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User Defined Functions

Python

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Bgautam Mudaliar
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8 views

User Defined Functions

Python

Uploaded by

Bgautam Mudaliar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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User Defined Functions

User Defined functions can be used to perform a complex logic, can accept
parameters and return data. SQL Server supports two types of User Defined Functions as
mentioned below

Scalar Functions
The function which returns a Scalar/Single value.

CREATE FUNCTION MYSUM (@A INT, @B INT )


RETURNS INT
AS
BEGIN
DECLARE @C AS INT;
SET @C=@A+@B;
RETURN @C;
END;

SELECT DBO.MYSUM(10,20);
DROP FUNCTION MYSUM;

Table Valued Functions


The function which returns a row set of SQL server
Table.

CREATE FUNCTION GETEMP (


@DEP VARCHAR(50)
) RETURNS TABLE
AS
RETURN ( SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE DEPT = @DEP);
SELECT * FROM DBO.GETEMP('ADMIN')

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Sub Queries
A Subquery or Inner query or Nested query is a query within another SQL query, and embedded
within the WHERE clause.

A subquery is used to return data that will be used in the main query as a condition to further
restrict the data to be retrieved. There are a few rules that subqueries must follow:
● Subqueries must be enclosed within parentheses.
● A subquery can have only one column in the SELECT clause.
● An ORDER BY cannot be used in a subquery, although the main query can use an
ORDER BY.
● Subqueries that return more than one row can only be used with multiple value
operators, such as the IN operator.
● The BETWEEN operator cannot be used with a subquery; however, the BETWEEN can
be used within the subquery.

Simple Subqueries
Subqueries are most frequently used with the SELECT statement. The basic syntax is as
follows:

SELECT column_EID [, column_EID ]


FROM table1 [, table2 ]
WHERE column_EID OPERATOR
(SELECT column_EID [, column_EID ]
FROM table1 [, table2 ]
[WHERE])

Note: Although Subqueries are commonly used with Select statement, these can also be used
with Insert, Update or Delete Statements

Correlated Subqueries
There are ways to incorporate the outer query’s values into the subqueries clauses. These types
of queries are called correlated subqueries, since the results from the subquery are connected,
in some form, to values in the outer query. Correlated queries are sometimes called
synchronized queries.

Eg:
Corelated sub query for average salary of those delhi employees whose salary is >100000

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select avg(salary) from emp_sal
where eid in (select eid from emp where city='Delhi') and
eid in (select eid from emp_sal where salary > 100000);

Sql Exists Operator


• The EXISTS operator is used to test for the existence of any record in a subquery.
• The EXISTS operator returns true if the subquery returns one or more records.
SELECT column_EID(s)
FROM table_EID
WHERE EXISTS
(SELECT column_EID FROM table_EID WHERE condition);

Stored Procedures
● A stored procedure is prepared SQL code that we save so we can reuse the code over
and over again. So if we think about a query that we write over and over again, instead
of having to write that query each time we would save it as a stored procedure and then
just call the stored procedure to execute the SQLcode that we saved as part of the
stored procedure.
● In addition to running the same SQL code over and over again we also have the ability
to pass parameters to the stored procedure.

SYNTAX
CREATE PROCEDURE <procedure_EID>
AS
BEGIN
<SQL Statement>
END

EXECUTE <procedure_EID>
EXEC <procedure_EID>
<procedure_EID>

Example 1 : Simple Procedure to get the details of Delhi employees


CREATE PROCEDURE SHDELEMP
AS
BEGIN
SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE CITY = 'DELHI';

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Mob:- +91 779568798, Email:- [email protected]
END;

Example 2 : Parameterized Procedure to get the details of employees of the specified city
CREATE PROCEDURE SHOWEMP @X VARCHAR(20)
AS
BEGIN
SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE CITY = @X;
END;

Example 3 : Parameterized Procedure to get the contents of the specified table


CREATE PROCEDURE SHOW @Y VARCHAR(20)
AS
BEGIN
EXEC('SELECT * FROM ' + @Y );
END;

Example 4 : Parameterized Procedure to insert the data in the emp_sal table


CREATE PROCEDURE IN_EMP_SAL
@ID VARCHAR(5), @A VARCHAR(20), @B VARCHAR(20), @X INT
AS
BEGIN
SET NOCOUNT ON ;
INSERT INTO EMP_SAL VALUES
( @ID, @A, @B, @X );

SELECT * FROM EMP_SAL


WHERE EID=@ID;
END;

A stored procedure with parameters:

SYNTAX
CREATE PROCEDURE <procedure_EID>
@ var1 datatype (size), var2 datatype (size)
AS
BEGIN
[SET NOCOUNT ON/OFF]
<SQL Statement>
END
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EXECUTE <procedure_EID> var1 , var2
DROP PROCEDURE <procedure_EID>

Transactions

• A transaction is a unit of work that is performed against a database. For example, if you are
creating a record or updating a record or deleting a record from the table, then you are
performing a transaction on the table.

Properties of Transactions
Transactions have the following four standard properties, usually referred to by
the acronym ACID:
● Atomicity: Ensures that all operations within the work unit are completed successfully;
otherwise, the transaction is aborted at the point of failure, and previous operations are
rolled back to their former state.
● Consistency: Ensures that the database properly changes state upon a successfully
committed transaction.
● Isolation: Enables transactions to operate independently of and transparent to each
other.
● Durability: Ensures that the result or effect of a committed transaction persists in case of
a system failure

There are following commands used to control transactions:


● COMMIT: To save the changes.
● ROLLBACK: To roll back the changes.
● SAVEPOINT: Creates points within groups of transactions in which to ROLLBACK.

Auto Increment
Auto Increment allows a unique number to be generated automatically when
a new record is added to the table.

Identity (START, INCREMENT)

Example :
create table emp2

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Mob:- +91 779568798, Email:- [email protected]
(id int identity (1,1) primary key,
EID varchar (30),
age int);

Learnvista Pvt Ltd.


2nd Floor, 147, 5th Main Rd, Rajiv Gandhi Nagar HSR Sector 7,Near Salarpuria Serenity, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560102
Mob:- +91 779568798, Email:- [email protected]

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