Dynamics & Forces

DYNAMICS AND FORCES
HOME INTRODUCTION
Once upon a time Sir Isaac Newton was sleeping
under an apple tree, when an apple fell on his head.
Stunned, he jumped up and suddenly thought of the
Universal Law of Gravitation. Fact or fiction? As
in many such legends, this is probably not totally
true, but the story does contain some elements of
what happened.
What really happened with that apple?
In this web quest you will learn about Sir Isaac
Newton and his three laws of motion.
TASK PROCESS CONCLUSION EVALUATION TEACHER PAGE

WHAT IS FORCE ?
A force is a push or pull
which changes or tries
to change the inertia of
an object. Force is a
vector quantity.
WHAT DOES A FORCE DO ?
1. Changes shape
2. Changes volume
3. Changes density
4. Changes motion
But force can not change the
mass of an object.
Weight
Friction
Drag
SOME OPPOSING FORCES
Air resistance
Friction
Air resistance depends on the
surface area and the speed of the
object and density of air.
Frictional force depends on weight
of the object and nature of the
surfaces
Tension
Electrostatic Force
Magnetic Force
Thrust
Contact Force
Contact & Non contact force
BALANCED & UNBALANCED
FORCE
If the forces acting on the object
are balanced i.e the resultant force
on the object is zero then it is called
balanced force. If it is not then it is
called unbalanced force.
7N
10 N
5N
FORCE
Balanced or unbalanced ? Find the
resultant force.
8N
11 N
3N
20 N
25 N
3N
FORCE
If the forces acting on the object
are balanced i.e the resultant force
on the object is zero then it is called
balanced force. If it is not then it is
called unbalanced force.
7N
10 N
5N
NEWTONS LAWS OF MOTION
Newton’s First Law of Motion
I’ve just had a thought
An object at rest,
or moving in a straight
line with constant
velocity, will continue
like that unless acted
upon by a force
1st Law
Unless acted
upon by an
unbalanced
force, this
golf ball
would sit on
the tee
forever.
Newtons’s 1st Law and You
Don’t let this be you. Wear seat belts.

Because of inertia, objects (including you)
resist changes in their motion. When the car
going 80 km/hour is stopped by the brick
wall, your body keeps moving at 80 m/hour.
Newton’s Laws of Motion
1st Law – An object at rest will stay at
rest, and an object in motion will stay in
motion at constant velocity, unless acted
upon by an unbalanced force.
2nd Law – The resultant force on an
object is the product of mass and
acceleration.
3rd Law – For every action there is an
equal and opposite reaction.
2 nd Law
2nd Law
The net force of an
object is equal to the
product of its mass and
acceleration, or F=ma.
2nd Law
When mass is in kilograms
and acceleration is in ms-2
the unit of force is in

Newton(N).
One newton is equal to the
force required to accelerate
one kilogram of mass at one
ms-2
2nd Law (F = m x a)
How much force is needed to accelerate
a 1400 kilogram car 2 ms-2
Write the formula
F=mxa
Fill in given numbers and units
F = 1400 kg x 2 ms-2
Solve for the unknown
2800 kg-ms-2 or 2800 N
PROBLEM 1
A girl pushes a box of mass 5 kg along
a frictionless surface with a
horizontal force of 10 N.
a) What is the acceleration of the box ?
b) If the box is pushed on a rough
surface and the friction encountered
is 4 N, what will be the acceleration
of the box ?
PROBLEM 2
A boy pushes a packing case, which has a total
mass of 20 kg, across a floor at a constant
velocity of 0.2 ms-1 by exerting a horizontal
force of 50 N.
a) What is the resultant force acting on the case ?
b) What is the frictional force acting on the case ?
If, instead of 50 N, the boy exerts 80 N on the case
c) What is the new resultant force acting on the
case ?
d) What is the acceleration of the case ?
3rd Law
For every action, there
is an equal and opposite
reaction.
3rd Law According to
Newton, whenever
objects A and B
interact with each
other, they exert
forces upon each
other. When you
sit in your chair,
your body exerts a
downward force on
the chair and the
chair exerts an
upward force on
your body.
3rd Law
There are two
forces resulting
from this
interaction - a
force on the chair
and a force on
your body. These
two forces are
called action and
reaction forces.
Newton’s 3rd Law in Nature
Consider the
propulsion of a fish
through the water. A
fish uses its fins to
push water
backwards. In turn,
the water reacts by
pushing the fish
forwards, propelling
the fish through the
water.
3rd Law
Flying gracefully
through the air, birds
depend on Newton’s
third law of motion. As
the birds push down on
the air with their wings,
the air pushes their
wings up and gives
them lift.
Other examples of Newton’s Third
Law
The baseball forces
the bat to the left
(an action); the
bat forces the ball
to the right (the
reaction).
THIRD LAW
For example, Walking – as you walk,
your feet push against the floor. At
the same time, the floor pushes with
an equal but opposite force against
your feet.
Foot pushes against ground

Ground pushes back
THIRD LAW
Suppose you were standing on skates
holding a softball. You exert a force
on the softball when you throw it.
The softball also exerts force on you.
This force pushes you in the opposite
direction that the ball is moving.
Ball pushing back Throwing force

3rd Law
The reaction of a rocket is
an application of the third
law of motion. Various
fuels are burned in the
engine, producing hot
gases.
The hot gases push against
the inside tube of the rocket
and escape out the bottom
of the tube. As the gases
move downward, the rocket
moves in the opposite
direction.
Newton’s 3 rd law pair force
To be Newton’s 3rd law pair force
1. Forces should be same type

2. They should be equal equal in magnitude
3. Act on opposite directions
4. Act on two different objects
5. They should have same line of action
TERMINAL VELOCITY
There are two forces acting on a
falling object, weight of the object
and the air resistance. Initially the
air resistance is negligible. So the
resultant force on the object is more
and the object accelerates. Air
resistance increases with the speed
of the object and resultant force
decreases.
TERMINAL VELOCITY
At a certain moment air resistance
becomes equal to the weight of the
object, then the resultant force on
the object will be zero. As there is no
resultant force according to Newton’s
first law of motion the object will fall
with a constant velocity. This velocity
is called terminal velocity.
Elasticity
We can exert forces by pushing,
pulling, twisting or squeezing.
Rubber bands, sponges and springs
change in shape or deformed when
such forces are applied to them. The
greater the applied force, the greater
deformation. When the force is
removed, they may return to their
original shape and size. These
objects are said to be elastic. This
property is called elasticity.
Hooke’s Law
Hooke’s law states that,
the extension produced in
a spring is proportional to
the stretching force if the
elastic limit is not
exceeded.
Hooke’s Law
Extension – Force graph
Extension / cm
Elastic limit
Force / N
PROBLEMS
A force of 10 N on a spring
produces an extension of 3 cm.
a) What will be the extension if a force
of 35 N is applied to the spring,
assuming that the limit of
proportionality has not been
exceeded ?
b) What is the force required to
stretch the spring by 5 cm.
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DYNAMICS AND FORCES

TASK PROCESS CONCLUSION EVALUATION TEACHER PAGE

I’ve just had a thought

Don’t let this be you. Wear seat belts.

the unit of force is in

Foot pushes against ground

Ball pushing back Throwing force

To be Newton’s 3rd law pair force

1. Forces should be same type

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