NM(1) GNU Development Tools NM(1)

NAME
nm - list symbols from object files
SYNOPSIS
nm [-A|-o|--print-file-name]
[-a|--debug-syms]
[-B|--format=bsd]
[-C|--demangle[=style]]
[-D|--dynamic]
[-fformat|--format=format]
[-g|--extern-only]
[-h|--help]
[--ifunc-chars=CHARS]
[-j|--format=just-symbols]
[-l|--line-numbers] [--inlines]
[-n|-v|--numeric-sort]
[-P|--portability]
[-p|--no-sort]
[-r|--reverse-sort]
[-S|--print-size]
[-s|--print-armap]
[-t radix|--radix=radix]
[-u|--undefined-only]
[-U|--defined-only]
[-V|--version]
[-W|--no-weak]
[-X 32_64]
[--no-demangle]
[--no-recurse-limit|--recurse-limit]]
[--plugin name]
[--size-sort]
[--special-syms]
[--synthetic]
[--target=bfdname]
[--unicode=method]
[--with-symbol-versions]
[--without-symbol-versions]
[objfile...]
DESCRIPTION
GNU nm lists the symbols from object files objfile.... If no object files are listed as arguments, nm assumes
the file a.out.
For each symbol, nm shows:
• The symbol value, in the radix selected by options (see below), or hexadecimal by default.
• The symbol type. At least the following types are used; others are, as well, depending on the object
file format. If lowercase, the symbol is usually local; if uppercase, the symbol is global (external).
There are however a few lowercase symbols that are shown for special global symbols (u, v and w).
A The symbol’s value is absolute, and will not be changed by further linking.
B
b The symbol is in the BSS data section. This section typically contains zero-initialized or
uninitialized data, although the exact behavior is system dependent.

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C
c The symbol is common. Common symbols are uninitialized data. When linking, multiple
common symbols may appear with the same name. If the symbol is defined anywhere, the
common symbols are treated as undefined references. The lower case c character is used when
the symbol is in a special section for small commons.
D
d The symbol is in the initialized data section.
G
g The symbol is in an initialized data section for small objects. Some object file formats permit
more efficient access to small data objects, such as a global int variable as opposed to a large
global array.
i For PE format files this indicates that the symbol is in a section specific to the implementation of
DLLs.
For ELF format files this indicates that the symbol is an indirect function. This is a GNU
extension to the standard set of ELF symbol types. It indicates a symbol which if referenced by a
relocation does not evaluate to its address, but instead must be invoked at runtime. The runtime
execution will then return the value to be used in the relocation.
Note - the actual symbols display for GNU indirect symbols is controlled by the --ifunc-chars
command line option. If this option has been provided then the first character in the string will be
used for global indirect function symbols. If the string contains a second character then that will
be used for local indirect function symbols.
I The symbol is an indirect reference to another symbol.
N The symbol is a debugging symbol.
n The symbol is in a non-data, non-code, non-debug read-only section.
p The symbol is in a stack unwind section.
R
r The symbol is in a read only data section.
S
s The symbol is in an uninitialized or zero-initialized data section for small objects.
T
t The symbol is in the text (code) section.
U The symbol is undefined.
u The symbol is a unique global symbol. This is a GNU extension to the standard set of ELF
symbol bindings. For such a symbol the dynamic linker will make sure that in the entire process
there is just one symbol with this name and type in use.
V
v The symbol is a weak object. When a weak defined symbol is linked with a normal defined
symbol, the normal defined symbol is used with no error. When a weak undefined symbol is
linked and the symbol is not defined, the value of the weak symbol becomes zero with no error.
On some systems, uppercase indicates that a default value has been specified.
W
w The symbol is a weak symbol that has not been specifically tagged as a weak object symbol.
When a weak defined symbol is linked with a normal defined symbol, the normal defined symbol
is used with no error. When a weak undefined symbol is linked and the symbol is not defined, the
value of the symbol is determined in a system-specific manner without error. On some systems,
uppercase indicates that a default value has been specified.

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- The symbol is a stabs symbol in an a.out object file. In this case, the next values printed are the
stabs other field, the stabs desc field, and the stab type. Stabs symbols are used to hold debugging
information.
? The symbol type is unknown, or object file format specific.
• The symbol name. If a symbol has version information associated with it, then the version
information is displayed as well. If the versioned symbol is undefined or hidden from linker, the
version string is displayed as a suffix to the symbol name, preceded by an @ character. For example
foo@VER_1. If the version is the default version to be used when resolving unversioned references to
the symbol, then it is displayed as a suffix preceded by two @ characters. For example
foo@@VER_2.
OPTIONS
The long and short forms of options, shown here as alternatives, are equivalent.
-A
-o
--print-file-name
Precede each symbol by the name of the input file (or archive member) in which it was found, rather
than identifying the input file once only, before all of its symbols.
-a
--debug-syms
Display all symbols, even debugger-only symbols; normally these are not listed.
-B The same as --format=bsd (for compatibility with the MIPS nm).
-C
--demangle[=style]
Decode (demangle) low-level symbol names into user-level names. Besides removing any initial
underscore prepended by the system, this makes C++ function names readable. Different compilers
have different mangling styles. The optional demangling style argument can be used to choose an
appropriate demangling style for your compiler.
--no-demangle
Do not demangle low-level symbol names. This is the default.
--recurse-limit
--no-recurse-limit
--recursion-limit
--no-recursion-limit
Enables or disables a limit on the amount of recursion performed whilst demangling strings. Since the
name mangling formats allow for an infinite level of recursion it is possible to create strings whose
decoding will exhaust the amount of stack space available on the host machine, triggering a memory
fault. The limit tries to prevent this from happening by restricting recursion to 2048 levels of nesting.
The default is for this limit to be enabled, but disabling it may be necessary in order to demangle truly
complicated names. Note however that if the recursion limit is disabled then stack exhaustion is
possible and any bug reports about such an event will be rejected.
-D
--dynamic
Display the dynamic symbols rather than the normal symbols. This is only meaningful for dynamic
objects, such as certain types of shared libraries.
-f format
--format=format
Use the output format format, which can be bsd, sysv, posix or just-symbols. The default is
bsd. Only the first character of format is significant; it can be either upper or lower case.

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-g
--extern-only
Display only external symbols.
-h
--help
Show a summary of the options to nm and exit.
--ifunc-chars=CHARS
When display GNU indirect function symbols nm will default to using the i character for both local
indirect functions and global indirect functions. The --ifunc-chars option allows the user to specify
a string containing one or two characters. The first character will be used for global indirect function
symbols and the second character, if present, will be used for local indirect function symbols.
j The same as --format=just-symbols.
-l
--line-numbers
For each symbol, use debugging information to try to find a filename and line number. For a defined
symbol, look for the line number of the address of the symbol. For an undefined symbol, look for the
line number of a relocation entry which refers to the symbol. If line number information can be found,
print it after the other symbol information.
--inlines
When option -l is active, if the address belongs to a function that was inlined, then this option causes
the source information for all enclosing scopes back to the first non-inlined function to be printed as
well. For example, if main inlines callee1 which inlines callee2, and address is from
callee2, the source information for callee1 and main will also be printed.
-n
-v
--numeric-sort
Sort symbols numerically by their addresses, rather than alphabetically by their names.
-p
--no-sort
Do not bother to sort the symbols in any order; print them in the order encountered.
-P
--portability
Use the POSIX.2 standard output format instead of the default format. Equivalent to -f posix.
-r
--reverse-sort
Reverse the order of the sort (whether numeric or alphabetic); let the last come first.
-S
--print-size
Print both value and size of defined symbols for the bsd output style. This option has no effect for
object formats that do not record symbol sizes, unless --size-sort is also used in which case a
calculated size is displayed.
-s
--print-armap
When listing symbols from archive members, include the index: a mapping (stored in the archive by
ar or ranlib) of which modules contain definitions for which names.
-t radix
--radix=radix
Use radix as the radix for printing the symbol values. It must be d for decimal, o for octal, or x for
hexadecimal.

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-u
--undefined-only
Display only undefined symbols (those external to each object file). By default both defined and
undefined symbols are displayed.
-U
--defined-only
Display only defined symbols for each object file. By default both defined and undefined symbols are
displayed.
-V
--version
Show the version number of nm and exit.
-X This option is ignored for compatibility with the AIX version of nm. It takes one parameter which
must be the string 32_64. The default mode of AIX nm corresponds to -X 32, which is not supported
by GNU nm.
--plugin name
Load the plugin called name to add support for extra target types. This option is only available if the
toolchain has been built with plugin support enabled.
If --plugin is not provided, but plugin support has been enabled then nm iterates over the files in
${libdir}/bfd-plugins in alphabetic order and the first plugin that claims the object in question is used.
Please note that this plugin search directory is not the one used by ld’s -plugin option. In order to
make nm use the linker plugin it must be copied into the ${libdir}/bfd-plugins directory. For GCC
based compilations the linker plugin is called liblto_plugin.so.0.0.0. For Clang based compilations it
is called LLVMgold.so. The GCC plugin is always backwards compatible with earlier versions, so it is
sufficient to just copy the newest one.
--size-sort
Sort symbols by size. For ELF objects symbol sizes are read from the ELF, for other object types the
symbol sizes are computed as the difference between the value of the symbol and the value of the
symbol with the next higher value. If the bsd output format is used the size of the symbol is printed,
rather than the value, and -S must be used in order both size and value to be printed.
Note - this option does not work if --undefined-only has been enabled as undefined symbols have
no size.
--special-syms
Display symbols which have a target-specific special meaning. These symbols are usually used by the
target for some special processing and are not normally helpful when included in the normal symbol
lists. For example for ARM targets this option would skip the mapping symbols used to mark
transitions between ARM code, THUMB code and data.
--synthetic
Include synthetic symbols in the output. These are special symbols created by the linker for various
purposes. They are not shown by default since they are not part of the binary’s original source code.
--unicode=[default|invalid|locale|escape|hex|highlight]
Controls the display of UTF-8 encoded multibyte characters in strings. The default
(--unicode=default) is to give them no special treatment. The --unicode=locale option displays the
sequence in the current locale, which may or may not support them. The options --unicode=hex and
--unicode=invalid display them as hex byte sequences enclosed by either angle brackets or curly
braces.
The --unicode=escape option displays them as escape sequences (\uxxxx) and the
--unicode=highlight option displays them as escape sequences highlighted in red (if supported by
the output device). The colouring is intended to draw attention to the presence of unicode sequences
where they might not be expected.

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-W
--no-weak
Do not display weak symbols.
--with-symbol-versions
--without-symbol-versions
Enables or disables the display of symbol version information. The version string is displayed as a
suffix to the symbol name, preceded by an @ character. For example foo@VER_1. If the version is
the default version to be used when resolving unversioned references to the symbol then it is displayed
as a suffix preceded by two @ characters. For example foo@@VER_2. By default, symbol version
information is displayed.
--target=bfdname
Specify an object code format other than your system’s default format.
@file
Read command-line options from file. The options read are inserted in place of the original @file
option. If file does not exist, or cannot be read, then the option will be treated literally, and not
removed.
Options in file are separated by whitespace. A whitespace character may be included in an option by
surrounding the entire option in either single or double quotes. Any character (including a backslash)
may be included by prefixing the character to be included with a backslash. The file may itself contain
additional @file options; any such options will be processed recursively.
SEE ALSO
ar (1), objdump (1), ranlib (1), and the Info entries for binutils.
COPYRIGHT
Copyright (c) 1991-2024 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free
Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with
no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is
included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".

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