Introduction: • Identifier : used to identify variables, functions, arrays, structures etc. Has letters, numbers and underscore. • Keywords: words cannot be used as identifier. Have predefined meanings. Eg: if, else, for, while, int, float etc. • Variable: Name given to memory location which stores some form of data. The stored value in a variable can be changed during program execution. All variables must be declared with proper datatype before assigning value.
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Variable declaration: • In C all variables are declared before they are used. • This is so that: – A memory location is given a name. Datatype No. of bytes – A suitable number of bytes can be allocated. char 1 – The compiler knows how to treat the data. int 2 or 4 short int 2 • There are several data types in 'C’. long int 4 float 4 • The syntax for declaring a variable is as follows: double 8 datatype v1, v2, ……., vn; v1, v2, …, vn are the names of variables. Variables are separated by commas. A declaration statement must end with a semicolon (;). • Example: int count; DR. MONISHA DEVI double ratio; Variable declaration: Variable names must obey the following rules: 1. Names can consist of letters, digits, "_“ (underscore). 2. Names must start with a letter. 3. Names can start with the "_", underscore character but this is not recommended as many system macros and functions are given names in this format. 4. Case is significant i.e. C is Case Sensitive, eg. Xyz is not the same as xyz 5. Names must not clash with the C reserved words.
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Variable Initialization: • Initialize a variable in c is to assign it a starting value. • C does not initialize variables automatically. So if you do not initialize them properly, you can get unexpected results. • We can initialize variables during declaration.
• Example: int width, height = 20; char value = ‘F’; float base; width = 10; base = 30.65;
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Constants: • A variable that cannot be modified once it is declared in the program. We can not make any change in the value of the constant variables. • Types: – Numeric constants – Character constants • Numeric constants are of Integer type and Floating type. Integer type constants are further classified as Decimal, Octal and Hexadecimal. Decimal: Base 10, Digits are: 0 – 9 Octal: Base 8, Digits are: 0 – 7 Hex: Base 16, Digits are: 0 – 9, A, B, C, D, E, F • Examples of Integer Constant:
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426 , 786 , -34 (decimal) 037, 0345, 0661 (octal) 0X2, 0X9F, 0XA6B (hexadecimal) Constants: • Floating constant values include fractional numbers. • Single character constant contains a single character enclosed within a pair of single quote marks. For ex. ‘A’ , ‘5’ , ’ ’ , ‘ , ’ Note that the character constant’5’ is not same as the number 5. The last constant is a blank space. Character constant has integer values known as ASCII values. For example, the statement: printf(“%d”, a); would print the number 97, the ASCII value of the letter a. Similarly, the statement printf(“%c”, 97); would output the letter ‘a’ • String constants: A string constant is a sequence of character enclosed in double quotes. the characters may be letters, numbers, special characters and blank space. Examples are: DR. MONISHA DEVI “HELLO!” “1979” Structure of C program: • Documentation section: This section consists of a set of comment lines Ex:- /* …………… */
• Link section: Includes headers files. It provides instructions to the compiler to link functions from the system library. Ex:- # include<stdio.h> # include<conio.h>
• Definition section: Defines all symbolic constants Ex:- # define A 10.
• Global declaration section:
Variables which can be accessed throughout the program are called global DR. MONISHA DEVI variables and declared outside of all the functions. This section declares global variables and all the user-defined functions. Structure of C program: • Main function: Every C program must have one main ( ) function section. This contains two parts. ▪ Declaration part: This part declares all the variables used in the executable part. There may be no statement in declaration part of some programs. Ex:- int a, b; ▪ Executable part: This part contains at least one statement. These two parts must appear between the opening and closing braces. The program execution begins at the opening brace and ends at the closing brace. All the statements in the declaration and executable parts end with a semicolon (;).
• Sub program section:
This section contains all the user-defined functions, that are called in the main () function. User- defined functions generally places immediately after the main() function, although they may appear in any order.
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C program Execution:
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Operators: • An operator is a symbol performs certain mathematical or logical manipulations. Operators are used in programs to manipulate data variables. • Types are: – Arithmetic Operators – Relational Operators – Logical Operators – Assignment Operators – Increment and decrement operators – sizeof() operators – Bitwise Operators – Ternary operator DR. MONISHA DEVI Arithmetic operators: • The arithmetic operators are:
• Here a and b are operands, assign values for a=14 and b=4 we have the following results a-b = 10 a+b = 18 a*b = 56 a/b = 3 (quotient) a%b = 2 (remainder) DR. MONISHA DEVI Relational operators: • Relational operators are used for comparing two quantities. • An expression containing a relational operator is termed as a relational expression. • The value of a relational expression is either 1 or 0. It is 1 if the relation is true and 0 if the relation is false.
• When arithmetic expression are used on either side of a relational
operator, the arithmetic expression will be evaluated first and then the results compared, that means arithmetic operators have a higher priority over relational operators. Eg. DR. MONISHA DEVI Logical operators: • C has 3 logical operators. The logical operators are used when we want to test more than one condition and make decisions.
• The logical operators && and || are used when we test more than one condition and make decisions. • != is a unary operator which tests one condition.
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Assignment operators: • These operators are used to assign the result of an expression to a variable. The usual assignment operator is ‘=’ • ‘+=’: This operator is the combination of the ‘+’ and ‘=’ operators. This operator first adds the current value of the variable on left to the value on the right and then assigns the result to the variable on the left.
(a += b) can be written as (a = a + b) If initially value stored in a is 5. Then (a += 6) = 11.
• Similarly other are:
-= , *= , /= DR. MONISHA DEVI Increment and Decrement operators: • ++ and - - are increment and decrement operators in C. The operator ++ adds 1 to the operand, while - - subtracts 1.both are unary operators. Ex:- m=5; Y=++m; the value of y=6 and m =6. If we write the above statement as m=5; y= m++; the value of y=5 and m=6.
• A prefix operator (++a) first adds 1 to the operand and then
the result is assigned to the variable on left. On the other hand, a postfix operator (a++) first assigns the value to the variable on left and then increments the operand. DR. MONISHA DEVI sizeof() operator: • It is a compile-time unary operator which can be used to compute the size of its operand. • The output can be different on different machines like a 32-bit system can show different output while a 64-bit system can show different of same data types. • Eg. int a =10; float b = 2.34; printf(“%d”, sizeof(a)); -> Output is 2 bytes (in some machines 4 bytes) printf(“%d”, sizeof(a+b)); -> Output is 4 bytes
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Ternary or Conditional operator: • This operator has three operands. • We use the ternary operator in C to run one code when the condition is true and another code when the condition is false. • Syntax is: testCondition ? Expression1 : Expression2
The testCondition is a boolean expression that results in either true or false.
If the condition is o true - Expression1 (before the colon) is executed o false - Expression2 (after the colon) is executed
Eg: a = 5 > 2 ? 10 + 20 : 10 - 20 Here testCondition is 5 > 2 which is True, so Expression 1 which is 10 + 20 executes and the output is 30 DR. MONISHA DEVI Bitwise operator: • Bitwise operators are used for manipulation of data at bit level. • Bitwise operators may not be applied to float or double.
• Bitwise AND (&): The output is 1 if the corresponding bits of
two operands is 1. If either bit of an operand is 0, the result of corresponding bit is evaluated to 0.
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Bitwise operator: • Bitwise OR (|): The output of bitwise OR is 1 if at least one corresponding bit of two operands is 1.
• Bitwise XOR (^): The result of bitwise XOR operator is 1 if the
corresponding bits of two operands are opposite, i.e. only of the operand is 1 and other has to be 0.
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Bitwise operator: • Bitwise complement (~): It is a unary operator (works on only one operand). It changes 1 to 0 and 0 to 1. • Right Shift operator (>>): Right shift operator shifts all bits towards right by certain number of specified bits.
• Left Shift operator (<<): It shifts all bits towards left by a
certain number of specified bits. The bit positions that have been vacated by the left shift operator are filled with 0.
