SQL Joins

The SQL Joins clause is used to combine records from two or more tables in a database. A
JOIN is a means for combining fields from two tables by using values common to each.

SQL Join Types:

● INNER JOIN: returns rows when there is a match in both tables.
● LEFT JOIN: returns all rows from the left table, even if there are no matches in the right
table.
● RIGHT JOIN: returns all rows from the right table, even if there are no matches in the left
table.
● FULL JOIN: returns rows when there is a match in one of the tables.
● CARTESIAN JOIN: returns the cartesian product of the sets of records from the two or
more joined tables.
● SELF JOIN: is used to join a table to itself, as if the table were two tables, temporarily
renaming at least one table in the SQL statement.

INNER JOIN
The most frequently used and important of the joins is the INNER JOIN. They are also referred
to as an EQUIJOIN..

SELECT table1.column1, table2.column2...

FROM table1
INNER JOIN table2
ON table1.common_filed = table2.common_field;

LEFT JOIN
The SQL Left Join returns all the values from the left table, plus matched values from the right
table or NULL in case of no matching.

SELECT table1.column1, table2.column2...

FROM table1
LEFT JOIN table2
ON table1.common_filed = table2.common_field;

Learnvista Pvt Ltd.

2nd Floor, 147, 5th Main Rd, Rajiv Gandhi Nagar HSR Sector 7,Near Salarpuria Serenity, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560102
Mob:- +91 779568798, Email:- [email protected]
RIGHT JOIN
The SQL Right Join returns all the values from the right table, plus matched values from the left
table or NULL in case of no matching.

SELECT table1.column1, table2.column2...

FROM table1
RIGHT JOIN table2
ON table1.common_filed = table2.common_field;

FULL JOIN
The SQL FULL JOIN combines the results of both left and right outer joins.

SELECT table1.column1, table2.column2...

FROM table1
FULL JOIN table2
ON table1.common_filed = table2.common_field;

CARTESIAN JOIN
● The CARTESIAN JOIN or CROSS JOIN returns the cartesian product of the sets of
records from the two or more joined tables.
● It produces a result set which is the number of rows in the first table multiplied by the
number of rows in the second table if no WHERE clause is used along with CROSS
JOIN.
● If WHERE clause is used with CROSS JOIN, it functions like an INNER JOIN.

Learnvista Pvt Ltd.

2nd Floor, 147, 5th Main Rd, Rajiv Gandhi Nagar HSR Sector 7,Near Salarpuria Serenity, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560102
Mob:- +91 779568798, Email:- [email protected]
SELECT table1.column1, table2.column2...
FROM table1
CROSS JOIN table2

SELECT table1.column1, table2.column2...

FROM table1
CROSS JOIN table2
WHERE table1.common_filed = table2.common_field;

SELF JOIN
The SQL SELF JOIN is used to join a table to itself, as if the table were two tables, temporarily
renaming at least one table in the SQL statement.

SELECT a.column_EID, b.column_EID...

FROM table1 a, table1 b
WHERE a.common_filed = b.common_field

UNION CLAUSE
The SQL UNION clause/operator is used to combine the results of two or more SELECT
statements without returning any duplicate rows.
To use UNION, each SELECT must have the same number of columns selected, the same
number of column expressions, the same data type, and have them in the same order but they
do not have to be the same length.

SELECT column1 [, column2 ]

FROM table1 [, table2 ]
Learnvista Pvt Ltd.
2nd Floor, 147, 5th Main Rd, Rajiv Gandhi Nagar HSR Sector 7,Near Salarpuria Serenity, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560102
Mob:- +91 779568798, Email:- [email protected]
[WHERE condition]

UNION
SELECT column1 [, column2 ]
FROM table1 [, table2 ]
[WHERE condition]

UNION ALL CLAUSE

The SQL UNION ALL clause/operator is used to combine the results of two SELECT statements
including duplicate rows.

The same rules that apply to UNION apply to the UNION ALL operator.

SELECT column1 [, column2 ]

FROM table1 [, table2 ]
[WHERE condition]

UNION ALL
SELECT column1 [, column2 ]
FROM table1 [, table2 ]
[WHERE condition]

INTERSECT CLAUSE
The SQL INTERSECT clause/operator is used to combine two SELECT statements, but returns
rows only from the first SELECT statement that are identical to a row in the second SELECT
statement. This means INTERSECT returns only common rows returned by the two SELECT
statements.

The same rules that apply to UNION apply to the INTERSECT operator.

SELECT column1 [, column2 ]

FROM table1 [, table2 ]
[WHERE condition]

INTERSECT
SELECT column1 [, column2 ]
FROM table1 [, table2 ]
[WHERE condition]

Learnvista Pvt Ltd.

2nd Floor, 147, 5th Main Rd, Rajiv Gandhi Nagar HSR Sector 7,Near Salarpuria Serenity, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560102
Mob:- +91 779568798, Email:- [email protected]
EXCEPT CLAUSE
The SQL EXCEPT clause/operator is used to combine two SELECT statements and returns
rows from the first SELECT statement that are not returned by the second SELECT statement.
This means EXCEPT returns only rows which are not available in the second SELECT
statement.

The same rules that apply to UNION apply to the EXCEPT operator.

SELECT column1 [, column2 ]

FROM table1 [, table2 ]
[WHERE condition]

EXCEPT
ELECT column1 [, column2 ]
FROM table1 [, table2 ]
[WHERE condition]

Indexes
Indexes are special lookup tables that the database search engine can use to speed up data
retrieval. An index helps speed up SELECT queries and WHERE clauses, but it slows down
data input, with UPDATE and INSERT statements. Indexes can be created or
dropped with no effect on the data.

The CREATE INDEX Command:

CREATE INDEX index_EID ON table_EID (column_EID);

Composite Indexes:
CREATE INDEX index_EID on table_EID (column1, column2);

Implicit Indexes: Implicit indexes are indexes that are automatically created by the database
server when an object is created. Indexes are automatically created for primary key constraints
and unique constraints.

DROP INDEX Command:

DROP INDEX index_EID ON table_EID;

Learnvista Pvt Ltd.

2nd Floor, 147, 5th Main Rd, Rajiv Gandhi Nagar HSR Sector 7,Near Salarpuria Serenity, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560102
Mob:- +91 779568798, Email:- [email protected]
VIEWS
A view is nothing more than a SQL statement that is stored in the database with an associated
ID.

A view can contain all rows of a table or select rows from a table. A view can be created from
one or many tables which depends on the written SQL query to create a view.

Views which are kind of virtual tables, allow users to do the following:

Structure data in a way that users or classes of users find natural or intuitive.
Restrict access to the data such that a user can see and (sometimes) modify exactly what they
need and no more.
Summarize data from various tables which can be used to generate reports.

VIEWS
CREATE VIEW view_EID AS
(SELECT column1, column2.....
FROM table_EID
WHERE [condition]
);

The WITH CHECK OPTION:

The WITH CHECK OPTION is a CREATE VIEW statement option. The purpose of the WITH
CHECK OPTION is to ensure that all UPDATE and INSERTs satisfy the condition(s) in the view
definition.

CREATE VIEW view_EID AS

SELECT column1, column2.....
FROM table_EID
WHERE [condition]
WITH CHECK OPTION
;

Updating a Views
A view can be updated under certain conditions:

● The SELECT clause may not contain the keyword DISTINCT.

Learnvista Pvt Ltd.

2nd Floor, 147, 5th Main Rd, Rajiv Gandhi Nagar HSR Sector 7,Near Salarpuria Serenity, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560102
Mob:- +91 779568798, Email:- [email protected]
 ● The SELECT clause may not contain summary functions.
● The SELECT clause may not contain set operators.
● The SELECT clause may not contain an ORDER BY clause.
● The FROM clause may not contain multiple tables.
● The WHERE clause may not contain subqueries.
● The query may not contain GROUP BY or HAVING.
● Calculated columns may not be updated.
● All NOT NULL columns from the base table must be included in the view in order for the
INSERT query to function.

Dropping Views
DROP VIEW view_EID;

SQL HAVING CLAUSE

The HAVING clause enables we to specify conditions that filter which group results appear in
the final results

The WHERE clause places conditions on the selected columns, whereas the HAVING clause
places conditions on groups created by the GROUP BY clause

The following is the position of the HAVING clause in a query

SELECT
FROM
WHERE
GROUP BY
HAVING
ORDER BY

The HAVING clause must follow the GROUP BY clause in a query and must
also precede the ORDER BY clause if used.
The following is the syntax of the SELECT statement, including the HAVING
clause:

SELECT column1, column2

FROM table1, table2
WHERE [ conditions ]
GROUP BY column1, column2

Learnvista Pvt Ltd.

2nd Floor, 147, 5th Main Rd, Rajiv Gandhi Nagar HSR Sector 7,Near Salarpuria Serenity, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560102
Mob:- +91 779568798, Email:- [email protected]
HAVING [ conditions ]
ORDER BY column1, column2

SQL FUNCTIONS
● COUNT Function - The SQL Server COUNT aggregate function is used to count the
number of rows in a database table.
● MAX Function - The SQL Server MAX aggregate function allows the user to select the
highest (maximum) value for a certain column.
● MIN Function - The SQL Server MIN aggregate function allows the user to select the
lowest (minimum) value for a certain column.
● AVG Function - The SQL Server AVG aggregate function selects the average value for
a certain table column.
● SUM Function - The SQL Server SUM aggregate function allows selecting the total for a
numeric column.
● SQRT Function - This is used to generate a square root of a given number.
● RAND Function - This is used to generate a random number using SQL command.
● CONCAT Function - This is used to concatenate multiple parameters to a single
parameter.

SQL STRING FUNCTIONS

● ASCII() Ascii code value will come as output for a character expression..
● CHAR() Character will come as output for given Ascii code or integer.
● CHARINDEX() Starting position for given search expression will come as output in a
given string expression. EX: Select CHARINDEX('G', 'KING')
● LEFT() Left part of the given string till the specified number of characters
● RIGHT() Right part of the given string till the specified number of characters.
● LEN() Number of characters will come as output for a given string expression
● LOWER() Lowercase string will come as output for a given string data.
● UPPER() Uppercase string will come as output for a given string data.
● SUBSTRING() Part of a string based on the start position value and length value.
Ex: Select SUBSTRING ('WORLD', 1,3)
● REPLACE() String expression will come as output for a given string data after replacing
all occurrences of specified character with specified character.
Ex: Select REPLACE('INDIA', 'I', 'K')
● REVERSE() Reverse string expression will come as output for a given string data
● STUFF() String expression will come as output for a given string data after replacing
from starting character till the specified length with specified character.
Ex: Select STUFF('ABCDEFGH', 2,4,'IJK')

Learnvista Pvt Ltd.

2nd Floor, 147, 5th Main Rd, Rajiv Gandhi Nagar HSR Sector 7,Near Salarpuria Serenity, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560102
Mob:- +91 779568798, Email:- [email protected]
SQL DATE FUNCTIONS
Below are the commonly used DATE Functions:

Select CONVERT (varchar(19),getdate()) -> Sep 6 2017 11:24PM

Select CONVERT (varchar(19),getdate(),10) -> 09-06-17
Select CONVERT (varchar(19),getdate(),110) -> 09-06-2017

Learnvista Pvt Ltd.

2nd Floor, 147, 5th Main Rd, Rajiv Gandhi Nagar HSR Sector 7,Near Salarpuria Serenity, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560102
Mob:- +91 779568798, Email:- [email protected]