ConyecHon

Naural
forced

ConvecHoD:

T h r u ConvecHOO erist bettween

alee qtadient est
temper flwd flowingne
a solid surface and
ttoo free
Velocit of fluid laye
zero
Tos Siream Ct waW ca)}| be
must be
Tiw Thebeat
+ransferred (onducHon
Heated Wa
thal poin
Meat ttangf
at
=)
poini
Gt fowee La0
4-kA â x oConducton

developed be
This t egperatu re ga dient

Dte at cbich the flrd carríes the

heat qoay
igb veloci ty produ ceg biqb terp: qradie+.
Newtons Lqw of Coliog:
Conve cHon Rate Eq
Rate Of ConvecHon for beat ran sfer
betn Swface ad jarent fluid i3 qiven
as
Q = b. A· (ts -too)
ConyecHe beatflow date
Heat tra nsf e r CO effCient
A Sur fale araerposed to bCat
ttansfer.
ts- suface +ery p ot fasa.solid
term p of flid
Buyount forl fIufd an

expregsed in - Wl m2k
b i5 on
The value of "b depends
sf condHon- Roughnes #Ceqnlin
ib 0JeD 1aHo n of c
oen
Geo met ty d
Plate, Tube . ylindez HOr Rontalvoi
u Thermo- pbysic u properes o
tluid - Density Vbcosity &p.heat
Co effi. oa epannon 4 thernmal
etpa nion &
ondu ctivity:
v) Nawe of flwud floD. Laminar
Tur bulent
) Boundary dayer Confiq uraion.
v) E3ti'ng thorma cond

Types oF ConvecHon !
1} Free / Natural ConvecHon:
- When surfae L maintained in
Flud at teop. bigbee ot lower
than hat o lwd
hot
dayee of frud adiacent to
o cot d s / qes beaed oe cGDled
by con ducHon.
Dengit aya 8 dfference sCreated
between adjacent Jayez ¢ stei Flwd
surrounding it
Jt c a ses buoyant force Causing
flów of flud bear the Surface .
Henc Free Natural convecHon is the
procesS o beat tta ng fer which
due to rmoYe mert of flwd
patHcles by density change s associatod
with terp dFferHat un fluid
House Healung Systemn
The cooling of transmissio n
Unes electuc tranntorers
2: Forced ConvecHon:
Flo ws of fI id s CauSed by pu0 p
fan ot admphec winds
-this ecbanica devices Specd ups
heat trans fer rae
Flow velociy ¢ beat ttarfer coefhiciena
are hiqheo than tree ConvecHon
eg cooling IC eging
Aig condihoe
Heat erohanqee

. Dimensional Analysis:
- Mahemaical stu dy bich makes
Cese of study o f dim ensions fon
Solving engg: proble s

Dimensionless Numbes & Siqnicane.

1 Rey no ld s umbez CRe)
-Rato of inez Ha force tovis Cous fore.
Jnterttorce = mx a

e.Ay2

Vís cOus force =\ti A A

dy
=L
Re = g.A.v2
pvD U- flud dy ngmic
Re vistosy
- flwd densy

v f l u d veio.
Aaminae How- ud Hsws nsmo0thi P4Tllet
Jayers, no mizung betn lay es.
At low Reynolds numbee, vis(OUS
effect dooinales flud moton s
aminor.
At high Reynolds numbee , TnerHa
force lead to tu bwent flou.
-"Have moe mpop t ance s force
Convection beat tsansfer.

Prand t1 Number :(Pr!

RaHo ot kinemaHC Viscosity toTher
díffus iv it4 0f flud

K
Kkcp
Kinemguc Viosit
Thermal Diffusivity.

KinemaHc V1s Co S) HY representS - momen

transpoet by roole cwar feicion d
ther mal beat
diffusivit ep res enb
energy trans pOer th YOuqh ConuCHo

HenCe st i3 O rela've
measure
effeeHveneSS O momentum ¢ e bergy
Lansp t by dffs lo n

for hiqby V15COus oils ,Pr, i 00 to

to000 jndcates ap'd diffusior:
foe q ases bot 1.jodicalos
P Is about
that bot rmomenum d heat dissipate
througb the field at a b t &a me

d: Thermal Heat c0 nduettd

dÕtivity Heat &tored.
 kioemotic Vìscosity wds Upder
Jntna gralkiy
Retane to
Dynamic Viscosity Abso lute iscos)ty
measure oh hD0) much fid resists.

NUSSlt NumbeR (Nu):

- Nu epress relaHOn between ConyecHe
Film coefficient (b), thermau conduciVit
oË flw d Ck) e gniftcant ngt
ut a mete (
4 conv
Nu =
K. 4cond
Laraer thC usselt num ber a
more e ffecHVe he ConvecHo.
Nu= 1 repres ents heat tranSfer accross
Jaye by puee conduchon
Fot a given Nu
ho K b o

4: Grashoff Numbe: (Gr:

1ndicates relattve strengtb
B- coe ff o
buoyaDt to Vis COus forces Prpanion
Gr B 9. AT. g 3
9- 9avitg cor!
8 - desi

Gr = Buoyant Io erHa force

Force Víscous force ) 2

Free COnVecHN is usually suppresse

at suffcienH small Gr , beqios at
Some Catical Value of Gr ¢ tben
becomes roOre e FfecHVe
as Gr un CreaSes
 Number (St):
5. Stan fon (oefHC(en
tronsfer
Rato of beat pet unit temp
flow of be at
velo. of Ai
se d ue to
St =
b

St = Nu
Re x Pe
Tused only O co-relate forced
ConVecHon data

6: Peclet Numbez CPe): conveLH

RaHo ot heau flow rate by
to he at flo) rate by conducHorn
Wnde temp qtadient ¢
hrougb a thickness 2
Q Conv
Pe = K
cor

Rex Pr
- funcHon of Reynolds Numbez
P¢and+| num be.

t araetz Numbe CG:

RaHo f beat capaat4 of Fl°d
flowing through pípe per unit
deng tb to Condu CHvi1 of pipe
matal.
G=

4
d- ia. ofpipe. d- lebg of plpe
 G= Pe xX nd
42

Sion al Analys is Applied to

" Dimen
For ced ConvecHon:
fluid fl owiDg ac
acCrOSS
Consider a
hoizonta heated tube.
funcHon
fACient is a
ransfer co e
. Hea ng vaiabl
of fo llo wing
f(D,V.e. w, CP , k)
b=
b- heat trabsfen
Coefcient

- m LL
DE Tube dia.
flwd
sec
Vis(osiy

e= Flujd Density = kg

N-Sec
W-Elud
Vscosity

Cp = SpeafC
Heat kg-k
K= berma
m-K
[M'T1
Con duc+vi
TotaI nombe of Variab les
n= 7
Noo f fundamental dm ensiOnS)
m:4M,Le I, 9
To ta number of n n-m =?-4

f (n,na,n3) 0.
 bi Ci
K

be
Cp

By Solving above eqns

n= DD ' u k°y

v.D- Re
Rey nolds Numbe

Prandtl Numbe
D Kh

beD Nu
k
Nussel+ Num be

=0,

Wcp
K

bD
K

Ns - Ref)
Hence NUSset Numbee is function
o4 Reynolds Numbee ¢ Prandt numbz
 Analysis of Free ConvecHo n
DimenS iono
Conside na tural COnveCHOn
ho~zohtal podatebeaded tube
a
to adiaent £lud.
beat trOnSter CoefHcient
-Free co nvetion
12,RK,W Cp, LorD.
Ch) depends
longer an ipdeperdan t
- Velocity (V) is no
Vaiable but depernds ofAwd
B- coeff: O F Her mal epan on
ACC|due to q aviky
tergp differene betn s s ¢Flud

t. be f(D,8,q, 4t,8. u,Cp,k)

f, (hDB9, At , u Cp.k)

b- heat tronsfer
CoeffAcien

BAT)- Ruoyant fore = nlse2 - lr

e- Densiy ka /m8.
Lwl- fluíd vs COSiH -N-Sec sec -[M|r1
Cp- Sp heat E JS/ka-k
K- Therm a ConducHvity
 dimens0nm
humber of funda mentay
Total mumber of Variables
n=7
. . Noof n terms = 7 - 3

Cn,T13 ) =0

rep eaHng vouable

b2 C2
k Cp
b3 3
k

D3 -2 ko

Grasshoffs Numbe

PrandH Numbe

bD
= Nusselt Numbe.

f (B-9-AT)e´D3 bD
 (B9-AT)8 D3
2 K

Nu (GPa)
Hence fot free convecton
Nusset num be Us
Grashoff um ber Paond H num ber.

otes:
1n n teeau o foee CoveHon.
flow is produced b buoyan e ffect
TeswHng fomn t¿m dfferenc
These e ffects qre foclud ed
Grashoff nUmbee

fori
Natural Covecton Grashoff Numbe

Forced Cove cHor ’ Reynolds numbe

 Iportont C0-relaiong
1 ) ean Bulk Temperature
EqulibiUm temp
Aver age temper ct

2) Meqn f)ro Temp

erage temp. ot ud at the
GUface of solid & bulk temper atle
1st TCo

Ts - Slf termp
TCo - fluid temp
 Le= 4 Ac

. 4.(aib -agb2)
2fCai+b))+( ,tb) )
1f a =b ¢ a ba

Lc 4 Ac 4 (aj'-az2)
2 (2at 2a)

4-Ac
3
4.(a.b- 2
2 (a+b) + d

Le
94atnd

D= 4Ac

4 x

)(Dd)
De D-d)
Thermal Boundory Layet :
- Whenevet flo w of flwd tkeg
place over a healed oc Cold sur fa ce
a t e p e t Ctwe field u set nhu
fild to surface TUS Z0ne

jeld
dayez
PAst
whee the temperatuee
Caled Therna Bounat
Laye.
Te
np qaden+ resty ue to beat
eXhange bern plate & flid.
 Cold flid flowing ov hot plar
Reg io n affec td pla
Limit
by heaing
Uoo,t Bourdo
taye
free
tst
Lam1na r
turbwtn)
plale sl
Consider the flow ot flud Qt unfor
temp tot over hot flat plte a
emp ts.
Flwid poueti cIes n the yez cad{aoer
releh therm a eqwlibnur
withpate
Surfare t e m p s ts
Thus naelices ci) erch0n qe
energy
with athicles jn adjoin) ng luld
Hence, a
terp
profile
wn the floww teld th
oill develop
ranqs om
ts at Surface to too sufficienHy
far from suetace
The flo w reqion oVer tthe SF in
obich tem p Yaiaion in the direoto
normal to slf us Siqnifcant us
thermal bourd ary dayee.
thíck ness of termal bo u ndary
Wayee increases jo flo0 direction,
Sin e tha efees o heat tra ns fe
Ure felt at qreateL dstance rnm
the seface do wn Srea m
Hot fFlwd flowinq cvee a cod plate

Oo
If appro achng Stream at te mp t
passine over p e sIE at te,
The temp. of fluid changea tOm a
minimum at the plate Surface to the temp
of the main eam at a cext ain dotane
from surfece
- At point A, terp of fluid is same as the
face temp. ts:
-The fluid temp un (re ases qrdually unil
ut ogures the free stream temp to:
ustance h ç mealured perpen diculo
do plate sf dempt the thickneiso
thcrma boundory layer at a distane
I from the leadinq edge of pla

Term perare pro fle g, thermal bounday

heaty is cosity ¢
flow velo tspeific
thermal conduetity ot
flid
Cohen r 1
P >1
Pr < 1

Lprelydrudyn
botnday lay

Thermal boundary
leye
 Hydrdynomic Boundry laye:
No,malu
Trongiton baunday

B Turbulenk

Lead Laminar Sub laye

Lamingr
A Re = 3
Trali
X\O
B’ Notanaiitofboudaky laye,
Re = x105

The fluid a ppro aches

unifor nm velocitt tat e wi th
s oo wphich S free Strean
velbcity
- Velo. of
Flid paicle jn first
adacent to Plte flud ayee 4
Tt lows do wn srero
poHcles
adjacent totTesutt of flud tayes
invelos in fncHon &reducAor
betn two flud
Hence presenCe ofJcye.
pQa te i5
nemal distanc o fom peatefelt y to some
fYee Stream beyond which
velocity remauns
unchanged
 Dimensiona Analysis ot free (Onveetion:
Let usconsi der a n a u r a convect'on
horjzontal heat ed tube to
from a
adjacent fluid.
for free conve cHon 'b' is independant
ot veleocity but it is depe ndon t
C9 BAT)
where
Aceele aion due to gravity
B- Coeff of Thermal expansion.
difference betn flid
At - Temp
and SUrrounding.
He a Transfer coeffici ent'Bis depend on
hf(gB,AT ,D B, , Cp, k)
Let. f,(h,p .9.B, AT, 8, l, Cp,K) = 0.
h. Heat 1ransfer
Coe f . lm k
D- pipe io
[L]
B9 AT)- Buyant
for ce
m|sc 2

8- Dengity - kg Im m3]
u- fid vis(osity= N-sec m? ,[MI-T|
Cp = p Heat = Jl kg-k= [T-2 6-7
k- Therml conduchvity. mk ML
Nere The numbero f fundamtnta
dimenions 4
Noof voriables
No o 1er ms = 7-43
 Le D, U,CP repeaing variables.
. k (P9AT)
d2
D Cp
a3 b da
k b.

&olving above 'n terms ceget.

W2

Grasshoff Number.
D° k
Cp

Prand+| Number
k- b.
bD
k
Nussel+ Nu mbe.

f (ar, Pr, Nu) -o.

$ Nu e f (arsP)
ie. k

ttence free COnvec Hon 5sbows tha

Nusset Number a Juncton
cHon o 'Grnunber
& Pr' num ber.
 Nussel Number i
is
conducHe beat trany fer
Lo wer Value
-
Alqnifcomina
onvecHv¹ hea transfer
Higher valse
dominant
fow s turbW ent

Stanton Number (st):

forced convection in tluid flow
Jt ecpYe sses a flwd ca n
-lodj CoJes bow much heat
deliver cwhen there is heat trancfer
betweeh fid & solid Surface

Peclet Num ber(Pe):

1t repr esent Conntcion betueen heat
hea transfen
through a con ecHon or conducHon
Higher Pe Convec+on is dominated
Lo wer Pe Con ducH'on i dom inatd

GraetZ Num ber (G)

-1hus number exreSs /deHne la min ar o
un eo duct conduit ) þipe
- belp to determi ne the enterane donq t
o thermal flow in duct
Hugher G ’ Thet mal flow 1s el fuly develo pe d
’ Laminar flo.
 Prandt Num ber -
tugh value momenUm di ftusion (Visosiy)
TS ore effeHve than
t herma tusion (
ConducHOn heat transfer is
dominatod
low value Difusion is more
ore ef fetve
&
Pr =oo01- O-o3
Convencion becomes promine.
Liguçd metay
O2 -1 for qases
1-1o ater.
=5-b0 Organic Puid,
5-20O0’ for o)ls.
Pr O7 for ur at Dorm temp.

Grasho tf umbur (Gr)

tiger vaue ’ Indicates thar Buyongmy Forces
aremore siqnificont as
to Vis Cous Forces. Compa red
Suppor ts Naral Convectfon phenoma
low value Viscous Forces qre rmore domin ant
ar
which
S ppre3S free Convecto n
ominoted ey conduch'on heat
tranfer.

'Pr number