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Ap Calc Notes

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6 views2 pages

Ap Calc Notes

Uploaded by

rewin61768
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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1.

Limits

● Definition: The value a function approaches as xxx approaches a certain value.


○ lim⁡x→af(x)=L\lim_{x \to a} f(x) = Llimx→a​f(x)=L
● L'Hopital's Rule: Use for indeterminate forms 00\frac{0}{0}00​or
∞∞\frac{\infty}{\infty}∞∞​:
○ lim⁡x→af(x)g(x)=lim⁡x→af′(x)g′(x)\lim_{x \to a} \frac{f(x)}{g(x)} = \lim_{x \to a}
\frac{f'(x)}{g'(x)}limx→a​g(x)f(x)​=limx→a​g′(x)f′(x)​

2. Derivatives

● Definition: The rate of change or slope of a function. f′(x)f'(x)f′(x) or


dydx\frac{dy}{dx}dxdy​.
● Power Rule: ddxxn=nxn−1\frac{d}{dx} x^n = n x^{n-1}dxd​xn=nxn−1
● Product Rule: ddx[u(x)⋅v(x)]=u′(x)v(x)+u(x)v′(x)\frac{d}{dx} [u(x) \cdot v(x)] = u'(x) v(x) +
u(x) v'(x)dxd​[u(x)⋅v(x)]=u′(x)v(x)+u(x)v′(x)
● Quotient Rule: ddx[u(x)v(x)]=v(x)u′(x)−u(x)v′(x)[v(x)]2\frac{d}{dx} \left[ \frac{u(x)}{v(x)}
\right] = \frac{v(x) u'(x) - u(x) v'(x)}{[v(x)]^2}dxd​[v(x)u(x)​]=[v(x)]2v(x)u′(x)−u(x)v′(x)​
● Chain Rule: ddx[f(g(x))]=f′(g(x))⋅g′(x)\frac{d}{dx} [f(g(x))] = f'(g(x)) \cdot
g'(x)dxd​[f(g(x))]=f′(g(x))⋅g′(x)

3. Integrals

● Definition: The area under a curve. ∫f(x) dx\int f(x) \, dx∫f(x)dx


● Fundamental Theorem of Calculus: If F(x)F(x)F(x) is the antiderivative of f(x)f(x)f(x),
then:
○ ∫abf(x) dx=F(b)−F(a)\int_a^b f(x) \, dx = F(b) - F(a)∫ab​f(x)dx=F(b)−F(a)
● Basic Integrals:
○ ∫xn dx=xn+1n+1+C\int x^n \, dx = \frac{x^{n+1}}{n+1} + C∫xndx=n+1xn+1​+C
○ ∫ex dx=ex+C\int e^x \, dx = e^x + C∫exdx=ex+C
○ ∫sin⁡(x) dx=−cos⁡(x)+C\int \sin(x) \, dx = -\cos(x) + C∫sin(x)dx=−cos(x)+C
○ ∫cos⁡(x) dx=sin⁡(x)+C\int \cos(x) \, dx = \sin(x) + C∫cos(x)dx=sin(x)+C

4. Applications

● Related Rates: Use derivatives to find the rate of change of one quantity with respect to
another.
● Optimization: Use derivatives to find maximum or minimum values of a function.
● Area Between Curves: ∫ab[f(x)−g(x)] dx\int_{a}^{b} [f(x) - g(x)] \, dx∫ab​[f(x)−g(x)]dx for
two functions f(x)f(x)f(x) and g(x)g(x)g(x).

5. Series and Sequences

● Convergence: A series converges if the sum approaches a finite number as more terms
are added.
● Geometric Series: Sum of a+ar+ar2+…a + ar + ar^2 + \dotsa+ar+ar2+…, with formula
S=a1−rS = \frac{a}{1 - r}S=1−ra​for ∣r∣<1|r| < 1∣r∣<1.

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