EE 5I2-ENERGY CONSERVATION IN ELECTRICL MACHINES ECA (22525)

Q.1) State the need of energy conservation in electrical motors.

Need for energy conservation in electric motors:
1) Electric motors are a major part of the industrial area (about 60% to 70%) and consume a huge
amount of energy.
2) Cost of electricity is increasing.
3) For maximum savings motors must work at higher efficiencies.
4) Production costs cannot be reduced till the operating costs of machines used therein are
reduced without sacrificing the quality.
5) Most of the electricity produced and utilized to drive the electrical motors comes from the
Burning of precious fuels or using natural resources as coal, oil etc.
6) Inefficient motors need large powers of which a major portion is lost.

Q.2) State and explain various factors governing the selection of 3 phase induction motor.
OR
List out the factors to be considered to select electrical drives for an application.

Ans: Factors governing the selection of 3 phase induction motor:

1) Load torque required at normal speed matches with available torque of motor.
2) Break down torque or pull out torque or maximum torque must match with the maximum
torque requirement by load.
3) Starting torque of motor must be more than that needed by load.
4) The duty or load cycle of the motor determines the motor’s thermal loading, hence it should be
such that sufficient time is available for cooling between the cycles.
5) The torque speed characteristics available from the motor must match the requirements of
the load.
6) The environment/atmosphere in which the motor is to be installed govern the motor operating
characteristics required. Eg. Corrosive atmospheres, dusty atmospheres, high temperature spaces
need properly chosen motors for drives.
7) Cost of the motor plays an important role if a range is available.
8) Easily procurable, quick and easily serviceable motors are normally preferred. Standard
motors are normally preferred.
9) Normally while selecting motors its performance is verified from the test certificate.
10) The power factor (reactive power drawn) and performance between 70% load to
100% load are considered. A motor having good characteristics in this regards will be always be
preferred.
11) If selecting an energy efficient motor the cost benefit analysis over the long run must be worked
out.

OR

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EE 5I2-ENERGY CONSERVATION IN ELECTRICL MACHINES ECA (22525)

Q.3) List energy conservation techniques in electrical motors.

Following are the list of energy conservation techniques in electrical motors:

1) Reduction in iron losses by using low loss silicon steel core material laminated to thinne dimension.
2) Using bigger length dimension (longer cores) to increase the area of magnetic flux due to which
the flux density is lowered to reduce the eddy currents & hysteresis losses.
3) Lowering the air gap that leads to reduction of the reluctance of the magnetic circuit & hence lower
magnetizing current to produce the same flux density.
4) Using low resistance copper bars in rotors instead of high resistance aluminum bar leading to
reduction in the copper losses in rotor.
5) Use very smooth surface finishes of stator/rotor (air gap) leading to low wind age losses
6) Use high quality bearings to reduce the frictional losses.
7) Use smaller diameter fans to reduce fan load (as above measures lead to lower heat production in
motors & hence reduced cooling requirements).
8) By minimizing idle & redundant running.
9) By matching motor required load.
10) By Phase balancing.
11) By improving power quality.
12) Operating motor in star mode at light load.

Q.4) Describe the effect of following on Induction Motor : (i) Harmonic Distortion
(ii) Voltage Unbalance
i) Effect of harmonic distortion:

Due to distortion of the main frequency waveform by harmonics produced due to solid state devices,
electromagnetic devices, arcing devices the high frequency harmonics lead to increased copper losses and iron
losses that results in over heating of motors (due to the harmonic voltages and resulting currents thereon). This
leads to motor failures, lower life and improper torque speed characteristics.

ii) Effect of voltage unbalance:

For three phase motors this leads to unequal currents in the three phase windings that result in unbalance in the
fields produced due to which negative phase sequence currents are produced that cause oppositely rotating
magnetic field to the normal one, leading to overheating in rotor.

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Q.) Explain the following energy conservation methods of electric

motors.
a) Matching motor rating with required load,
The motor matching with required loads is achieved in the following manners to maintain
higher efficiency of the motors and conserve electric energy.
• When the required load differs much from the connected motor capacity it becomes necessary
to replace the motor with the required load rating motor, as such operation leads to lower
efficiencies and power factor (in under loading).
• Over sizing of motors by 50 % or more results in lower operating efficiency and lower pf. Also
higher cost of motor means financial loss.
• Under sizing by 10% to 20 % or more results in heavy over loading due to which the motors run with heavy
losses, overheating and lower efficiency finally leading to lower life.
• Also, the motor is operated in star mode for under loaded motors when the torque requirement is less
compared to that at full load. Hence the voltage required at the motor winding is less due to less
torque. In delta connection, line voltage is on each phase winding. When star connected, the current
drawn by the motor drops significantly power factor increases and overall power saving is likely to be
10-20% depending on the extent of under loading.

b) Rewinding of motors:
• During rewinding by preserving the original winding characteristics (materials quality, design and
structure) it is possible to maintain the original operating characteristics.
• Using larger cross-section of conductors and better insulation the coppeer losses can be minimized.
• Rewinding for the required torque and power or speed results in lowering of the losses (better
efficiency and hence energy savings).
• Extension of coils beyond the slot insulation must be minimized to reduce the amount of copper
used that leads to lowering of the copper losses.
• Better cooling can be achieved by proper sized fans.

c) Minimizing idle and redundant running of motors

1) Loss of energy as the no load power drawn is approximately about 12 % to 16 % of rated power
output in most of motors.
2) Un-necessary heat production at friction points as bearings leading to wearing of bearing.
3) Motor being inductive load, the pf of such running is low, leading to unnecessary losses.
4) Reduction in overall system energy efficiency over period of time.
Hence avoiding long periods of such operation of motors is needed to maintain a higher energy
efficiency of operation and conserve energy.
1) This can be achieved by switching off the motors during such extend.
2) operating the motor at low voltages just to keep them running near their normal speed.

d) by operating in star mode:

OR
Explain energy conservation technique in induction motor by operating I.M. in star mode?

Ans: In star mode operation of induction motors, energy is conserved as follows:-

1) Lesser than 30% of rated load means torque required by load is less than 30%
2) When connected in star the phase voltage reduces to (1/√3) times that in delta mode. As the
2
torque generated by motor is directly proportional to the (Applied Voltage per phase) the
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torque produced falls 1/3 compared to delta mode

3) Due to decreased phase voltage the iron losses decrease to nearly 1/3
4) Due to reduction in phase voltage, the current drawn in the lines are reduced which further
reduces copper losses in motor and decreases line losses.

e) By Improving Power Quality :

OR
Draw power flow diagram of induction motor and describe methods of improving efficiency
by good power quality.

Ans : Power quality is defined by the closeness of the following to specified values:
1) Voltage
2) Frequency
3) Closeness of the supply to sine waveform [form factor = 7r/(2V2)], which also is a means for knowing the
harmonic content of the supply.
1) Voltage: Maintaining the voltage at the rated value for motors results in the properly expected torque speed
characteristics available to drive the load. Lower voltage leads to excessive current drawn due to which the line
losses increase, machine copper losses increase, line voltage drops increase. Even if voltage is above required
value higher flux density results in motors that leads to higher iron losses. These lead to decrease in efficiency.
Hence proper voltage has to be maintained.

2) Frequency: It governs the speed related losses and iron losses. If its value is more than rated these losses
increase as speed is directly proportional to the frequency the speed dependent friction & windage losses
increase that will decrease the efficiency. Lower value of frequency leads to lower speed that affects the output
power. Hence frequency has to be maintained at rated value.

3) When the supply waveform is purely sinusoidal the harmonics are absent which means no iron & copper
losses due to harmonic voltage & currents. Also the harmonics even if very small lead to production of
unwanted harmonic torques in motors which need to be overcome & this requires energy which is wasteful.
Hence the supply voltage must be as near as possible to sine wave in case of AC motors.

f) By Motor Survey:
Large industries have a massive population of LT motors. Load survey of LT motors can be taken-up methodically
to identify improvement options.
1) Sampling Criteria: Towards the objective of selecting representative LT motor drives among the motor
population, for analysis, the criteria considered are: −
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a.Utilization factor i.e., hours of operation with preference given to continuously operated drive motors.
b. Sample representative basis, where one drive motor analysis can be reasoned as representative for the
population. e.g. Cooling Tower Fans, Air Washer Units, etc.
c.Conservation potential basis, where drive motors with inefficient capacity controls on the machine side,
fluctuating load drive systems, etc., are looked into
2) Measurements: Studies on selected LT motors involve measurement of electrical load parameters namely
volts, amperes, power factor, kW drawn.
Observations on machine side parameters such as speed, load, pressure, temperature, etc., (as relevant) are
also taken.
Availability of online instruments for routine measurements, availability of tail-end capacitors for PF correction,
energy meters for monitoring is also looked into for each case.
Analysis of observations on representative LT motors and connected drives is carried out towards following
outputs: −
Motor load on kW basis and estimated energy consumption.
Scope for improving monitoring systems to enable sustenance of a regular in-house Energy Audit function.
Scope areas for energy conservation with related cost benefits and source information.
The observations are to indicate: % loading on kW, % voltage unbalance if any, voltage, current, frequency,
power factor, machine side conditions like load / unload condition, pressure, flow, temperature, damper /
throttle operation, whether it is a rewound motor, idle operations, metering provisions, etc. The findings /
recommendations may include
 Identified motors with less than 50 % loading, 50 – 75 % loading, 75 – 100 % loading, over 100 % loading.
 Identified motors with low voltage / power factor / voltage imbalance for needed improvement measures.
 Identified motors with machine side losses / inefficiencies like idle operations, throttling / damper operations
for avenues like automatic controls / interlocks, variable speed drives, etc.
Motor load survey is aimed not only as a measure to identify motor efficiency areas but equally importantly, as
a means to check combined efficiency of the motor, driven machine and controller if any. The margins in motor
efficiency may be less than 10 % of consumption often, but the load survey would help to bring out savings in
driven machines / systems, which can give 30 – 40 % energy savings.

Q.6) Explain why frequent rewinding of induction motors reduces its efficiency.
Ans:
Frequent rewinding may lead to the following:
1) Increase in eddy current losses as heating the core for stripping old coils leads to fall in the
lamination insulation resistance.
2) A change in the air gap or fitting of the rotor in stator gap can lead to increase in the reluctance or
uneven reluctance as compared to the original parameters. Thus more magnetizing current is
needed.
3) If the rewound motor has a smaller conductor cross section it leads to increased copper losses.
4) Improperly sized/shaped fans used after rewinding can lead to accumulation of heat in the motor,
change in the operating characteristics, that lead to increase in the mechanical losses & hence
decrease in efficiency.

Q.7) Write any six techniques that are to be adapted while designing energy
efficient motors as compared to conventional induction motors.
Ans:
1) Reduction in iron losses by using low loss silicon steel core material laminated to thinner
dimension.

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2) Using bigger length dimension (longer cores) to increase the area of magnetic flux due
to which the flux density is lowered to reduce the eddy currents & hysteresis losses.
3) Lowering the air gap that leads to reduction of the reluctance of the magnetic circuit &
hence lower magnetizing current to produce the same flux density.
4) Using low resistance copper bars in rotors instead of high resistance aluminum bars
leading to reduction in the copper losses in rotor.
5) Use very smooth surface finishes of stator/rotor (air gap) leading to low windage losses
6) Use high quality bearings to reduce the frictional losses.
7) Use smaller diameter fans to reduce fan load (as above measures lead to lower heat
production in motors & hence reduced cooling requirements).

Q.8) Write comparison between energy efficient motor and conventional induction
motor (any four points).
Sr Points to compare on Energy Efficient Motor Conventional Motor
1 Construction Thin & low loss Laminations with
laminations of core. higher flux densities.
Longer core. arge dia. Cu/Al conductor
Copper conductor , Low with smaller dia. Al
loss fan , aerodynamic fan, standard quality
designed rotor optimized controlled
design , quality control manufacturing
procedure in process.
manufacturing
2 Efficiency Higher upto 92 % Lower upto 86%
3 Speed (Slightly higher) nearer Slip around 4 % at
to synchronous, slip full load.
about 2.5 to 3% at full
load.
4 Starting torque Good as required. Sufficient

Q.9) State advantages of Energy Efficient motors as compared to conventional motors.

OR
State the significant features of Energy Efficient Motor.
Ans: Advantages of Energy Efficient motors as compared to conventional motors:

1. Material used is of high quality. ( High flux density & High current density)
2. Due to high quality material luminous used are thin hence core size will be less so that
losses will be less.
3. Due to precise air gap stator and rotor is less & optimum.
4. The starting and running torque is more.
5. The noise & vibration level is less.
6. Less (negligible) maintenance.
7. Operating temperature with standing capacity is more without any problem.
8. Energy- Efficient motors last longer, and may require less maintenance.

Q.10) Suggest the energy conservation techniques in following cases :

(i) Motor is running with 70% loaded condition.
(ii) Motor is continuously loaded at 50%.
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(iii) Motor runs with 30% loaded condition but sometimes rises to 50% loading condition.
(iv) Motor runs continuously under noload condition.
Ans :

Q.11) How energy efficiency improvement is achieved in energy efficiency motor for
following? Power loss area : (i) Iron loss (ii) Stator and Rotor Cu loss.
Ans:-
(i) Iron loss: ( 2 Mark)
 Iron losses are found in the stator and rotor magnetic steel and are due to hysterics effect and eddy
current effect during 50Hz magnetization of the core material.
 The hysterics losses which are a function flux density are be reduced by utilizing low loss grade of
silicon steel laminations
 The reduction of flux density is achieved by suitable increase in core length of stator and rotor.
 Eddy current losses are generated by circulating current within the core steel laminations.
 Core losses are reduced by using thinner laminations.

(ii) Stator and Rotor Cu loss: ( 2 Mark)

 Stator and rotor copper losses are measure losses and typically account for 55 % to 60%. Of the
total losses.
 Copper losses are heating losses resulting from current passing through stator and rotor conductors.
 Copper losses are the function of conductor resistance and the square of current.
 Resistance of conductor is a function of conductor material, length and cross sectional area. The
suitable selection of copper conductor size will reduce the resistance.
 Reducing the motor current is most readily accomplished by decreasing the magnetizing component
of current.
 Rotor copper losses are a function of the rotor conductors and the rotor slip. Utilization of copper
conductors will reduce the winding resistance.

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 Motor operation closer to synchronous speed will also reduce rotor copper losses
Q.) State the need of energy conservation in transformer and material used to improve the design &
performance of transformer.
Need of energy conservation in transformer:
In electrical power system, transformers are used to change the voltage levels of different sections as per the
need of economic and efficient operation of the system. Since the transformers are integral part of power system
and large in numbers, whether they are on load or no load, they always remain on line.
The power losses in windings (no load primary copper losses due to no load current) and in magnetic core (due
to rated voltage across primary) results in energy wastage. As rated voltage and no load current are there around
the clock, reduction in these losses in transformer leads to large amount of energy savings over the period,
which can be used for some other good reason. Therefore, there is need of energy conservation in transformer.
Material used to improve the design & performance of transformer:
(i) Amorphous metal or amorphous steel
(ii) Epoxy Resin
(iii) Polyester sealent
(iv) Cast Resin
(v) Metglass

Q.) State at least eight energy conservation opportunities in Transformer.

Ans : Following are the energy conservation opportunities in Transformer: ( 4 Mark)
1. Using energy efficient transformer.
2. Use amorphous core containing ferromagnetic elements like iron, cobalt alloy. This material has high
resistivity than silicon steel. Due to this low core losses so less energy wasted.
3. Use encapsulated dry type transformer.
4. Use tapped transformer, usually auto wound for saving in copper.
5. Use better quality low resistance copper conductors to reduce copper losses.
6. Maintain operating voltage, form factor and frequency at the rated values (power quality) so that losses are
minimized.
7. Use better quality insulation materials to improve overload capacity.
8. By keeping the proper maintenance of transformer.

Q.) State the periodical maintenance of transformer as a energy conservation

techniques.
Ans :Proper periodical maintenance leads to Energy conservation in transformers;
1) Measure the voltage, current and temperature.
2) Check for winding resistance including termination resistances:
3) Check oil level and dielectric strength of oil.
4) Check breather and silica gel.
5) Check cooling arrangement.
6) Check Insulation resistance.

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Q.) Why energy conservation techniques should be adopted in transformers even though
its efficiency is 90%?

Q.) Explain amorphous core transformer and epoxy resin cast (dry type transformer) w.r.t. energy
conservation.
Ans : Amorphous core transformer w.r.t. energy conservation:
i) Amorphous core transformer is energy efficient transformer. The magnetic core is made up of amorphous
metal. This core can be easily magnetized and demagnetized.
ii) The amorphous alloy is made up of iron, boron, silicon alloy, molten metal mixture when cooled to solid
state at a very high speed rate, retain a random atomic structure that is not crystalline. This amorphous
resembles to glass so referred as glass metal.
iii) In case of amorphous core material, size of core, conductor, tank and insulating oil is increased.
iv) The amorphous material is 9 times harder than CRGO steel. Hardness, along with small thickness makes
slitting and shearing process more difficult.
v) The amorphous material consists of high electrical resistivity and low field magnetization. Due to low field
magnetization, hysteresis loss is low. Due to high electrical resistivity, eddy current loss is suppressed.
vi) Hence amorphous core transformer is approximately 20 to 30 % costlier than conventional core transformer.

Q.) Epoxy resin type or dry type transformer w.r.t energy conservation:
1. Epoxy resin impregnated:
In this transformer, the polyster sealent is applied on transformer winding & the coils are poured in some
chemical liquids & after it, it is dried in the oven. Due to this the winding resistance for corona increases and
corona effect decreases. The high voltage sustained capacity increases. There will be more resistance to the
moisture & due to epoxy resin impregnation there will be high temperature resistance. Due to all this, the losses
in the transformer is less & efficiency of the transformer increases.
2. Cast resin impregnated:
Basically the dielectric strength of the cast resin insulation is more than epoxy resin impregatition. It is equal to
insulation level of transformer oil. The overload capacity of these transformers is more. The lighting surges
caused due to any reasons affect minimum to these cast resin transformers.

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Q.) Epoxy resin transformers are more suitable in hazardous areas. Give reason.

Q.) Describe the use of Epoxy Resin cast/Encapsulated Dry type transformer from energy
conservation point of view.
Ans : The use of Epoxy Resin cast/Encapsulated Dry type transformer from energy conservation point
of view are as follows:
1. Core used is of CRGO M4-M3 circular size therefore minimum leakage reactance and hence core
losses will be less.
2. Winding consist of flexible rope of copper instead of rectangular strips or rod. Therefore current
carry capacity is more and better cooling effect.
3. Insulation consists of high quality epoxy resin which is capable to withstanding high temperature
and also provides minimum clearance as per voltage requirement.
4. As the transformer is fully encapsulated, routine maintenances is less.
5. As cooling oil is absent the total weight of transformer is less.
6. Due to less weight loading & unloading of the transformer is easy.
7. In the absence of oil there is no need of testing the dielectric strength of oil or no filtration of oil.

Q.) Describe the importance of amorphous core transformers from the energy conservation
point of view.
Ans : Importance of amorphous core transformers from the energy conservation point of view:
Major energy losses in distribution transformers are the iron losses (hysteresis + eddy current) that occur
continuously in the core while maintaining the operating flux throughout the day. These core losses in the
conventional transformer whose core is made of silicon alloyed grain oriented iron laminations occur constantly
during the time when the transformer is working for all loads: no load included. Amorphous cores are made of
metallic glass (iron alloy) alloy that have these losses lower by about 70 %.
1. Due to lower iron losses the loss at all loads is reduced resulting in Each point significant improvement
in the efficiency which may increase upto 98.5 % even at low loads.
2. This material has high electrical resistivity. This is 2-3 times higher than that of silicon steel. This is
partially responsible for low core (eddy current) losses.
3. Amorphous steel has lower hysteresis losses. So, this means that less energy wasted in magnetizing &
demagnetizing during each cycle of supply current.
4. The all day efficiency of the transformers is increased that results in huge energy savings.
5. As losses get reduced cooling problems are reduced and heat related problems are reduced.

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Q.) Explain any four advantages of amorphous transformer.

Advantages of amorphous core transformer:

1) Lowest hysteresis loss.

2) Low temperature rise.
3) Up to 75% energy saving using amorphous metal than conventional metal.
4) Reduced carbon dioxide emission.
5) Reduction in fossil fuel consumption.
6) Reduced magnetizing current.
7) Better overload capacity.
8) High Reliability.
9) Excellent short circuit capacity.
10) Less maintenance

Q.6) State how 'parallel operation of transformers' helps in energy conservation

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Q.) Compare conventional transformer and energy efficient transformer on the

basis
of: (i) Construction ii) Material used (iii) Losses (iv) Application

Energy Efficient
Parameter Conventional Transformer
Transformer
Conventional transformer Energy efficient Transformer
uses the core of silicon steel employ core of amorphous
laminations (CRGO). They steel which has lower
Construction
are generally oil cooled. hysteresis losses. They are
generally of dry type (no oil
is used).
They are manufactured with They are manufactured with
higher quality conducting, lower quality conducting,
Material used
electromagnetic & electromagnetic & insulating
insulating materials & materials & techniques
techniques.
They usually have higher More losses.
service factors & less waste
Losses
heat output all of which
increase reliability with less
losses.
1. In Generation, 1. The main application of
Transmission, Distribution AMTs are the grid
Application networks. distribution transformers
2. For step-up and step- rated at about 50 1000 kVA.
down voltage applications. 2. Used in energy efficient
application areas.

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State any four advantages of soft starter.

Ans:
Advantages of soft starter:
1. Very low line voltage drops on motor operation
2. Reduced energy losses in the lines
3. System efficiency increases
4. Very smooth starting & operation
5. As current is limited, the maximum demand is controlled
6. Prevents damage to motor through mechanical stress
7. Severe spikes of starting currents are eliminated.
8. Loss of energy during starting is minimized to about 40 to 50%.
9. Severe wear and tear of mechanical parts such as bearing etc. during starting is eliminated
leading
to longer life of bearings and other related components.
10. Very low mechanical stress.
11. As starting currents are highly inductive, limiting their magnitudes results in improved power
factor.
12. As current peaks are controlled the MD is reduced which may lead to lower MD billing.
13. Less mechanical maintenance.
14. Saving in operating costs.

Describe the working of soft starter and state its advantages over conventional starter.
Ans:
Working of soft starter:
Soft starter delivers a controlled power to the motor to provide smooth, step less acceleration and
deceleration. It consists of thyristor in main circuit and the motor voltage is regulated with a printed
circuit board. So as the voltage is low at the time of starting, current & torque developed will be also
low. During starting period the soft starter provides low voltage to motor which enables to adjust the
play between the gear wheels or stretching driving belts or chains etc. In other words it eliminates
unnecessary jerks during the start. Gradually the voltage and the torque increase so that the
machinery starts to accelerate. The line voltage drops & losses at start are thus very low. It provides a
reliable and economical solution to overcome problem related with starting.
Advantages over conventional starter:
1) Motor starts (without jerk) smoothly.
2) Severe spikes of starting currents are eliminated.
3) Loss of energy during starting is minimized to about 40 to 50%.
4) Severe wear and tear of mechanical parts such as bearing etc. during starting is eliminated leading
to longer life of bearings and other related components.
5) Very low mechanical stress.
6) As starting currents are highly inductively limiting their magnitudes results in improved power
factor.
7) As current peaks are controlled the MD is reduced which may lead to lower MD billing.
8) Less mechanical maintenance.
9) Saving in operating costs.

4 State the advantages of soft starter over DOL starter.

Ans:

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Advantages of Soft Starter Over DOL Starter:

1) Motor starts (without jerk) smoothly.
2) Severe spikes of starting currents are eliminated.
3) Loss of energy during starting is minimized to about 40 to 50%.
4) Severe wear and tear of mechanical parts such as bearing etc. during starting is eliminated.
5) Longer life of bearings and related components.
6) Very low mechanical stress.
7) Power factor improvement.
8) As current peaks are controlled the MD is reduced which may lead to lower MD billing.
9) Less mechanical maintenance.
10) Saving in operating costs.
11) Enhancement of motor starting duty by reducing the temperature rise in stator
windings and supply transformer

What is VFD? State the benefits of it.

Ans:
VFD: A Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) is a type of motor controller that drives an
electric motor by varying the frequency and voltage supplied to the electric motor.
Benefits of VFD:
1) Smooth starting.
2) Smooth acceleration & deceleration
3) Quick stopping.
4) Quick reversal of motor.
5) Reduces harmonics.
6) Increases power factor.
7) Saves energy.
8) Smooth speed control.
9) Better process control.
10) Lower maintenance cost.
11) Higher life span.
12) Very low losses.
13) Improved power quality of system
14) Jerk and vibration free operation.
15) Highly efficient.
16) Energy conservation

State the benefits of VFDs. How energy conservation is achieved by using VFDs ?
Following are the benefits of variable frequency drive:
( Any Four benefits expected: 1/2 Mark each )
1) Energy saving.
2) Better process control.
3) Cost saving.
4) Less maintenance cost.
5) Large life for bearing & motors.
6) Improved power quality.
7) Smooth starting.
8) Improved power factor
9) Reduced M.D. Charges
Reason for energy conservation is achieved by using VFDs: ( 2 Mark)

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1) Energy saving due to optimum use for applications.

2) Smooth starting. Can star avoided.
3) Smooth speed control changing operations are avoided as smooth increasing (to 300%) or
decrease (to 11%) of the rated speed is possible.
4) Better process control, (with Micro controller and IGBT (Insulated Gate Bi-polar
transistor) optimization of input variables to get required outputs
5) Less maintenance cost due to optimum working.
6) Higher life span with very low losses for bearing & motors due to which we have
improved optimal output power quality.

State the use of variable frequency drive with its advantages.

Use of Variable Frequency Drive:
1. For conveyers, machine tools and other production line equipment machine
starting and controlling
2. Tunnel boring, mining and oil drilling platform machines staring and controlling
3. For controlling motor driven centrifugal pumps, fans and blowers.
Advantages:
i) Energy saving due to optimum use for applications.
ii) Smooth starting can start the motor under load smoothly hence losses are
avoided.
iii) Smooth speed control: Losses and shocks during speed control & speed
changing -operations are avoided as smooth increase (to 300%) or
decrease (to11%) of the rated speed is possible.
iv) Better process control, (with Micro controller and IGBT (Insulated Gate
Bi-polar Transistor) optimization of input variables to get required outputs.
v) Less maintenance cost due to optimum working.
vi) Higher life span with very low losses for bearing & motors due to which
we have improved optimal output power quality.

Describe with circuit diagram, the operation of automatic star delta starter from the energy
conservation point of view.
Circuit diagram of automatic star delta starter:

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Explanation:
Motors having higher capacity (more than 10Hp) are provided with star delta
windings. During initial startup motor is connected in star mode to reduce the initial inrush
current. Once motor achieves the requires speed, it switches the delta mode after which
motor can be loaded. Automatic star delta converter switches motor to star mode during less
than 40% load on motor and as load increases above 40% it switches motor to delta mode.
When motor operates in star mode its current consumption drops by 1/3rd, thereby saving
energy. The savings are about 10 to 40% depending on motor load and load variation
L1, L2, L3 – external conductor
N – Neutral conductor
F1 – Fuses
F2 – Thermal cutout
K1 – Main contactor
K2 – delta contactor
K3 – star contactor
M1 – three phase motor.

State the working principle and operation of automatic power factor controller
used in
transmission & distribution system.
Diagram of Automatic over factor controller:

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or equivalent figure

OR Equivalent figure
Automatic Power factor control:
 The pf controller is used to maintain the pf at unity across the lines it is connected.
 Maintaining the pf at unity leads to reduction in the current through
the lines as real power = apparent power x pf. The apparent power
decides the MD for which the consumer is billed.
 For a certain motor the current in the lines will depend on its pf which is lagging.
For higher pf near unity maintained at the motor terminals the line currents are
minimized leading to lower MD and hence saving in MD charges.
 If PF is above reference value then microprocessor will not take any action, but
when PF falls below reference value then it will send signal to relay and relay
will connect respective capacitive bank across the load.
OR

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1. Please check if required kVAr of capacitors are installed.

2. Check the type of capacitor installed is suitable for application or the
capacitors are de rated.
3. Check if the capacitors are permanently ‘ON’. The Capacitor are not
switched off
4. when the load is not working, under such condition the average
power factor is found to be lower side.
5. Check whether all the capacitors are operated in APFC depending upon the
load

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