OPTIMIZING CONSTRUCTION PROJECT SCHEDULING

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

Construction project scheduling has received a considerable amount of attention over

the last 20 years (e.g., Shanmuganayagam, 1989; Adeli and Karim, 1997; Hegazy,
1999a; Zhang et al, 2006d; Fang, 2012). Most construction projects delay due to
inappropriate planning and scheduling (Jaswanth and Kumar, 2018). Planning could
take more time in the past and even the present since most construction companies
have followed the traditional way of planning (Jaswanth and Kumar, 2018).
Traditional scheduling methods often struggle to address the dynamic nature of
construction projects, leading to inefficiencies and delays. Delays in construction
projects can incur penalties, damage contractor reputation, and hinder subsequent
project phases or developments.

In the realm of construction management, effective project scheduling stands as a

pivotal process, directly influencing project time-lines, costs, and overall success yet
the industry continues to grapple with challenges such as delays, cost overruns, and
inefficiencies. The complexity in construction projects, coupled with the dynamic
nature of the industry, underscores the critical need for efficient scheduling
methodologies. (Jaswanth and Kumar, 2018). The task of finishing off a construction
site within an estimated time is the most crucial task among the project managers.

According to Sears et al (2010), construction project scheduling is defined as the

process of determining when project activities will start and end, as well as the
sequence of these activities, based on their interdependencies, durations, and resource
requirements. Optimizing of construction project scheduling is the process of
systematically arranging and organizing the sequence of tasks and activities required
to complete a construction project within a specified time-frame. It involves
identifying project activities, estimating their durations, determining their
interdependencies, and creating a time-line for execution (Oberlender, 2014).
The main parameters in construction design are time, quality, and cost (Kuzhin and
Akimockina, 2019). An optimization of these elements of planning can be carried out
using resource scheduling (Kuzhin and Akimockina, 2019). The selection of resources
(e.g., labour, plant, and equipment) is the most important part of scheduling and
should be considered incongruence with site restrictions and the work to be
undertaken (Jas´kowski and Sobotka, 2006). As projects are unique in nature, the
creation of a schedule for construction tasks by a planner, for example, should
consider an array of conditions such as technological and organizational methods and
constraints, as well as the availability of resource to ensure that a client’s needs and
requirements in terms of time, cost and quality are met (Jas´kowski and Sobotka,
2006).

Before diving into the solutions technology provides, it is important to understand the
challenges that project managers face when it comes to construction project
scheduling. Some of the key difficulties include complexity, dependencies, resource
allocation and time constraints. In response to these challenges, there has been
increasing interest in leveraging advanced technologies and innovative methodologies
to optimize project scheduling.

Scheduling the execution processes for a construction project is a complex and

challenging task (Ko¨nig and Beißert, 2009) but with the advent of technology,
construction companies now have access to a wide range of tools and software that
can significantly streamline and improve the scheduling process.

One of the recent achievements that may be revolutionizing the construction industry
is the development of Building Information Modelling (BIM) in construction
planning. (Alireza Ahankoob, Seyed Meysam Khoshnava, Raheleh Rostami,
Christopher Preece, 2012). BIM has emerged as a powerful tool for enhancing
coordination, visualization, and simulation, optimizing project schedules from
planning to execution in the construction industry (National Institute of Standards and
Technology, 2004). BIM construction planning tools go beyond the typical scheduling
chart and include direct links to the design model to capture spatial information. This
enables better communication and understanding of the schedule. (Alireza Ahankoob ,
Seyed Meysam Khoshnava, Raheleh Rostami , Christopher Preece, 2012)
Utilizing techniques such as the Critical Path Method (CPM) or the Program
Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) to create a project schedule can help in
optimizing project scheduling. This involves identifying the critical path, which
represents the longest sequence of activities determining the shortest possible project
(Kerzner, 2022).

Thanga (2016) explains that P6 software develops the quality and the construction
management with effective cost and time within the sequences and minimum
resources. Vijay (2016) states that project delays that occur due to inadequate and
timely supply of resources can be overcome by proper planning and scheduling
techniques using the P6 software. Rajendra (2016) said that with the help of P6
software, multiple projects can be managed easily, and resource optimization can be
done for each project and compared so that the postponements can be recognized.

With the help of Primavera software many industries got help for their planning and
scheduling. Nagaraju (2016) said that performance of Primavera software for metro
rail projects helped to reduce the delays in the project. By using Primavera Software
can be done, resources can be allocated in an effective manner (Hammed
Ziaiadoostan 2013).

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

This study deals with the optimization of project planning and scheduling methods.
Data collected from real-world construction projects will be analysed to assess the
impact of these technologies on scheduling accuracy, resource utilization, project
duration, and overall performance.

The main objectives of this research are:

1. Investigating causes of delayed completion in construction projects
2. Identifying project scheduling techniques used in construction industry and
analyse their efficiency
3. Recommending on the strategies and technologies that can be implemented to
optimize construction project scheduling
JUSTIFICATION FOR THE STUDY

The findings of this research aim to provide valuable insights into innovative
scheduling methodologies and contribute to the advancement of scheduling practices
in the construction industry.
As construction projects continue to evolve, embracing technology will be vital for
staying competitive and delivering successful projects on time and within budget.
Investing in the right tools and software can optimize project schedules, drive
efficiency, and contribute to the overall growth and success of construction
companies.

CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Preamble
This chapter provides a review on various literature regarding construction project
scheduling optimization. The purpose is to lay the groundwork for the research by
reviewing the existing literature on construction project scheduling optimization from
around the world. The chapter starts with a conceptual review, then moves on to a
theoretical review, an empirical review, and finally the found gap in the literature. The
chapter wraps up with a discussion of the literature's implications.

2.2 Conceptual Review

This section discusses the concepts underlying this investigation. The essential words
in the study's topic are the primary areas of focus, so that the reader can comprehend
the key concepts.

2.2.1 The Concept of Project Management

Project management in the realm of optimizing construction project scheduling

involves a multifaceted approach to overseeing and coordinating all aspects of a
construction project, from inception to completion. Pinto, J. K., & Slevin, D. P.
(2019). In the literature, project management is often described as a critical aspect of
construction project success. Kerzner, H. (2017) defined project management as a
process that involves the systematic planning, organizing, and controlling of resources
to achieve specific project goals within defined constraints, such as time, cost, and
quality. Kerzner, H. (2017). Researchers emphasize the importance of employing
appropriate project management techniques and methodologies to improve scheduling
accuracy, minimize delays, and enhance overall project performance. Odeyinka, H.
A., & Kaka, A. P. (2012).
In the realm of construction management, effective project scheduling stands as a
pivotal process, directly influencing project time-lines, costs, and overall success yet
the industry continues to grapple with challenges such as delays, cost overruns, and
inefficiencies. The primary goal of project management in this context is to ensure
that construction projects are completed on time, within budget, and to the required
quality standards.
The complexity in construction projects, coupled with the dynamic nature of the
industry, underscores the critical need for efficient scheduling methodologies.
(Jaswanth and Kumar, 2018). The task of finishing off a construction site within an
estimated time is the most crucial task among the project managers.

Summary on project management

In summary, project management plays a critical role in optimizing construction
project scheduling by ensuring efficient resource allocation, cost control, quality
assurance, risk management, and communication. By employing effective project
management techniques and methodologies, construction projects can be completed
more efficiently, with fewer delays and cost overruns, ultimately delivering greater
value to stakeholders.Aibinu, A. A., & Venkatesh, S. (2010).

2.2.2 The Concept of Construction Project Scheduling

A lot of writers have defined project scheduling in different ways. Sears et al (2010),
defined construction project scheduling as the process of determining when project
activities will start and end, as well as the sequence of these activities, based on their
interdependencies, durations, and resource requirements. Construction Project
Scheduling is defined by Construction Management Association of America (CMAA)
as the determination of the sequential order of project tasks, the establishment of task
durations, and the allocation of resources to these tasks to achieve project objectives
within defined time-frames. Gould and Joyce (2014) concur with Sears’ definition by
stating that construction project scheduling involves the development of a detailed
plan that specifies when project activities will start and finish, including the sequence
of tasks, their durations, and the allocation of resources to ensure timely completion
of the project.

Scheduling the execution processes for a construction project is a complex and

challenging task (Ko¨nig and Beißert, 2009). The selection of resources (e.g., labour,
plant and equipment) is the most important part of scheduling and should be
considered incongruence with site restrictions and the work to be undertaken (Jas
´kowski and Sobotka, 2006). As projects are unique in nature, the creation of a
schedule for construction tasks by a planner, for example, should consider an array of
conditions such as technological and organizational methods and constraints, as well
as the availability of resource to ensure that a client’s needs and requirements in terms
of time, cost and quality are met (Jas´kowski and Sobotka, 2006).

2.2.3 The Concept of Optimization of Construction Project Scheduling

Optimization of construction project scheduling is defined by Oberlender (2014) as

the process of systematically arranging and organizing the sequence of tasks and
activities required to complete a construction project within a specified time-frame. It
involves identifying project activities, estimating their durations, determining their
interdependencies, and creating a time-line for execution .

Fundamentally, the construction schedule optimization (CSO) problem is a

subdivision of the project scheduling optimization problem. The aim of the CSO is to
determine a feasible schedule of these activities to achieve certain predefined
objective, for example, the shortest project duration, lowest cost or highest profit
subject to the problem constraints.

Time management in construction projects is crucial for ensuring timely completion

and meeting project deadlines. Early scheduling methods relied on manual techniques
such as Gantt charts, Critical Path Method (CPM) and Program Evaluation and
Review Technique (PERT) (Winch, 2010). These methods, while effective to a
certain extent, often lack flexibility and struggle to accommodate changes or
unexpected events. Hence research is ongoing to improve them and introduce
simulation techniques and genetic algorithms for construction activities[4].

Linear programming and mathematical modelling have been widely applied to

optimize construction project scheduling (Elbeltagi et al., 2017). These techniques
aim to minimize project duration, resource utilization, or costs while adhering to
project constraints and objectives. BIM-enabled scheduling facilitates collaboration,
visualization, and coordination among project stakeholders (Eastman et al., 2011).
BIM-based scheduling enhances accuracy, reduces conflicts, and improves decision-
making throughout the project life-cycle. Additionally, machine learning (ML) and
Building Information Modelling (BIM) are being explored to generate construction
schedules automatically[5].

Summary on CSO
Optimizing construction project scheduling requires a multidisciplinary approach that
integrates traditional scheduling methods with advanced techniques, technologies, and
sustainability considerations. Future research should focus on developing hybrid
optimization frameworks, enhancing the integration of BIM and AI, and addressing
the unique challenges of sustainable construction scheduling.

Empirical literature review

CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY
Preamble
This chapter describes in detail the step-by-step actions that were taken to achieve the
study's objectives. The chapter is divided into sections titled research design, study
population, sample design, sampling frame, sample size, sources and instrument for
data collection, and data analysis method.

Research design
According to Creswell and Creswell (2018), research design is “the entire process of
research from conceptualizing a problem to writing the narrative” (p. 274). It provides
a framework for the procedures that researchers use to collect, analyse, and interpret
data to address their research questions or hypotheses.

This study employed both qualitative approach and quantitative case study approach.
Quantitative methods included statistical analysis of scheduling data, while qualitative
methods involved interviews and surveys to gather insights from project managers,
contractors, and other stakeholders. This mixed-methods approach provided a
comprehensive understanding of the scheduling challenges and potential solutions in
construction projects.
In terms of case study approach, selected construction projects were analysed and the
effectiveness of optimization techniques that were used on these projects was
evaluated. Alternatively, a case study design focusing on a specific construction
project or company could provide in-depth insights into the effectiveness of
scheduling optimization strategies.
A quasi-experimental design could be suitable for this research topic where the
scheduling performance of construction projects before and after implementing
optimization techniques could be compared. However, time taken to observe the
results would be the disadvantage.
Previous study

Site
The study focused on a large-scale commercial construction projects in an urban
setting. The projects sample involved multiple stakeholders, complex task
dependencies, and tight deadlines, making it representative of typical scheduling
challenges in the construction industry.

Sampling Technique
Purposive sampling was used to select participants with expertise in construction
project management and scheduling. The sample included project managers,
construction engineers, schedulers, and subcontractors involved in the selected
construction projects. Diversity in roles and experiences ensures a comprehensive
understanding of scheduling practices and challenges.

Data Collection Instruments

For the purpose of this study, both primary and secondary data were used. The
primary data collection for this study came from semi-structured interviews. Semi-
structured interviews were conducted with with key stakeholders to gather qualitative
data on scheduling challenges, current practices, and perspectives on optimization
strategies. Project scheduling software is used to collect quantitative data on project
time-lines, task dependencies, resource allocation, and critical path analysis. A survey
questionnaire is distributed to a broader sample of construction professionals to gather
quantitative data on their experiences, opinions, and preferences regarding
construction project scheduling.

Framework for Data Analysis

Quantitative Analysis
Statistical techniques such as regression analysis and trend analysis were applied to
scheduling data to identify patterns and factors that influenced project schedules.
Qualitative Analysis
Thematic analysis was used to analyse interview transcripts, identifying common
themes, challenges, and potential solutions related to construction project scheduling.
Survey responses were analysed using content analysis to further explore participants’
perspectives.