INTEGUMENTARY

SYSTEM
GROUP 3
MACARIO, MALINAO, MANIEGO, MARANAN, MENDOZA, LIM,
LOPEZ, LOYOLA, PARRENO PAGCALIWANGAN, PAGSUYUIN
CONTENTS
Epidermis
Dermis
Subcutaneous fat
Sweat glands
Sebaceous glands
Hair and nails
Functions of the skin
Effects of aging in the integumentary system
The integumentary system as a diagnostic aid
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
》The integumentary system consists of the skin and accessory structure,
such as hair, glands and nails.

》 Integument means covering, and integumentary system is one of the

more familiar systems of the body to everyone because it covers the
outside of the body and is easily observed.

》It compromises the skin and its appendages, acting as a physical barrier
between the external environment and the internal environment that it
serves to protect and maintain.

》For the average adult human, the skin has a surface area of between 1.5-
2.0 sq.meters. Thickness of 0.5 to 3mm.
LAYERS OF THE
SKIN EPIDERMIS

DERMIS

SUBCUTANEOUS
LAYER
 EPIDERMIS
Top and outer most layer of the skin, composed of
stratified squamous epithelium. Rest on top of a
IS
RM basement membrane.
IDE
EP Avascular - contains no blood vessels.
Protection from chemical, pressure, and radiation
IS Composed of 95% Keratinocytes
RM
DE Cell composition - Keratinocytes, Melanocytes,
Langerhans Cell, and Merkel Cell
Stratum Layers : Corneum, Lucidum, Granulosum,
IS
RM Spinosum, and Basale
DE
PO
HY
CELL COMPOSTION
KERATINOCYTES MELANOCYTES
Linked by desmosomes - Produce pigment melanin.
intercellular junction that Melanin or melanin level
makes epidermis stronger. contributes and determine
Produces fibrous protein called the color of the skin, eyes,
Keratin. and hair.
Keratin holds tissue together Protection from UV
and make them tougher and Radiation, absorbs and
more resistant to mechanical dissipates.
stresses.
Epidermis contains 95%
Keratinocytes.
CELL COMPOSTION
LANGERHANS CELL MERKEL CELL
Merkel Cells are
Langerhans Cells role is for the
specialized epidermal
immune system, it acts as protection
cells associated with
of the cutaneous immune system and
nerve endings responsible
influences the reactions against
for sensation on the skin.
pathogens encountered on the skin.
Play a crucial role in
Act as a first line of defense in the
transmitting sensory
skin's immune system.
information to the nervous
Belong to the dendritic cell family,
system.
which is known for its ability to
They use Merkel discs to
capture and process antigens and
communicate with
initiate immune responses.
sensory nerves, helping us
sense tactile stimuli.
STRATUM LAYERS
Stratum Corneum
Stratum Lucidum
Stratum Granulosum

Stratum Spinosum

Stratum Basale
STRATUM LAYERS
Stratum Corneum
Superficial layer of the Epidermis
Composed of 25 or more layers of dead, overlapping squamous cells
joined by “Desmosomes”.
Provide protection, prevents water loss, barrier to pathogens,
temperature regulation and prevents chemical penetration.

Stratum Lucidum
Located below the Stratum Corneum
Consists of clear, flattened and dead cells - thin layer of keratinocytes
Protection and support for the skin
STRATUM LAYERS
Stratum Granulosum
Located below the Stratum Lucidum
Site where keratinocytes produce keratin.
Waterproof barriers for protection.

Stratum Spinosum
Located below the Stratum Granulosum
Bundle of cytoskeletal filaments with spiky appearance
Provides mechanical strength and hold skin together
STRATUM LAYERS
Stratum Basale
Deepest layer of epidermis
Also known as “Stratum Germinativum”
Consist of single layer of stem cells that rest above the basement
membrane.
Cuboidal or columnar structure type of cell
Produces new skin cells and Vitamin D
 VITAMIN D SYNTHESIS
Vitamin D production starts with skin exposure to UVB rays
from sunlight, which convert a skin compound, 7-
dehydrocholesterol, into a precursor called previtamin D3.
This precursor must undergo thermal isomerization,
typically through body heat or external warmth, to become
active vitamin D, known as cholecalciferol. This biologically
active form is absorbed into the bloodstream and plays a
critical role in regulating calcium and phosphorus levels for
bone health.
 DERMIS
It is the second layer of the skin.
Within this layer, you'll find nerves,
hair follicles, smooth muscles,
glands, and lymphatic vessels
extending into it.
The dermis is made up of tightly
woven collagen-rich connective
tissue that houses fibroblasts,
adipocytes, and macrophages.
 DERMIS
Collagen and elastic fibers make the dermis
strong. The collagen fibers of the dermis are
oriented in many different directions and can
resist stretch. However, more collagen fibers are
oriented in some directions than in others. This
produces cleavage lines, or tension lines.

When the skin stretches too much, it can harm

the deeper layer, leaving marks that show
through the top layer. These marks, known as
stretch marks, often happen when a person
grows or gains weight quickly.
 The layers of Dermis
Papillary Dermis Reticular Dermis

The papillary dermis is the top The reticular layer is the deep part
layer beneath the skin's surface. of the skin, and it's thick and tough.
It's made of loose tissue with lots It's mainly made of dense
of tiny blood vessels. connective tissue and makes up
most of the dermis
 FUNCTION OF DERMIS
Structural Support
The dermis provides structural support to the skin.
Sensory Perception
The dermis contains nerve endings responsible for sensations such as touch,
pressure, temperature, and pain.
Produce Sweats
Sweat glands are located in the dermis. These glands play roles in regulating
body temperature, excreting waste products, and moisturizing the skin.
Produce Hair
Hair follicles in the dermis make hair for all over the body except hands and
soles of the feet.
Blood Supply and Nutrient Delivery
he dermis is highly vascular, meaning it has an extensive network of blood
vessels. This ensures that skin cells receive oxygen and nutrients while waste
products are efficiently removed.
 FUNCTION OF DERMIS
Would Healing and Repair
the dermis plays a critical role in wound healing. It produces collagen to form
scar tissue and contains blood vessels that supply nutrients to the healing area.
Immune Function
The dermis contains immune cells that help protect against infections and
foreign substances. It acts as a first line of defense for the body.
Temperature Regulation
This helps the body adapt to different environmental conditions.
Synthesis of Vitamin D
The dermis contains cells that contribute to the production of vitamin D when
exposed to sunlight.
Pigmentation
The dermis contains cells (melanocytes) that produce melanin, the pigment
responsible for skin, hair, and eye color. Melanin helps protect the skin from the
harmful effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
 SUBCUTANEOUS FAT
- Located just beneath the skin
subcutaneous
fat - Composed of specialized fat cells
called adipocytes
- Excess amounts can lead to obesity
and related health issues
- Various methods that can measure
subcutaneous fat
- Accumulation of subcutaneous fat
- Liposuction
SWEAT GLANDS
Sweat glands can be found in the dermis, which is just
beneath the epidermis, the skin's outermost layer. The
average human body has four million sweat glands,
the vast majority of which are found in the palms and
soles of the feet. There are two primary types of sweat
glands, which are also known as sudoriferous glands, a
fancy phrase from Latin that simply means "bearing
sweat."
Sweating helps to regulate human body temperature
by dispersing thermal energy from the skin's surface
when sweat evaporates. Sweating relieves heat stress
after exercise and allows us to survive in adverse
weather conditions.
They are at significant risk of heat-related disorders
such as heat exhaustion and heat stroke because
they are unable to sweat. In severe situations, or if
these heat-related disorders are not properly
treated, coma or death might occur.
ECCRINE
They are found all over the skin's surface, but are more concentrated in
the palms, soles of the feet, and scalp.

Their sweat is transparent, thin, watery, sweet and salty, and odorless
most of the time.

The primary goal is to aid in the regulation of body temperature.

Sweating increases when body temperature rises, cooling the skin's
surface. Their constant secretions also contribute to the
preservation of the skin's acid mantle, which protects the skin from
the colonization of dangerous bacteria and viruses.
APOCRINE
Proteins, lipids, and other compounds are found
in sweat.

They are mostly found in the armpits and the

vaginal area.

Sweat is odorless, but bacteria on the skin's

surface feast on proteins, lipids, and other
substances, resulting in an unpleasant stench.
SEBACEOUS GLAND
SEBACEOUS GLAND
Produces Sebum, an oily substance
Lubricates skin and hair ; helps skin retain
water
Absent on Palms, Soles; common on face
and scalps

SEBACEOUS GLAND
SEBACEOUS GLAND
Made of acini cells that secrets
Basal cell sebum
Cells fill with sebum and then
Sebum ruptures
Contents are then released into hair
follicles
Sebocytes
Hair follicle and
sebaceous gland
HOLOCRINE SECRETION
Cells are damaged as they fill
and rupture and release their
contents
HAIR
Hair is one of the components
of the integumentary system
in humans and many other
animals. The integumentary
system is responsible for
protecting the body from the
external environment, and it
includes the skin, hair, nails,
and various glands.
Structure of Hair
Hair is a filamentous structure primarily composed of a protein called
keratin. Each hair is made up of three distinct layers:

1. Cuticle
The outermost layer is a protective,
transparent layer of keratinized cells
that overlap like shingles on a roof.
2. Cortex:
This layer surrounds the medulla and
contains densely packed, hard keratin,
providing the hair with its strength,
color, and texture.
3. Medulla
The central core of the hair shaft,
often containing soft, flexible keratin.
1. Protection
Functions of Hair
Hair serves as a protective barrier against various 4. Cosmetic and Social Functions
external factors: Hair has cultural and social significance:
UV radiation: Scalp hair protects the head from the Hair can be styled in various ways for self-
harmful effects of sunlight. expression, adherence to cultural norms, or
2. Sensory Function conformity to beauty standards.
Hair follicles are connected to sensory nerve It often plays a significant role in an individual's
endings. When hair is touched or moved, these appearance and personal identity.
nerve endings transmit sensory information, which 5. Secretion and Excretion
can help detect sensations such as insects crawling Some hair follicles are associated with sebaceous
on the skin. glands, which produce sebum, an oily substance.
3. Thermoregulation Sebum helps keep the hair and skin lubricated and
Hair plays a role in regulating body temperature: can trap dust and dirt, which can be later washed
In cold conditions, the contraction of erector pili away.
muscles attached to hair follicles causes hair to
stand on end, trapping a layer of air and providing
insulation.
In hot conditions, the hair lies flat, aiding in heat
dissipation.
Hair Growth Cycle
Hair does not grow continuously
but goes through a cycle that
includes:

Anagen: The growth phase

when hair is actively growing.
Catagen: A transitional phase
when growth slows down.
Telogen: The resting phase
when hair is not actively
growing.
Exogen: The shedding phase,
when old hair is shed to make
way for new growth.
 Nail
- is a thin plate, consisting of
layers of dead stratum corneum
cells that contain a very hard
type of keratin.

- Fingernails and toenails are

hard keratin structures that
protect the ends of the fingers
and toes.
 The under-surface
of the nail plate or
body of the nail has
grooves that help
anchor it.

The nail root, also called the germinal matrix or

nailbed, begins several millimeters into the finger
and extends to the edge of the white, crescent-
shaped lunula. This is where the growth occurs…
approximately 1 mm. per week.
The cuticle is also called the
eponychium. It fuses the nail plate
and the skin of the finger together
to form a waterproof barrier.

The hyponychium is under the

free edge of the nail. It also
creates a waterproof barrier,
fusing the skin of the finger to the
underside of the nail plate.

A lost finger- or toenail will regenerate.

INGROWN NAILS..

Ingrown nails are simply those that have curled down or

around and are growing into the skin. They may become
swollen and inflamed. Trim toenails straight across to avoid
this growth pattern.
 FUNCTION OF
THE SKIN
It acts as a protective barrier

Regulates body temperature

Sensation

Excretion and Absorption

EFFECTS OF AGING IN
THE INTEGUMENTARY
SYSTEM
TYPES OF AGING
Intrinsic aging
- is caused by internal factors alone, such as
diminished collagen synthesis, and is sometimes
known as chronological aging.
Extrinsic aging
— is caused by external factors, such as exposure
to ultraviolet radiation, which can result in
photodamage and may lead to skin cancer
formation.
EFFECTS OF AGING IN
THE INTEGUMENTARY
SYSTEM
Wrinkles and Fine Lines
Age Spots and Uneven Skin
Tone
Thinning of the Skin
Loss of Subcutaneous Fat
Changes in Sebaceous Glands
Decreased Elasticity
Integumentary system
as a diagnostic aid
 - the integumentary system is
useful in diagnosis because it is
observed easily and often reflects
events occuring in other parts of
the body.

examples :
cyanosis - bluish color to the skin
caused by decreased blood.

jaundice - yellow discoloration of

the body, can occur when the
liver is damaged by a disease,
such as viral hepatitis.