal
parts can be damaged. The CPU has an internal fan to keep it cool. We should make sure the fan
is functioning.

(vi) Do not overcharge your battery: Sometimes we keep a device plugged in for charging even
after it is fully charged.This reduces the battery life. Always unplug the device once it
is charged 100%.

(vii) Always plug in devices carefully: Any device being connected to a laptop or computer such
as a USB drive or headphones, should be done gently. It should not be forced into the port.

(viii) Do not run too many programs at a time: When too many programs are running at the same
time, the computer can become slow and even crash.

Prepare a Maintenance Schedule

(a) Daily Maintenance

i. Clean up your e-mail inbox
ii. Download e-mail attachments and save in proper folders

(b) Weekly Maintenance

i. Clean your keyboard
ii. Clean your monitor
iii. Dust CPU and printer
iv. Backup your data to an external drive

(c) Monthly Maintenance

i. Transfer photographs to computer and delete from drive
ii. Organise photos into folders or albums
iii. Clean up ‘Download’ folder
iv. Uninstall unused programs and apps
v. Run disk-cleaner software
vi. Run full system virus scan

(d) Yearly/Annual Maintenance

(i) Clean up contacts list on social media accounts
(ii) Clean up e-mail contact list
(iii) Update your operating system
(iv) Check for expiry of anti-virus software
and renew

Backup Your Data

Backing up data means to save the information present on your computer on another device,
such as CD/DVD drives Data can recovered from here in case the computer stops working
completely. Computers can crash, humans can make mistakes and natural disasters, such as
floods can happen
Scanning and Cleaning Viruses
Sometimes computer viruses can enter a computer from such attacks we can install anti-virus
software. This will prevent any viruses from entering and will also clean any viruses that may
enter our system before they affect the data.

Increasing Computer Performance If we have been using a computer for a long time we
have a lot of unnecessary files and data, such as temporary files and images. When they use too
much hard-disk space, the performance of the computer goes down. It is important that we keep
cleaning by removing any extra files.

Removing SPAM from your Computer

Sometimes we get emails from companies who are advertising a product or trying to
attract you to their website. Such mails are called SPAM. We should never respond to SPAM and
delete it on a regular basis.

Session 4: Computer Security and Privacy

Threats to Computer
Threats are the ways in which personal information can be leaked from a computer without our
knowledge.

(a) Theft: Theft means stealing of information or hardware. These may be of three types:

• Physical: Where a person may steal your desktop computer or laptop.

• Identity: Where a hacker steals your personal information and assumes your identity. Using this
false identity, the hacker can gain access to your account information or perform illegal activity.

• Software Piracy: This is stealing of software and includes using or distributing unlicensed and
unauthorised copies of a computer program or software.

(b) Virus: Viruses are computer programs that can damage the data and software programs or
steal the information stored on a computer. Major types of viruses are Worms and Trojan Horse.

Worms: These are viruses that replicate themselves and spread to all files once they
Information and Communication Technology Skills 81 attack a computer. This makes it very
difficult to remove them.

Trojan Horse: A Trojan Horse disguises itself i.e., it appears to be a useful software program but
once it reaches a computer it starts behaving like a virus and destroying data.

• Online Predator: Online predators are people who trap you into inappropriate relationships.
They may be older people posing to be your age, bullying you into doing illegal activities
online and sometimes face to face.
• Internet Scams: Sometimes you may receive very attractive offers saying you have won huge
money in a lottery and that you can claim the prize by depositing a certain amount of money.
When you deposit the money using credit card or online banking, you not only lose the deposit
money but your card/account information may be misused later.

Protecting your Data

(a) Use passwords to login to your computer: Use passwords that are difficult to guess.
Passwords are difficult to hack if they are a mix of small (For example ‘a b c d’) and capital letters
(For example, ‘H J E R’), numbers (For example ‘8 7 6 5’) and special characters
(For example, ’% ^ # $’). This would prevent unauthorised people from using your computer.

(b) Install Anti-virus and Firewall: Anti-viruses and Firewall monitor the data coming in and out
of a computer and prevent and viruses from entering. Anti-viruses can also detect and clean
viruses that may have entered a computer.

(c) Encrypt Data: This is usually done by banks and companies in which important customer
information is stored. They can encrypt their entire hard disk using the encrypting feature in
Windows (Bitlocker). This would force users to use a decryption password (or key) before starting
the computer thus preventing unauthorised usage.

(d) Secure sites: Give details of your credit card or bank account only on secure sites. See in the
address bar of the browser. If the site address starts with https://and a lock symbol, then it is safe
to give your credit card and bank details.

Unit 4: Entrepreneurial Skills

Topics to Study

Entrepreneurship and society.

Qualities and functions of an entrepreneur.
Role and importance of an entrepreneur.
The myth about entrepreneurship.
Entrepreneurship as a career option.

In this chapter, you are going to read about Entrepreneurial Skills. This will help you to become
an entrepreneur. Entrepreneur means the person who provides a service to society. In easy
words, you can say that entrepreneurs are the businessman,. This does not mean only big
businessmen, an entrepreneur can be a small businessman too. Their new idea of a product
makes them different from the rest people. Here you will learn the qualities of an entrepreneur,
his importance and role. Entrepreneur can be a career option for you. Unit 4: Entrepreneurial
Skills of employability Skills class 10 provides you the complete knowledge to become an
entrepreneur.

Session 1: Entrepreneurship and Society

Entrepreneurs run their businesses in a market. The market has people who buy products and
services and people who sell them also. When people are buying and selling from each other, it
is helpful for everyone because everyone involved makes money. This is how entrepreneurs help
in growing the area and society they live in.

what do entrepreneurs do when they run their business?

Fulfil Customer Needs

Demand means a product or service that people want. Entrepreneurs find out what people want.
Then, they use their creativity to come up with a business idea that will meet that demand.

Use Local Materials

Entrepreneurs use the material and people available around them, to make products at low cost.

Help Society
Entrepreneurs have a positive relationship with society. They make profits through activities that
benefit society. Some entrepreneurs work towards saving the environment, some give money to
build schools and hospitals. This way, the people and area around them becomes better.

Create Jobs
With the growth of a business, entrepreneurs look for more people to help them. They buy more
material, and from more people. The also hire more people to work for them. In this way, more
people have jobs. Sharing of Wealth. Wealth means having enough money to live a comfortable
life. As entrepreneurs grow their business, the people

Lower Price of Products

As more entrepreneurs sell the same product, the price of the product goes down. For example,
when more mobile phones were getting sold in India, the cost of the phone became lesser.

Bharti, the Jewellery Queen ( A Story)

Bharti is a young woman from Bihar. Many girls in her area like to wear earrings. She buys jute
from a farmer and makes earrings from that. Her business is called Manavi Natural Handicrafts.
She sees that most women in her village do not work. So, she hires two women to help her. As
her orders increase, she buys more jute. She hires three more women to work for her. The
farmer, and the women working for her now earn more money.

Session 2: Qualities and Functions of an Entrepreneur

Qualities of an Entrepreneur
Functions of an Entrepreneur
Session 3: Myths about Entrepreneurship
Misconceptions
1. The misconception is that every business idea needs to be unique or special.
2. The misconception we have is that a person needs a lot of money to start a business.
3. A misconception we have is that only a person having a big business is an entrepreneur.
4. A misconception we have is that entrepreneurs are born, not made.

Session 4: Entrepreneurship as a Career Option

A career is a line of work that a person takes for life. There are two ways a person can earn a
living.
1. self-employment
2. wage employment
A person who becomes an entrepreneur goes through a career process. This process is
as follows:
ENTER
When an entrepreneur is starting, they are just entering the market to do business.
For example, Sanjana is starting a small grocery store in a locality.
SURVIVE
There are many entrepreneurs in the market. The entrepreneur has to remain in a competitive
market.
For example, there are many other grocery stores in the area. Yet, Sanjana’s store survives
the competition and does well. She also expands the store to two more floors.
GROW
Once the business is stable, an entrepreneur thinks about expanding his or her business.
For example, after five years, Sanjana has opened a chain of four more grocery stores in the
same city. In the next two years, she plans to expand to tow other cities.