i n t e r n a t i o n a l j o u r n a l o f h y d r o g e n e n e r g y 4 3 ( 2 0 1 8 ) 1 8 0 1 4 e1 8 0 1 9

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Emission and engine performance analysis of a

diesel engine using hydrogen enriched
pomegranate seed oil biodiesel

€khan Tüccar a,*, Erinç Uludamar b

Go
a
Adana Science and Technology University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 01180 Adana, Turkey
b
Adana Science and Technology University, Department of Automotive Engineering, 01180 Adana, Turkey

article info abstract

Article history: The aim of this study is to determine the availability of pomegranate seed oil biodiesel
Received 10 November 2017 (POB) as an alternative fuel in diesel engines and evaluate engine performance and emis-
Received in revised form sion characteristics of pure hydrogen enriched POB using diesel engine. For this purpose,
17 November 2017 the intake manifold of the test engine was modified and hydrogen enriched intake air was
Accepted 21 November 2017 supplied throughout the experiments. Physical properties of POB and its blend with diesel
Available online 12 December 2017 fuel were also determined. The results showed that measured physical properties of POB
are comparable with diesel fuel. According to engine performance experiments, although
Keywords: POB utilization has slight undesirable effects on some engine performance parameters
Exhaust emission such as brake power output and specific fuel consumption, it can be used as alternative
Hydrogen fuel in diesel engines, by this way CO emission can be improved. Finally, hydrogen
Pomegranate seed oil enrichment experiments indicated that pure hydrogen addition causes a slight improve-
Fuel properties ment in both engine performance and exhaust emissions.
Engine performance © 2017 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

oils has gathered great public attention due to resembling fuel

Introduction properties to conventional diesel fuel [8,9]. Biodiesel has also
the advantages what researchers care; such as being renew-
The rapid increase in world's population and industrialization able and environmentally friendly [10]. However, some dis-
have emerged extreme ascend on global energy demand and it advantages of biodiesel such as higher viscosity and higher
is expected to rise by 57% until the year 2050 [1e3]. Since fossil nitrogen oxides (NOx) exhaust emissions enforce it to be
fuels are the most common reserve until now, the reserves blended with conventional diesel fuel [11]. Another drawback
face the threat of finality and leading environmental degra- of biodiesel production is a lack of available arable land for a
dation in all over the world [4]. Therefore, in recent decades, large amount of production. Moreover, production from edible
researchers have significantly focused on alternative fuels feedstocks may cause to increase food prices [12,13]. Plant
which are sustainable, environmentally friendly, and finan- waste has many advantages in this perspective; they are non-
cially reasonable [5,6]. Diesel is extensively used in trans- edible and they do not occupy any additional land.
portation, power generation and other industrial applications A number of studies about biodiesel production from waste
[7]. Biodiesel which is derived from animal fats or vegetable plant seed and effect on diesel engine were presented in the

* Corresponding author. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Adana Science and Technology University, Adana, 01120, Turkey.
E-mail address: [email protected] (G. Tüccar).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.11.124
0360-3199/© 2017 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
 i n t e r n a t i o n a l j o u r n a l o f h y d r o g e n e n e r g y 4 3 ( 2 0 1 8 ) 1 8 0 1 4 e1 8 0 1 9 18015

last few years. Fadhil et al. (2017) produced biodiesel from glycerin. The separated methyl ester was repeatedly washed
Silybum marianum L. seeds oil [2]. Rashid et al., 2013, investi- with 20% percent by volume warm water until the washed
gated Citrus reticulate seed oil as biodiesel production. They water became clear in washing step. Then, the dry operation
found out that cetane number, kinematic viscosity, flash was applied for 1 h at 110
C. Small impurities inside the
point, and density of the methyl ester comply both ASTM methyl ester were removed in the last step.
D6751 and EN 14214 standards [14]. A diesel engine was fueled The fuel blend was prepared by blending 20% Pomegranate
with Pistacia Chinensis Bunge seed biodiesel blend by Ma et al. seed oil biodiesel with 80% conventional diesel fuel (B20). Diesel
(2011) [15]. Engine experiments showed that carbon monoxide biodiesel and their blend properties were analyzed in Çukurova
(CO), hydrocarbon (HC), and smoke emissions decreased University, Petroleum Research and Automotive Engineering
whereas NOx emissions increased with higher biodiesel ratio. Laboratories of Automotive Engineering Department.
Punica granatum L., known as Pomegranate belongs to the Engine experiments were conducted on a four stroke, four-
family of Punicaceae. It is widely available in Iran, Pakistan, cylinder Mitsubishi Canter 4D31 diesel engine, with the aid of
and India [16,17]. The seeds of Pomegranate are usually a TT electric AMP 160-4B electrical dynamometer. Hydrogen gas
waste for food industry [18]. Averagely, the seeds of pome- with 5 l/min flow rate was injected in intake air of the engine.
granate are about 37e143 g at 1000 g of fruit and on a dry The specifications of the engine were given in Table 1. In ex-
weight basis, oil content is generally between 12% and 20% periments, the exhaust emissions were measured with MRU
[19]. Delta 1600-V gas analyzer. CO, NO, and NO2 were measured in
Recently, investigation on hydrogen enriched diesel engine electrochemical cells whereas CO2 was measured with NDIR
has come into prominence due to its great potential for Multi-gas bench. The range and accuracy of CO, NO, and NO2
environmental benefits. Tsujimura and Suzuki (2017) have are 0e4000 ppm and ±20 ppm, 0e1000 and ± 5 ppm, and
injected hydrogen at the intake port of a single cylinder diesel 0e200 ppm and ±5 ppm, respectively. The range of CO2 is 20%
engine in order to observe the effect of different hydrogen with ±0,5% accuracy.
fraction under a specific engine operating condition. They
illustrated that usage of hydrogen gas instead of conventional Technical specifications of the test engine
diesel fuel caused significant reduction of CO2 emission and
cylinder head temperature dependency on hydrogen fraction During engine performance determination experiments, the
over 50% [20]. At the study of Homammad Hosseini et al. (2017) engine was operated up to a constant temperature. When the
measured 17%, 8%, 69%, and 9.5% lower CO, CO2, unburned temperature had reached a constant value, the data was
hydrocarbon, and soot emissions, respectively and 2% higher collected. Before the introduction of a new fuel, the fuel line
NOx emissions with the addition of hydrogen as a fuel excess was cleaned up.
[21]. Parthasarathy et al. (2016) asserted that the increment of
NOx can be diminished with biodiesel and ethanol blends [22].
The effect of biodiesel and hydrogen gas on engine vibration, Property analysis
noise, and exhaust emissions were investigated by Uludamar
et al. (2016). The study concluded that both biodiesel and In this study, methyl ester produced from pomegranate seed
hydrogen gas reduced engine vibration and exhaust emis- oil and a mixture of pomegranate seed oil biodiesel (POB) and
sions. However, the trend of engine noise was depended on diesel fuel was used as an alternative fuel. Diesel fuel was also
biodiesel fuel [23]. used as a reference in order to compare the fuel properties of
In this study, biodiesel from Pomegranate seed oil was POB. POB and diesel fuel are mixed in the volumetric ratio of
prepared in order to investigate its fuel properties. In experi- 20% (B20), which is the most common ratio in the world. After
ments, intake air of the engine was also enriched with preparing the mixtures, the fuel properties of diesel fuel, POB,
hydrogen gas when the experimental diesel engine was fueled and B20 were determined in Çukurova University Automotive
with diesel and biodiesel. Engine characteristic of the diesel Engineering Laboratories. The tests were repeated three times
engine fueled with Pomegranate seed biodiesel-diesel blend and the average of the three results was taken. The results of
was investigated with hydrogen gas enriched intake air. fuel properties measurement test are shown in Table 2.

Material and method

Biodiesel was produced from commercially used pomegranate Table 1 e Technical specifications of the test engine.
seed oil via the transesterification method in Adana Science Brand Mitsubishi canter
and Technology University, Laboratories of Mechanical Engi- Model 4D31
Configuration In line 4
neering Department. The steps of the method are reaction,
Type Direct injection diesel with glow
separation, washing, drying, and filtering. In reaction step, oil
plug
was heated to 55
C while 0,5% by mass sodium hydroxide as a Displacement 3298 cc
catalyst was dissolved in 15% by mass methanol (reactant) in Bore 100
another beaker. The mixture was poured on preheated oil and Stroke 105
stirred for 90 min at 55
C. After the reaction period, separa- Power 91 HP @ 3500 rpm
tion step was carried out. In this step, the crude methyl ester Torque 223 Nm @ 2200 rpm
Oil cooler Water cooled
was kept inside a funnel for 10 h in order to separate crude
18016 i n t e r n a t i o n a l j o u r n a l o f h y d r o g e n e n e r g y 4 3 ( 2 0 1 8 ) 1 8 0 1 4 e1 8 0 1 9

Table 2 e Properties of test fuels.

Properties Diesel fuel B20 POB European biodiesel standard (EN 14214) Hydrogen gas
Density (kg/L) 0.834 0.866 0.892 0.860e0,900 8.40E-05
Cetane number 57.86 53.42 45.02 >51 e
Viscosity (at 40
C) (mm2/s) 2.42 3.17 5.65 3.5e5.0
Calorific value (kJ/kg) 44,000 42,620 40,048 e 119,930


Flash point ( C) 59 75 130 >120 e

Properties of test fuels

55

The density and viscosity of pomegranate biodiesel were 50

measured as 0.892 kg/L and 5.65 mm2/s, respectively. Due to

Power Output (kW)

45
the high density and viscosity of POB, diesel addition is
necessary in order to obtain a proper fuel mixture. The 40
mixture prepared with POB caused a rise in mixture density Diesel
POB
and viscosity values; however, it was found that measured 35
H2+POB
density and viscosity of B20 stays within European Biodiesel
30
Standards.
The cetane number gives an idea about ignition quality of 25
the diesel fuel [24]. If the cetane number is low, incomplete
20
combustion occurs. According to fuel properties determina-
tion experiments, the cetane number of POB does not meet 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000
the desired value, but the mixing of POB and diesel fuel makes Engine Speed (rpm)
it possible to obtain a mixture that satisfies European
Standards. Fig. 1 e Variation of power output vs. engine speed.
The flash point is an important indicator of the safe
transportability and storability of a fuel. Fuel property tests in engine power output values of the test engine compared to
indicated that POB stays within safe region according to pure POB usage.
standards.
Brake specific fuel consumption

Engine performance Brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) values obtained from
engine performance tests are given in Fig. 2. As shown in
The engine performance data obtained in this study were Fig. 2, the use of POB increases the BSFC compared to diesel
evaluated at engine speeds ranging from 1200 rpm to 2800 rpm fuel. Diesel injectors adjust the amount of injected fuel volu-
and the tests were performed under full load conditions. metrically [26]. Since the POB density is higher than diesel, the
Before starting the tests, the engine was run with new test fuel amount of fuel injected into the cylinder becomes massively
for sufficient time to burn out the remaining fuel from the larger, which causes the BSFC to increase. When hydrogen is
previous experiment. The engine performance values such as aspirated through the intake manifold, BSFC of the engine
torque and brake power were obtained from a computer
program of dynamometer control units which can take collect
data within 2 s time intervals. 0,32

Brake power output 0,30

BSFC (kg/kWh)

Brake power output values of the test engine depending on 0,28

engine speeds are shown in Fig. 1. In general, it is understood

0,26 Diesel
from Fig. 1 that, brake power of the engine increases with
POB
increasing engine speed for all test fuels. Fuel consumption
0,24 H2+POB
rises with increasing engine speed, as a result, more fuel is
injected into the combustion chamber and more brake power 0,22
is generated through higher engine speeds [25]. As shown in
Fig. 1, the power output of the engine was decreased by 11% 0,20
with biodiesel usage. This reduction can be resulted from
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000
unfavourable combustion of the fuel due to lower cetane
Engine speed (rpm)
number of biodiesel. The maximum power output for all test
fuels was achieved at approximately 2800 rpm. Fig. 1 also in- Fig. 2 e Variation of brake specific fuel consumption vs.
dicates that 5 l/min H2 enrichment resulted in nearly 2% rise engine speed.
 i n t e r n a t i o n a l j o u r n a l o f h y d r o g e n e n e r g y 4 3 ( 2 0 1 8 ) 1 8 0 1 4 e1 8 0 1 9 18017

reduction in carbon monoxide emissions by the use of bio-

360
diesel [28e30]. A decreasing trend was observed in CO values
340 as a result of hydrogen enrichment. The addition of 5 l/min
320 hydrogen resulted in lower CO emission by 6%. The cause of
this reduction may be as a result of OH molecule formation
300
produced from the reaction of extra added hydrogen with the
CO (ppm)

280 oxygen present in the air. OH molecules which arise as a result

260 of hydrogen oxygen reaction triggered the CO, O2 kinetics and
Diesel lead to reduced CO formation [31].
240 POB
H2+POB
220 Nitrogen oxide emission
200
The formation of nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions is a phe-
180 nomenon that occurs at elevated temperatures in the com-
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000
bustion chamber and as the combustion end temperature
Engine Speed (rpm)
increases, the formation of nitrogen oxide emissions tends to
Fig. 3 e Variation of carbon monoxide emission vs. engine increase. According to previous studies, utilization of bio-
speed. diesel has been reported to increase the temperature in the
combustion chamber due to its extra the oxygen content [32].
According to the results obtained from the engine perfor-
improves. Additional hydrogen taken into the combustion mance tests, similar inclinations was observed in this study
chamber together with air ensures more homogenized and POB caused about 25% increase in nitrogen oxide emis-
mixture in the cylinder prior to fuel injection, which in turn sions. Variation of NOx formation versus engine speed is
leads to more power generation and less fuel consumption by illustrated in Fig. 4. Addition of hydrogen to POB has slightly
the engine. effected NOx emissions. On an average, there is 1% increase in
NOx emissions with hydrogen addition compared to engine
Carbon monoxide emission
working with atmospheric air. Diffusion flame temperature
which is affected by additional hydrogen could be the cause of
As a result of combustion of fuels, some undesirable exhaust
the increment since NOx formation is highly related to reac-
emissions are formed within internal combustion engines.
tion temperature [33,34]. A similar trend in NOX emissions was
These gases are toxic and they are dangerously harmful to
also observed in different references [35,36].
human health and nature [27]. Carbon monoxide is one of
these highly toxic gases and excess exposure to high con-
centration of carbon monoxide can even lead to death. During
Conclusions
engine performance tests, carbon monoxide emissions were
measured to reduce nearly by 16% with POB usage. Due to
Utilization of alternative fuels, especially biodiesel, is of great
additional oxygen content, carbon molecules within fuel are
importance in order to reduce the degree of dependence on
converted into carbon dioxide molecules, thereby reduction in
petroleum and increase the diversity of energy resources. In
carbon monoxide emissions occur with biodiesel usage as
this study, availability of the use of a new source of biodiesel,
shown in Fig. 3. Studies in the literature have also recorded
pomegranate seed oil biodiesel, in diesel engines has been
investigated. The following conclusions were obtained as a
Diesel result of the findings obtained from the experiments:
POB
1200 H2+POB  It has been understood that high viscosity and density
values of POB fuel can be compensated by mixing it with
1100
diesel fuel.
1000  It has been found that the disadvantage caused by low
cetane number value of POB, can be eliminated by diesel
NOX(ppm)

900
addition.
800  The results of the engine emission test revealed that POB
700
can be used in diesel engines without any modifications.
According to experimental data, usage of POB as an alter-
600 native fuel also reduces carbon monoxide emissions from
500 diesel engines. However, engine performance experiments
showed that the utilization of POB reduces engine power
400
and increases the nitrogen oxide emissions by a certain
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000
amount.
Engine Speed (rpm)
 The engine performance tests showed that hydrogen
Fig. 4 e Variation of nitrogen oxide emission vs. engine addition to POB has positive effects on power output and
speed. BSCF of the engine. In addition, hydrogen enrichment also
18018 i n t e r n a t i o n a l j o u r n a l o f h y d r o g e n e n e r g y 4 3 ( 2 0 1 8 ) 1 8 0 1 4 e1 8 0 1 9

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