ORACLE

SYNONYMS:
SQL> CREATE SYNONYM D FOR DEPT;

Synonym created.

SQL> SELECT * FROM D;

SQL> DROP SYNONYM D;

Synonym dropped.

SQL> CREATE SYNONYM DEPARTMENT FOR DEPT;

Synonym created.

SQL> SELECT * FROM DEPT;

DEPTNO DNAME LOC

---------- -------------- -------------
10 ACCOUNTING NEW YORK
20 RESEARCH DALLAS
30 SALES CHICAGO
40 OPERATIONS BOSTON

SQL> SELECT * FROM DEPARTMENT;

DEPTNO DNAME LOC

---------- -------------- -------------
10 ACCOUNTING NEW YORK
20 RESEARCH DALLAS
30 SALES CHICAGO
40 OPERATIONS BOSTON

RENAME IS DIFFERENT FROM SYNONYM.

SUBQUERIES:
QUERY INSIDE A QUERY IS CALLED SUBQUERY.

THE SUBQUERY (INNER QUERY)EXECUTES ONCE BEFORE THE MAIN QUERY.

THE RESULT OF THE SUBQUERY IS USED BY THE MAIN QUERY(OUTER QUERY).

SINGLE-ROW SUBQUERIES:
RETURN ONLY ONE ROW.

USE SINGLE ROW COMPARISON OPERATORS =,>,>=,<,<=,<>

SELECT MINIMUM SALARY OF THE EMPLOYEE.

1 STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE
ORACLE
2

SELECT ENAME,JOB,SAL
FROM EMP
WHERE SAL = (SELECT MIN(SAL) FROM EMP)

SELECT MAXIMUM SALARY OF THE EMPLOYEE.

SELECT ENAME,JOB,SAL
FROM EMP
WHERE SAL = (SELECT MAX(SAL) FROM EMP)

SQL> SELECT MAX(SAL) FROM EMP;

MAX(SAL)
----------
5000

SQL> SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE SAL = 5000;

EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO

---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ----------
7839 KING PRESIDENT 17-NOV-81 5000 10

SQL> SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE SAL = (SELECT MAX(SAL) FROM EMP);

EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO

---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ----------
7839 KING PRESIDENT 17-NOV-81 5000 10

1* SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE SAL = (SELECT MIN(SAL) FROM EMP)

SQL> /

EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO

---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ----------
7369 SMITH CLERK 7902 17-DEC-80 800 20

NULL VALUE SUBQUERY:

SQL> SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE JOB=(SELECT JOB FROM EMP WHERE ENAME='SMYTHE');

no rows selected

MULTI-ROW SUBQURIES:
SELECT * FROM EMP
WHERE SAL =(SELECT SAL FROM EMP);

2 STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE

ORACLE
3

WHERE SAL =(SELECT SAL FROM EMP)

*
ERROR at line 2:
ORA-01427: single-row sub query returns more than one row

RETURN MORE THAN ONE ROW.USE MULTIPLE-ROW COMPARISON OPERATORS.

IN , ANY , ALL OPERATORS.

SELECT * FROM EMP
WHERE SAL IN (SELECT SAL FROM EMP);

WHICH DISPLAYS ALL THE ROWS OF EMP, THAT IS IT IS SAME AS SELECT * FROM EMP;

=ANY OPERATOR AND = SOME:

SELECT * FROM EMP
WHERE SAL = ANY (SELECT SAL FROM EMP);

HERE ‘IN’ IS SAME AS ‘= ANY’ AND ‘= SOME’.

WHICH DISPLAYS ALL THE ROWS OF EMP. THAT IS ‘= ANY’ MEANS ‘IN’

SQL> SELECT * FROM EMP

2 WHERE SAL IN (SELECT SAL FROM EMP);

EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO

---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ----------
7369 SMITH CLERK 7902 17-DEC-80 800 20
7900 JAMES CLERK 7698 03-DEC-81 950 30
7876 ADAMS CLERK 7788 23-MAY-87 1100 20
7521 WARD SALESMAN 7698 22-FEB-81 1250 500 30
7654 MARTIN SALESMAN 7698 28-SEP-81 1250 1400 30
7934 MILLER CLERK 7782 23-JAN-82 1300 10
7844 TURNER SALESMAN 7698 08-SEP-81 1500 0 30
7499 ALLEN SALESMAN 7698 20-FEB-81 1600 300 30
7782 CLARK MANAGER 7839 09-JUN-81 2450 10
7698 BLAKE MANAGER 7839 01-MAY-81 2850 30
7566 JONES MANAGER 7839 02-APR-81 2975 20
7788 SCOTT ANALYST 7566 19-APR-87 3000 20
7902 FORD ANALYST 7566 03-DEC-81 3000 20
7839 KING PRESIDENT 17-NOV-81 5000 10

14 rows selected.

1 SELECT * FROM EMP

2* WHERE SAL = ANY (SELECT SAL FROM EMP)
SQL> /

EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO

---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ----------
7369 SMITH CLERK 7902 17-DEC-80 800 20
7900 JAMES CLERK 7698 03-DEC-81 950 30
7876 ADAMS CLERK 7788 23-MAY-87 1100 20
7521 WARD SALESMAN 7698 22-FEB-81 1250 500 30
7654 MARTIN SALESMAN 7698 28-SEP-81 1250 1400 30
3 STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE
ORACLE
4

7934 MILLER CLERK 7782 23-JAN-82 1300 10

7844 TURNER SALESMAN 7698 08-SEP-81 1500 0 30
7499 ALLEN SALESMAN 7698 20-FEB-81 1600 300 30
7782 CLARK MANAGER 7839 09-JUN-81 2450 10
7698 BLAKE MANAGER 7839 01-MAY-81 2850 30
7566 JONES MANAGER 7839 02-APR-81 2975 20
7788 SCOTT ANALYST 7566 19-APR-87 3000 20
7902 FORD ANALYST 7566 03-DEC-81 3000 20
7839 KING PRESIDENT 17-NOV-81 5000 10

14 rows selected.

1 SELECT * FROM EMP

2* WHERE SAL = SOME (SELECT SAL FROM EMP)
SQL> /

EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO

---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ----------
7369 SMITH CLERK 7902 17-DEC-80 800 20
7900 JAMES CLERK 7698 03-DEC-81 950 30
7876 ADAMS CLERK 7788 23-MAY-87 1100 20
7521 WARD SALESMAN 7698 22-FEB-81 1250 500 30
7654 MARTIN SALESMAN 7698 28-SEP-81 1250 1400 30
7934 MILLER CLERK 7782 23-JAN-82 1300 10
7844 TURNER SALESMAN 7698 08-SEP-81 1500 0 30
7499 ALLEN SALESMAN 7698 20-FEB-81 1600 300 30
7782 CLARK MANAGER 7839 09-JUN-81 2450 10
7698 BLAKE MANAGER 7839 01-MAY-81 2850 30
7566 JONES MANAGER 7839 02-APR-81 2975 20
7788 SCOTT ANALYST 7566 19-APR-87 3000 20
7902 FORD ANALYST 7566 03-DEC-81 3000 20
7839 KING PRESIDENT 17-NOV-81 5000 10

14 rows selected.

<ANY OR < SOME OPERATOR:

SELECT * FROM EMP
WHERE SAL < ANY (SELECT SAL FROM EMP);

< ANY MEANS LESS THAN THE MAXIMUM.HERE MAX SALARY IS 5000. EXCEPT THAT EVERY SAL
DISPALYED.

1 SELECT * FROM EMP

2* WHERE SAL < ANY (SELECT SAL FROM EMP)
SQL> /

EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO

---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ----------
7369 SMITH CLERK 7902 17-DEC-80 800 20
4 STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE
ORACLE
5

7499 ALLEN SALESMAN 7698 20-FEB-81 1600 300 30

7521 WARD SALESMAN 7698 22-FEB-81 1250 500 30
7566 JONES MANAGER 7839 02-APR-81 2975 20
7654 MARTIN SALESMAN 7698 28-SEP-81 1250 1400 30
7698 BLAKE MANAGER 7839 01-MAY-81 2850 30
7782 CLARK MANAGER 7839 09-JUN-81 2450 10
7788 SCOTT ANALYST 7566 19-APR-87 3000 20
7844 TURNER SALESMAN 7698 08-SEP-81 1500 0 30
7876 ADAMS CLERK 7788 23-MAY-87 1100 20
7900 JAMES CLERK 7698 03-DEC-81 950 30
7902 FORD ANALYST 7566 03-DEC-81 3000 20
7934 MILLER CLERK 7782 23-JAN-82 1300 10

13 rows selected.

1 SELECT * FROM EMP

2* WHERE SAL < SOME (SELECT SAL FROM EMP)
SQL> /

EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO

---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ----------
7369 SMITH CLERK 7902 17-DEC-80 800 20
7499 ALLEN SALESMAN 7698 20-FEB-81 1600 300 30
7521 WARD SALESMAN 7698 22-FEB-81 1250 500 30
7566 JONES MANAGER 7839 02-APR-81 2975 20
7654 MARTIN SALESMAN 7698 28-SEP-81 1250 1400 30
7698 BLAKE MANAGER 7839 01-MAY-81 2850 30
7782 CLARK MANAGER 7839 09-JUN-81 2450 10
7788 SCOTT ANALYST 7566 19-APR-87 3000 20
7844 TURNER SALESMAN 7698 08-SEP-81 1500 0 30
7876 ADAMS CLERK 7788 23-MAY-87 1100 20
7900 JAMES CLERK 7698 03-DEC-81 950 30
7902 FORD ANALYST 7566 03-DEC-81 3000 20
7934 MILLER CLERK 7782 23-JAN-82 1300 10

13 rows selected.

2ND HIGHEST:

1 SELECT * FROM EMP

2 WHERE SAL = (SELECT MAX(SAL) FROM EMP
3* WHERE SAL < ANY (SELECT SAL FROM EMP))
5 STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE
ORACLE
6

SQL> /

EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO

---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ----------
7788 SCOTT ANALYST 7566 19-APR-87 3000 20
7902 FORD ANALYST 7566 03-DEC-81 3000 20

3RD HIGHEST:
1 SELECT * FROM EMP
2 WHERE SAL = (SELECT MAX(SAL) FROM EMP
3 WHERE SAL < ANY (SELECT SAL FROM EMP
4 WHERE SAL < ANY (SELECT SAL FROM EMP
5* )))
6 /

EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO

---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ----------
7566 JONES MANAGER 7839 02-APR-81 2975 20

4TH HIGHEST:

1 SELECT * FROM EMP

2 WHERE SAL = (SELECT MAX(SAL) FROM EMP
3 WHERE SAL < ANY (SELECT SAL FROM EMP
4 WHERE SAL < ANY (SELECT SAL FROM EMP
5 WHERE SAL < ANY (SELECT SAL FROM EMP
6* ))))
7 /

EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO

---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ----------
7698 BLAKE MANAGER 7839 01-MAY-81 2850 30

5TH HIGHEST:
1 SELECT * FROM EMP
2 WHERE SAL = (SELECT MAX(SAL) FROM EMP
3 WHERE SAL < ANY (SELECT SAL FROM EMP
4 WHERE SAL < ANY (SELECT SAL FROM EMP
5 WHERE SAL < ANY (SELECT SAL FROM EMP
6 WHERE SAL < ANY (SELECT SAL FROM EMP
7* )))))
8 /

EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO

---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ----------
7782 CLARK MANAGER 7839 09-JUN-81 2450 10

AND SO ON……………………………………

6 STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE

ORACLE
7

2ND HIGHEST:
1 SELECT * FROM EMP
2 WHERE SAL = (SELECT MAX(SAL) FROM EMP
3 WHERE SAL < SOME (SELECT SAL FROM EMP
4* ))

SQL> /

EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO

---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ----------
7788 SCOTT ANALYST 7566 19-APR-87 3000 20
7902 FORD ANALYST 7566 03-DEC-81 3000 20

3RD HIGHEST:

1 SELECT * FROM EMP

2 WHERE SAL = (SELECT MAX(SAL) FROM EMP
3 WHERE SAL < SOME (SELECT SAL FROM EMP
4 WHERE SAL < SOME (SELECT SAL FROM EMP
5* )))
6 /

EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO

---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ----------
7566 JONES MANAGER 7839 02-APR-81 2975 20

4TH HIGHEST:
1 SELECT * FROM EMP
2 WHERE SAL = (SELECT MAX(SAL) FROM EMP
3 WHERE SAL < SOME (SELECT SAL FROM EMP
4 WHERE SAL < SOME (SELECT SAL FROM EMP
5 WHERE SAL < SOME (SELECT SAL FROM EMP
6* ))))
7 /

EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO

---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ----------
7698 BLAKE MANAGER 7839 01-MAY-81 2850 30

5TH HIGHEST:
1 SELECT * FROM EMP
2 WHERE SAL = (SELECT MAX(SAL) FROM EMP
3 WHERE SAL < SOME (SELECT SAL FROM EMP
4 WHERE SAL < SOME (SELECT SAL FROM EMP
5 WHERE SAL < SOME (SELECT SAL FROM EMP
6 WHERE SAL < SOME (SELECT SAL FROM EMP
7 STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE
ORACLE
8

7* )))))
8 /

EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO

---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ----------
7782 CLARK MANAGER 7839 09-JUN-81 2450 10

>ANY OR > SOME OPERATOR:

SELECT * FROM EMP
WHERE SAL > ANY (SELECT SAL FROM EMP) ;

> ANY MEANS MORE THAN THE MINIMUM.HERE MIN SALARY IS 800. EXCEPT THAT EVERY SAL DISPALYED

1 SELECT * FROM EMP

2* WHERE SAL > ANY (SELECT SAL FROM EMP)
SQL> /

EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO

---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ----------
7499 ALLEN SALESMAN 7698 20-FEB-81 1600 300 30
7521 WARD SALESMAN 7698 22-FEB-81 1250 500 30
7566 JONES MANAGER 7839 02-APR-81 2975 20
7654 MARTIN SALESMAN 7698 28-SEP-81 1250 1400 30
7698 BLAKE MANAGER 7839 01-MAY-81 2850 30
7782 CLARK MANAGER 7839 09-JUN-81 2450 10
7788 SCOTT ANALYST 7566 19-APR-87 3000 20
7839 KING PRESIDENT 17-NOV-81 5000 10
7844 TURNER SALESMAN 7698 08-SEP-81 1500 0 30
7876 ADAMS CLERK 7788 23-MAY-87 1100 20
7900 JAMES CLERK 7698 03-DEC-81 950 30
7902 FORD ANALYST 7566 03-DEC-81 3000 20
7934 MILLER CLERK 7782 23-JAN-82 1300 10

13 rows selected.

1 SELECT * FROM EMP

2* WHERE SAL > SOME (SELECT SAL FROM EMP)
SQL> /

EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO

---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ----------
7499 ALLEN SALESMAN 7698 20-FEB-81 1600 300 30
8 STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE
ORACLE
9

7521 WARD SALESMAN 7698 22-FEB-81 1250 500 30

7566 JONES MANAGER 7839 02-APR-81 2975 20
7654 MARTIN SALESMAN 7698 28-SEP-81 1250 1400 30
7698 BLAKE MANAGER 7839 01-MAY-81 2850 30
7782 CLARK MANAGER 7839 09-JUN-81 2450 10
7788 SCOTT ANALYST 7566 19-APR-87 3000 20
7839 KING PRESIDENT 17-NOV-81 5000 10
7844 TURNER SALESMAN 7698 08-SEP-81 1500 0 30
7876 ADAMS CLERK 7788 23-MAY-87 1100 20
7900 JAMES CLERK 7698 03-DEC-81 950 30
7902 FORD ANALYST 7566 03-DEC-81 3000 20
7934 MILLER CLERK 7782 23-JAN-82 1300 10

13 rows selected.

2ND LEAST:
1 SELECT * FROM EMP
2 WHERE SAL = (SELECT MIN(SAL) FROM EMP
3* WHERE SAL > ANY (SELECT SAL FROM EMP))
4 /

EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO

---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ----------
7900 JAMES CLERK 7698 03-DEC-81 950 30

1 SELECT * FROM EMP

2 WHERE SAL = (SELECT MIN(SAL) FROM EMP
3* WHERE SAL > SOME (SELECT SAL FROM EMP))
SQL> /

EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO

---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ----------
7900 JAMES CLERK 7698 03-DEC-81 950 30

3RD LEAST:

1 SELECT * FROM EMP

2 WHERE SAL = (SELECT MIN(SAL) FROM EMP
3 WHERE SAL > ANY (SELECT SAL FROM EMP
4 WHERE SAL > ANY (SELECT SAL FROM EMP
5* )))
6 /

EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO

---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ----------
7876 ADAMS CLERK 7788 23-MAY-87 1100 20

9 STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE

ORACLE
10

1 SELECT * FROM EMP

2 WHERE SAL = (SELECT MIN(SAL) FROM EMP
3 WHERE SAL > SOME (SELECT SAL FROM EMP
4 WHERE SAL > SOME (SELECT SAL FROM EMP
5* )))

SQL> /

EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO

---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ----------
7876 ADAMS CLERK 7788 23-MAY-87 1100 20

4TH LEAST:

1 SELECT * FROM EMP

2 WHERE SAL = (SELECT MIN(SAL) FROM EMP
3 WHERE SAL > ANY (SELECT SAL FROM EMP
4 WHERE SAL > ANY (SELECT SAL FROM EMP
5 WHERE SAL > ANY (SELECT SAL FROM EMP
6* ))))
SQL> /

EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO

---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ----------
7521 WARD SALESMAN 7698 22-FEB-81 1250 500 30
7654 MARTIN SALESMAN 7698 28-SEP-81 1250 1400 30

1 SELECT * FROM EMP

2 WHERE SAL = (SELECT MIN(SAL) FROM EMP
3 WHERE SAL > SOME (SELECT SAL FROM EMP
4 WHERE SAL > SOME (SELECT SAL FROM EMP
5 WHERE SAL > SOME (SELECT SAL FROM EMP
6* ))))
7 /

EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO

---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ----------
7521 WARD SALESMAN 7698 22-FEB-81 1250 500 30
7654 MARTIN SALESMAN 7698 28-SEP-81 1250 1400 30

AND SO ON………………………………….

<ALL OPERATOR:
< ALL MEANS LESS THAN MINIMUM.

SELECT * FROM EMP

WHERE SAL < ALL (SELECT SAL FROM EMP);

10 STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE

ORACLE
11

no rows selected

SQL> SELECT * FROM EMP

2 WHERE SAL < ALL (SELECT SAL FROM EMP);

no rows selected

SQL> SELECT * FROM EMP

2 WHERE SAL < ALL (SELECT MAX(SAL) FROM EMP);

EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO

---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ----------
7369 SMITH CLERK 7902 17-DEC-80 800 20
7499 ALLEN SALESMAN 7698 20-FEB-81 1600 300 30
7521 WARD SALESMAN 7698 22-FEB-81 1250 500 30
7566 JONES MANAGER 7839 02-APR-81 2975 20
7654 MARTIN SALESMAN 7698 28-SEP-81 1250 1400 30
7698 BLAKE MANAGER 7839 01-MAY-81 2850 30
7782 CLARK MANAGER 7839 09-JUN-81 2450 10
7788 SCOTT ANALYST 7566 19-APR-87 3000 20
7844 TURNER SALESMAN 7698 08-SEP-81 1500 0 30
7876 ADAMS CLERK 7788 23-MAY-87 1100 20
7900 JAMES CLERK 7698 03-DEC-81 950 30
7902 FORD ANALYST 7566 03-DEC-81 3000 20
7934 MILLER CLERK 7782 23-JAN-82 1300 10

13 rows selected.

2ND HIGHEST:
1 SELECT * FROM EMP
2 WHERE SAL = (SELECT MAX(SAL) FROM EMP
3* WHERE SAL < ALL (SELECT MAX(SAL) FROM EMP))
SQL> /

EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO

---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ----------
7788 SCOTT ANALYST 7566 19-APR-87 3000 20
7902 FORD ANALYST 7566 03-DEC-81 3000 20

3RD HIGHEST:

1 SELECT * FROM EMP

2 WHERE SAL = (SELECT MAX(SAL) FROM EMP
3 WHERE SAL < ALL (SELECT MAX(SAL) FROM EMP
11 STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE
ORACLE
12

4 WHERE SAL < ALL (SELECT MAX(SAL) FROM EMP

5* )))
6 /

EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO

---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ----------
7566 JONES MANAGER 7839 02-APR-81 2975 20

4TH HIGHEST:
1 SELECT * FROM EMP
2 WHERE SAL = (SELECT MAX(SAL) FROM EMP
3 WHERE SAL < ALL (SELECT MAX(SAL) FROM EMP
4 WHERE SAL < ALL (SELECT MAX(SAL) FROM EMP
5 WHERE SAL < ALL (SELECT MAX(SAL) FROM EMP
6* ))))
7 /

EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO

---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ----------
7698 BLAKE MANAGER 7839 01-MAY-81 2850 30

AND SO ON…………………

>ALL OPERATOR:
> ALL MEANS GREATER THAN MAXIMUM.

SELECT * FROM EMP

WHERE SAL > ALL (SELECT SAL FROM EMP);
no rows selected

SELECT * FROM EMP

WHERE SAL > ALL (SELECT MIN(SAL) FROM EMP);

HERE EXCEPT MIN SALARY ALL SALARIES DISPLAYS.

SQL> SELECT * FROM EMP

2 WHERE SAL > ALL (SELECT SAL FROM EMP);

no rows selected

1 SELECT * FROM EMP

2* WHERE SAL > ALL (SELECT MIN(SAL) FROM EMP)
3 /

EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO

---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ----------
7499 ALLEN SALESMAN 7698 20-FEB-81 1600 300 30
7521 WARD SALESMAN 7698 22-FEB-81 1250 500 30
12 STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE
ORACLE
13

7566 JONES MANAGER 7839 02-APR-81 2975 20

7654 MARTIN SALESMAN 7698 28-SEP-81 1250 1400 30
7698 BLAKE MANAGER 7839 01-MAY-81 2850 30
7782 CLARK MANAGER 7839 09-JUN-81 2450 10
7788 SCOTT ANALYST 7566 19-APR-87 3000 20
7839 KING PRESIDENT 17-NOV-81 5000 10
7844 TURNER SALESMAN 7698 08-SEP-81 1500 0 30
7876 ADAMS CLERK 7788 23-MAY-87 1100 20
7900 JAMES CLERK 7698 03-DEC-81 950 30
7902 FORD ANALYST 7566 03-DEC-81 3000 20
7934 MILLER CLERK 7782 23-JAN-82 1300 10

13 rows selected.

2ND LEAST:
1 SELECT * FROM EMP
2 WHERE SAL = (SELECT MIN(SAL) FROM EMP
3* WHERE SAL > ALL (SELECT MIN(SAL) FROM EMP))
SQL> /

EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO

---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ----------
7900 JAMES CLERK 7698 03-DEC-81 950 30

3RD LEAST:

1 SELECT * FROM EMP

2 WHERE SAL = (SELECT MIN(SAL) FROM EMP
3 WHERE SAL > ALL (SELECT MIN(SAL) FROM EMP
4 WHERE SAL > ALL (SELECT MIN(SAL) FROM EMP
5* )))
6 /

EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO

---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ----------
7876 ADAMS CLERK 7788 23-MAY-87 1100 20

4TH LEAST:
1 SELECT * FROM EMP
2 WHERE SAL = (SELECT MIN(SAL) FROM EMP
3 WHERE SAL > ALL (SELECT MIN(SAL) FROM EMP
4 WHERE SAL > ALL (SELECT MIN(SAL) FROM EMP
5 WHERE SAL > ALL (SELECT MIN(SAL) FROM EMP
6* ))))
SQL> /

EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO

13 STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE
ORACLE
14

---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ----------

7521 WARD SALESMAN 7698 22-FEB-81 1250 500 30
7654 MARTIN SALESMAN 7698 28-SEP-81 1250 1400 30

AND SO ON…………….

YOU CAN USE SUBQUERY IN FROM CLAUSE:

SELECT * FROM (SELECT * FORM SAL);

SELECT * FROM (SELECT * FORM SAL ORDER BY SAL DESC );

SQL> SELECT * FROM (SELECT * FROM EMP);

EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO

---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ----------
7369 SMITH CLERK 7902 17-DEC-80 800 20
7499 ALLEN SALESMAN 7698 20-FEB-81 1600 300 30
7521 WARD SALESMAN 7698 22-FEB-81 1250 500 30
7566 JONES MANAGER 7839 02-APR-81 2975 20
7654 MARTIN SALESMAN 7698 28-SEP-81 1250 1400 30
7698 BLAKE MANAGER 7839 01-MAY-81 2850 30
7782 CLARK MANAGER 7839 09-JUN-81 2450 10
7788 SCOTT ANALYST 7566 19-APR-87 3000 20
7839 KING PRESIDENT 17-NOV-81 5000 10
7844 TURNER SALESMAN 7698 08-SEP-81 1500 0 30
7876 ADAMS CLERK 7788 23-MAY-87 1100 20
7900 JAMES CLERK 7698 03-DEC-81 950 30
7902 FORD ANALYST 7566 03-DEC-81 3000 20
7934 MILLER CLERK 7782 23-JAN-82 1300 10

14 rows selected.

1* SELECT * FROM (SELECT * FROM EMP ORDER BY SAL DESC )

SQL> /

EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO

---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ----------
7839 KING PRESIDENT 17-NOV-81 5000 10
7788 SCOTT ANALYST 7566 19-APR-87 3000 20
7902 FORD ANALYST 7566 03-DEC-81 3000 20
7566 JONES MANAGER 7839 02-APR-81 2975 20
7698 BLAKE MANAGER 7839 01-MAY-81 2850 30
7782 CLARK MANAGER 7839 09-JUN-81 2450 10
7499 ALLEN SALESMAN 7698 20-FEB-81 1600 300 30
7844 TURNER SALESMAN 7698 08-SEP-81 1500 0 30
7934 MILLER CLERK 7782 23-JAN-82 1300 10
7521 WARD SALESMAN 7698 22-FEB-81 1250 500 30
7654 MARTIN SALESMAN 7698 28-SEP-81 1250 1400 30
7876 ADAMS CLERK 7788 23-MAY-87 1100 20
7900 JAMES CLERK 7698 03-DEC-81 950 30
7369 SMITH CLERK 7902 17-DEC-80 800 20

14 rows selected.

14 STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE