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3 - Motion in Two Dimensions

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26 views15 pages

3 - Motion in Two Dimensions

Uploaded by

apolloquiver
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MOTION IN TWO

DIMENSIONS

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PROJECTILE MOTION
Projectile motion is a form of motion
experienced by an object or particle that is thrown
near the Earth's surface and moves along a curved
path under the action of gravity only.

In Projectile motion, the effects of air resistance


and the rotation of the Earth are neglected.
PROJECTILE MOTION
The path of a projectile in
Earth’s gravity field is curved in
the shape of a parabola

Trajectory is the path followed


by a projectile motion.

Range is the distance between


the launch point and the point
where the projectile hits the
ground.
PROJECTILE MOTION
The most important experimental fact
about projectile motion in two dimensions is
that the horizontal and vertical motions are
completely independent of each other. This
means that motion in one direction has no
effect on motion in the other direction.
PROJECTILE MOTION
Horizontal
a. Motion of a ball rolling freely along a
level surface
b. Horizontal velocity is ALWAYS constant
Vertical
a. Motion of a freely falling object
b. Force due to gravity
c. Vertical component of velocity changes
with time
FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE
PROJECTILE MOTION
What two factors would
affect projectile motion?
1. Projection Angle
2. Initial velocity
PROJECTILE MOTION
We assume that at time 𝑡 = 0, the projectile
leaves the origin at 𝑣0 . If the velocity vector makes an
angle 𝜃0 with the horizontal, 𝜃0 is the projection
angle.

𝑣0𝑥 = 𝑣0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑣0𝑦 = 𝑣0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

where:
𝑣0𝑥 is the initial velocity in the x-direction
PROJECTILE MOTION
The object’s speed 𝑣 can be calculated from the
components of the velocity using the Pythagorean
theorem:
𝑣= 𝑣𝑥 2 + 𝑣𝑦 2

The angle that the velocity vector makes with the x-


axis is given by:
−1
𝑣𝑦
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛
𝑣𝑥
PROJECTILE MOTION FORMULA
Substituting the values of ax = 0 and ay = -g in the
kinematic equations, we have the following formulas for
projectile motion:
Horizontal Motion: Vertical Motion:

𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣0𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑣𝑦 = 𝑣0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃0 + 𝑔𝑡


∆𝑥 = 𝑣0𝑥 𝑡 1 2
∆𝑦 = 𝑣0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃0 𝑡 + 𝑔𝑡
2
𝑣𝑦 2 = (𝑣0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃0 )2 + 2𝑔∆𝑦
where v0x =v0 cos𝜽𝟎
where v0y =v0 sin𝜽𝟎
PROJECTILE MOTION FORMULA
Horizontal Motion: Vertical Motion:

𝑣0𝑥 = 𝑣0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑣0𝑦 = 𝑣0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃


∆𝑥 = 𝑣0𝑥 𝑡 𝑣𝑦 = 𝑣0𝑦 + 𝑔𝑡
1 2
∆𝑦 = 𝑣0𝑦 𝑡 + 𝑔𝑡
2
𝑣𝑦 2 = (𝑣0𝑦 )2 + 2𝑔∆𝑦
𝑣= 𝑣𝑥 2 + 𝑣𝑦 2
𝑣
−1 𝑦
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛
𝑣𝑥
PROJECTILE MOTION FUNDAMENTAL
EQUATIONS

maximum height: time of flight: range:

𝑣0 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 2 2𝑣0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑣0 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃


𝐻=− 𝑇=− 𝑅=−
2𝑔 𝑔 𝑔

Take note that the formulas for 𝑇 and 𝑅 are valid only
when the initial and final heights of the projectile are
equal.
SAMPLE PROBLEM
An object is fired from the ground at 𝑣0 = 100
m/s at an angle of 30o with the horizontal.
a. Calculate the horizontal and vertical
components of the initial velocity.
b. After 2 seconds, how far has the object
traveled in the horizontal motion.
c. How high is the object at this point?
SAMPLE PROBLEM
A student stands at the edge of a cliff and
throws a stone horizontally over the edge
with a speed of 18.0 m/s. The cliff is 50.0 m
above a flat, horizontal beach as shown
a. What are the components of the initial
velocity?
b. How long after being released does the
stone strike the beach below the cliff?
c. With what speed and angle of impact
does the stone land?
SAMPLE PROBLEM
The best leaper in the animal
kingdom is the puma, which can
jump to a maximum height of 3.7 m
when leaving the ground at an angle
of 45°. With what speed must the
animal leave the ground to reach
that height?
SAMPLE PROBLEM
A long jumper leaves the ground at
an angle of 20.0 to the
horizontal and at a speed of 11.0
m/s. (a) How long does it take to
reach the maximum height? (b) What
is the maximum height? (c) How far
does he jump?

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