Semana de Ingeneria

Introduction to the transition

of Inertia to Virtual Interia
Control.
Presented by
Celine Neal
Introduction : The Grid Generation

what is VG and Turbine how it is used on the grid you can give short history of the grid
 Generation: Regulación primaria y
Regulacion Secondaria de Frequncia

Para mantener la frecuencia a un valor constante se requiere que la generación se ajuste cada instante a la demanda. Pero debido a que la generación y la demanda son
susceptibles de cambios en cantidades discretas, especialmente durante los eventos de fallas en los sistemas de generación, transmisión o distribución; existe el
riesgo de un desajuste, resultando en un incremento o decremento de la frecuencia. Dicho riesgo se reduce manteniendo operando los sistemas de regulación primaria
y secundaria, así como una adecuada reserva rodante.
Grid Transition: SG GOALS

Sustainable Energy Goals:

What is the future of the electrical Grid?

Some thing short about the future of the grid

Stability:

Different types of power generation provide varying levels of inertia. Nuclear and natural gas plants have high inertia,
helping stabilize the grid, while renewables like wind and solar contribute little or no inertia. This difference in inertia
affects grid reliability and resilience.
Figure 3: Typical Magnitudes of the Inertia Constant (H) for Different Types of Power Generation

Imagine heavier objects are harder to push or stop than lighter ones. Similarly, power sources with high inertia, like
nuclear, stabilize the grid, while lighter sources, like solar and wind, have minimal impact on grid stability.inertia is a
stored kenetic energy that is created my a moving body. It can be seen through every moving object and it is quiet
important especially to the power system. It is what would buy time on the grid if there were any disruption. Let me
explain more in detail. large rotating mass such as turbines and generators is what creates inertia and the governor is
what facilitates for the grid to be able to get enough power demand it needs in the event of a disrtuption. Inertia is what
assists with controling the frequency drop in the system.
What is inertia:
Say how inertia is used and why is imortant explain the equation but not in depth and then include this El cambio de la
frecuencia eléctrica dω/dt es directamente proporcional aldesbalance de potencia producido en el sistema y es
inversamente proporcional a la inercia del sistema.
You will have to explain the equation and how it balances yes.
Frequency load and demand:
Say how inertia is used and why is imortant explain the equation but not in depth and then include this El cambio de la
frecuencia eléctrica dω/dt es directamente proporcional aldesbalance de potencia producido en el sistema y es
inversamente proporcional a la inercia del sistema.
You will have to explain the equation and how it balances yes.
Respuesta ante un cambio de carga y inertial
Say how inertia is used and why is imortant explain the equation but not in depth and then include this El cambio de la
frecuencia eléctrica dω/dt es directamente proporcional aldesbalance de potencia producido en el sistema y es
inversamente proporcional a la inercia del sistema.
You will have to explain the equation and how it balances yes.

Respuesta ante un cambio de carga Respuesta Inertial

Si la generación y la demanda no coinciden, la frecuencia del sistema

cambia a una velocidad determinada inicialmente por la inercia total del
sistema.
Como se interconectale energia renovables:

Say how inertia is used and why is imortant explain the equation but not in depth and then include this El cambio de la
frecuencia eléctrica dω/dt es directamente proporcional aldesbalance de potencia producido en el sistema y es
inversamente proporcional a la inercia del sistema.
You will have to explain the equation and how it balances yes.
Como se interconectale energia renovables:

Los esquemas de control tradicionales para los inversores seguidores de red no cuentan con inercia.
No participan en la regulación de frecuencia de la red.
No participan en la regulación del voltaje de la red
Algunas de las características con las que deben contar los inversores inteligentes son:
Inercia sintética o virtual (almacenamiento de energía)
Participación en la regulación de frecuencia
Participación en la regulación de voltaje
Tipos de almencaonamiento:

Say how inertia is used and why is imortant explain the equation but not in depth and then include this El cambio de la
frecuencia eléctrica dω/dt es directamente proporcional aldesbalance de potencia producido en el sistema y es
inversamente proporcional a la inercia del sistema.
You will have to explain the equation and how it balances yes.
Virtual Inertia Control:
Virtual Synchronous Generator

•En 2008 se plantea la idea de operar un convertidor electrónico agregándole un sistema de almacenamiento de energía
para que durante periodos cortos de tiempo el inversor pueda contribuir a la estabilización de la frecuencia de la red. El
sistema de almacenamiento y el control operan como la inercia virtual del inversor y éste esquema se denominó
Generador Síncrono Virtual.
 Tipes of Virtual Inertia Control

Model Predictive Control (MPC): Virtual Synchronous Machine (VSM): Reinforcement Learning (RL):
MPC uses predictive algorithms to anticipate changes in grid VSMs emulate the inertia of traditional generators by RL is an AI-based approach that allows the
frequency and adjust power output accordingly. It creates an creating a virtual rotational mass effect, which helps control system to "learn" from ongoing grid
optimal control sequence, balancing energy supply with demand steady grid frequency against sudden power shifts. This conditions and adjust its responses over time. It’s
in real time, which is especially effective in managing grid technique is particularly useful in grids with high levels particularly adaptive and useful in complex,
fluctuations. of renewable energy, where natural inertia is limited. unpredictable environments, where it can make
dynamic, real-time decisions to support grid
stability.

Figure 3: The general concept of MPC.

Figure 4: Simplified Block Diagram of a potential VSM Implementation. Figure 5: Structure of implemented
reinforcement learning based controller.
The concept of MPC, showing the prediction and adjustment steps. This visual Block diagram of VSM implementation, highlighting its role in creating a
RL-based control structure, demonstrating the feedback loop
highlights how MPC forecasts future changes to adjust output and maintain balance. virtual inertia effect similar to traditional machines.
and learning process for adaptive grid control.
 Conclusion:
Challenges and Future Directions in Virtual
Inertia Control

Challenges:
Parameter Sensitivity: VIC requires precise tuning to avoid instability, especially with fluctuating renewable energy.
High Computational Demand: Advanced methods like MPC and RL need significant processing power, challenging
real-time applications.
Scalability: Scaling VIC from microgrids to larger systems adds complexity, as diverse load and generation patterns
require robust solutions.

Future Directions:
Adaptive Control: Developing algorithms that automatically adjust to changing grid conditions for better stability.
AI Integration: Leveraging AI, especially reinforcement learning, to make VIC more responsive and autonomous.
Broader Integration: Scaling VIC for larger grids and smart grid integration to support increased renewable energy.
 References:
1. Denholm, P., Mai, T., Kenyon, R. W., Kroposki, B., & O'Malley, M. (2020). Inertia and the power grid: A guide without the spin.
National Renewable Energy Laboratory. University of Colorado Boulder.
2. Yap, K. Y., Sarimuthu, C. R., & Lim, J. M. (2019). Virtual inertia-based inverters for mitigating frequency instability in grid-
connected renewable energy systems: A review. Applied Sciences, 9(24), 5300.
3. Sockeel, N., Gafford, J., Papari, B., & Mazzola, M. (2020). Virtual inertia emulator-based model predictive control for grid
frequency regulation considering high penetration of inverter-based energy storage systems. IEEE Transactions on
Sustainable Energy. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSTE.2020.2982348
4. Li, X., Wang, S., Yan, S., & Jia, X. (2020). Modeling and robust control with virtual inertia for super-large-scale battery energy
storage system. 2020 IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics, Smart Grid and Renewable Energy (PESGRE2020).
5. Ghosh, R., Tummuru, N. R., & Rajpurohit, B. S. (2020). Virtual inertia from renewable energy sources: Mathematical
representation and control strategy. 2020 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe (ISGT-Europe).
6. Skiparev, V., Belikov, J., Monti, A., & Petlenkov, E. (2020). Reinforcement learning-based approach for virtual inertia control in
microgrids with renewable energy sources. Tallinn University of Technology
7. Kerdphol, T., Qudaih, Y., & Mitani, Y. (2017). Virtual inertia control-based model predictive control for microgrid. IEEE
Transactions on Power Electronics, 33(2), 822–831. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2017.2694347
8. Qvist, S., Al Hammadi, M., & Victor, D. G. (2023). Meeting the challenge of reliability on today’s electric grids: The critical role of
inertia. Oxford Institute for Energy Studies. https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep53042
9. Denholm, P., Mai, T., Kenyon, R. W., Kroposki, B., & O’Malley, M. (2020). Inertia and the power grid: A guide without the spin.
National Renewable Energy Laboratory. (Technical Report NREL/TP-6A20-73856). https://www.nrel.gov/publications
10. Monti, A., Petlenkov, E., & Skiparev, V. (2020). Reinforcement learning-based approach for virtual inertia control in microgrids
with renewable energy sources. Tallinn University of Technology.
11. Qvist, S., Al Hammadi, M., & Victor, D. G. (2023). Meeting the challenge of reliability on today’s electric grids: The critical role of
inertia. Oxford Institute for Energy Studies. https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep53042
Thank You