Topic Desciption Command Remark

How to check in which shell you are / echo $0

How to see all the available shells cat /etc/shells
SHELL BASICS
Another way to check your shell is cat /etc/passwd
How to start your bash file? #!/bin/bash
How to define and store variable var_name=value
Variables
How to store the linux command in a variable? var_name=$(hostname)
How to use defined variable in use? echo $var_name
How to use defined variable in use with string? echo my name is $name
echo "my name is ${name} and age is ${agevar}"
How to get result of a command witin a string echo "my hostname is $(hostname)" will print hostname

Echo #!/bin/bash

#To display the user typed in terminal

How to display the last typed command in terminal echo "User typed: ${0}"

Output: When user run this script using . /script_name

o/p will be: User typed: ./script_name (which will be last typed )
cat << EOF
.....
How to Write multiple lines lines
.....
EOF

If you print these

x=Hello echo $xLength

To perform some operations on strings y="New World" echo $xUpper
echo $xLower
Like finding strength of a string xLength=${#x} echo $newString
String Operations convert the string into Upper or Lower Case xUpper=${x^^}
xLower=${y,,} Output
replace a string with something else Hello
cut a portion of string newString=${y/World/Life} 5
sliceString=${y:start_position:length} HELLO
new world
New Life

read var_name_to_store_value

or
If in a same line you want to
User Interaction How to take input from user display a text and get the user
read -p "Your name" var_name_to_store_value
input
To store the values in an array from a user
read -a myarray. (user need to provide space separated values)

{ls; pwd; hostname}

Block of Code If we need to execute multiple commands, we can use block of code
condition1 && {ls; pwd; hostname}

myArray=( 1 2 Hello "Hey Buddy")

echo "${myArray[0/1/2]}"

To get length of an array

"${#myArray[*]}"
We can define multipel values in array values are space separated
"${myArray[*]:1}" from index 1 to all values
"${myArray[*]:1:2}" 2 values from index 1
Arrays
To update an array with new values
myArray+=( 5 6 8 )

declare -A myArray

Array with key-value pairs myArray=( [name]=Prashant [age]=28 )

myArray[name]=Prashant

test 8>5 (1 means true, 0 means false) recommed to use double [[]]
which is the enhanced version
TEST Condition How to check the conditions [ 8 -eq 5 ] ( <,> are not working in single [])
of single [] and provide more
[[ 8 -eq 5 ]]
functionalities

if [ $age -eq 18 ]
then
echo "You are eligible to vote"
How to write if-else condition Keep the spacing in mind
else
echo "Sorry you are not eligible to vote"
fi
-eq / ==
-ge
-le
What are the different conditional opertaions we can use with if-else
-ne / !=
-gt
-lt

IF-ELSE
Topic Desciption Command Remark

if [ -d folder_name] If folder exists

if [ ! -d folder_name] If folder not exists

IF-ELSE if [ -f file_name] If file exists

if [ ! -f file_name] If file not exists
If you wanna check the existence of file or folder using IF condition
if [ -z $str ] If string is empty
if [ -e /path ] If path exists for not

if [ -r/w/x /file_path ] If path is readable/writable/executable or not

if [ $country = "India" ]
then
echo "You are Indian"
elif [ $country = "Nepal" ]
For multiple If-Else condition then
echo "You are from Nepal"
else
echo "You are from Earth"
fi
for i in 1 2 3 4 5
do
How to write a for loop echo Number is $i
done

for j in eat poop sleep

for p in {1..20}
Different options to write for loop

FOR LOOP for ((i=0;i<=10;i++))

To iterate through all the argument passed while running script for i in $@
Infinite loop using foor for ((;;))
hosts="/home/pparadkar/scripts/items"

for item in $(cat $items)

How to iterate the values from a file
do
echo $item
done
count=0
num=10

while [ $count -le $num ]

How to write a while loop
do
echo Numbers are $count
let count++
done
while read myvar
do
WHILE LOOP While loop to get the line by line content from a file
echo $myvar
done < file_path

while read IFS="," f1 f2 f3 f4 f5 IFS is internal field separator

do
While loop to get the values from file which are not separated by space? echo $f2 space is default so in case
echo $f3 values are separated by space
done < file_path so no need to specify IFS

Getting the values from csv file (as first row is column name) cat filename | awk '!NR=1 {print}' | while IFS="," read f1 f2 f3
a=0

until [ ! $a -lt 10 ]
UNTIL LOOP How to write until loop do
echo $a
a=`expr $a + 1`
done
using let command
let a++
let a=5*10

we can use
EXPRESSIONS How to perform airthmetic operation in script (( sum=x+y )) or echo "(( x+y ))"

To perform the decimal operations like

bc<<<"$x+$y"
bc<<<"scale=2;$x/$y"
Topic Desciption Command Remark
#!/bin/bash

echo Welcome to the CASE study

echo
* is anything else expect the
echo Hey choose an option given pattern in cases
echo
echo a = To see the current date it's like default in the switch-
echo b = list all the files in current dir case
echo c = TO see all the users logged in
------------------------------------------
echo d = TO check the system uptime
CASES How to write a cases-switch ----------
read choice If want to use the multiple
parameters in same case
case $choice in then we can use | sign
a) date;;
b)ls;; ex: a) param1 | param2 |
c)who;; param3 ;;
d)uptime;;
*) echo "Non a valid input"
esac

Connection Check How to check the connectivity with the remote server ping hostname
#!/bin/bash
host="192.168.29.21"
host1="www.google.com"

hosts="/home/pparadkar/scripts/hosts"
The $? variable represents the
exit status of the previous
for ip in $(cat $hosts)
command. ... As a rule, most
How to check the connectivity with the remote server for multiple hosts defined in a do
Connection Check commands return an exit status
separate file named hosts ping -c1 $ip &> /dev/null
of 0 if they were successful,
if [ $? -eq 0 ] and 1 if they were
then unsuccessful.
echo OK
else
echo NOT OK
fi
done
It make our life easy by
How to create an alias for a command alias d="ls -ltr | awk '{print \$9}'" creating a shortcut of the most
Alias used commands
How to create alias for a specific user echo alias hh="hostname" >> /home/<user>/.bashrc
How to create alias for all the user globally echo alias hh="hostname" >> /etc/bashrc
How to get the no. of arguments passed to a script echo "you have passed ${#} arguments"
How to display the argument passed with script echo $@
ARGUMENTS
How to display a specific argument, ex arg1, arg2, arg3
echo $1
I want to print arg1
sleep 1s
SLEEP We can use sleep command to create a delay between two task
sleep 1m
NULL DEVICE If you dont wanna print the output of a command in script hostname > /dev/null it is called as null device
now this varaible is constant
READONLY If you want to make any gloabal variable inside a script as constant readonly var_name = 123
and con't be change
Could be useful if out of
Suppose we have three argument 1-A, 2-B, 3-C multiple arguments, we need
if we just use shift command in our script so arguents will shift like below first argument and then
shift shift
remaining all togther
then 1-B, 2-C
1-A and (2-B 3-C)
To generate a random no.
you can find its detail under
RANDOM can be used to generate random passwords etc echo $RANDOM
man bash
NOTE: It is a bash variable
There are two ways
---------------------------------

function myfun {}

myfun() {
local var = "hello" local variable is only accessible
In order to avoid the repetative code in the script, you can use the function
} inside the function

---------------------------------
Functions
To call the function, just use the name of the function like
myfun

myfun() {
local num1 = $1
local num2 = $2
How to use the arguments/parameters in function sum = num1 + num2
}

myfun 12 13
LOGGER If you want to log your content or messages of script into /var/log/messages file logger "hello"
Topic Desciption Command Remark

while getopts vl:s OPTION

do
case ${OPTION} in
v)
VERBOSE='true'
Use to parse optional paramters from command line log 'Verbose mode on.'
getopts optstring name [args] ;;
l)
optsting contains the option characters to be recognized LENGTH="${OPTARG}"
GETOPTS
;;
If character is followed by colon : then it will be expecting an argument separated s)
by white space USE_SPECIAL_CHARACTER='true'
When there is an argment passed, it will be stored in OPTARG variable ;;
?)
usage
;;
esac
done

NUM$(( 1+2 ))

DICEA='3'
DICEB='6'
Ways to perform mathematic operations TOTAL=$(( DICEA + DICEB ))

(( NUM++ ))

INFINITE LOOP How to make an infinite loop? while true

We can use the below conditions with double [[]]

condition1 && condtion2
condition1 || condtion2
!condtion (opposite of result)

LOGICAL OPERATORS How to use logical operators !, &&, || With single [], we can only use the below
condition1 -a condition2
condition1 -o condition2

[[ $x=yes && $y=y ]]

[[ $x=~y|yes ]]

condition1 && condition2 || condition3

Ternary Operator
If 1 is true then execute2
else execute 3
realpath: convert each filename argument to an absolute pathname but it
don't validate path
realpath
basename string operations on path basename: strip directory info, strips suffixes from filename
dirname
dirname: if you provide the path with filename, it remove the filename and
provide the directory path

set -x (print command before executing it in script)

set -n (syntax check)
set -e (exit script if any command fails)
Debugging Properties
to enable the debugging we can set some properties in the beginning of script
while executing also you can provide these
bash -x script.sh
bash -e script.sh

REMOTE ACCESS Different options to write for loop ssh -t -o StrictKeyHostChecking=No user@<hostname> "date;hostname"

sshpass -p "<password>" ssh -t -o StrictKeyHostChecking=No

user@<hostname> "date;hostname"

or set SSHPASS variable

SSHPASS="<pass>"
We can provide the password while doing remote operations
sshpass -e ssh -t -o StrictKeyHostChecking=No user@<hostname> "date;
hostname"

or from file
sshpass -f <file_path>