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Chap9 Faraday

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17 views3 pages

Chap9 Faraday

Uploaded by

phuoclh.1992
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Summary

Chapter 9: Center of Mass and Linear Momen-


tum
Center of Mass
• Definition: The center of mass of a system of particles is the point where
the entire mass of the system can be thought to be concentrated for the
purposes of analyzing motion.
• Mathematical Expression:
n
1 X
⃗rcom = mi⃗ri
M i=1

where M is the total mass of the system, mi is the mass of the i-th particle,
and ⃗ri is its position vector.
• Units: Meters (m).
• Physical Significance: The center of mass moves as if all external forces
act at that point. For a solid object, the center of mass can be located
using symmetry principles.
• Conditions: The concept holds for rigid bodies and systems of particles,
irrespective of whether internal forces act between them.

Newton’s Second Law for a System of Particles


• Definition: For a system of particles, the motion of the center of mass
follows Newton’s second law.
• Mathematical Expression:
F⃗net = M⃗acom
where F⃗net is the net external force, M is the total mass of the system,
and ⃗acom is the acceleration of the center of mass.
• Conditions: This law applies when considering only external forces. In-
ternal forces between particles of the system do not affect the motion of
the center of mass.

1
Linear Momentum
• Definition: Linear momentum is a measure of the motion of a particle
and is defined as the product of mass and velocity.

• Mathematical Expression:

p⃗ = m⃗v

where m is the mass of the particle and ⃗v is its velocity.

• Units: Kilogram meter per second (kg·m/s).


• Physical Significance: Linear momentum is a vector quantity, indi-
cating the direction and quantity of motion. It is conserved in isolated
systems.

Conservation of Linear Momentum


• Definition: If the net external force acting on a system is zero, the total
linear momentum of the system remains constant.
• Mathematical Expression:
X X
p⃗initial = p⃗final

• Conditions: This principle holds for isolated systems with no external


forces. It applies even if there are internal interactions between particles.

Impulse and Linear Momentum


• Definition: Impulse is the change in momentum of a particle due to a
force applied over a time interval.

• Mathematical Expression:
Z tf
J⃗ = ∆⃗
p= F⃗ (t) dt
ti

where J⃗ is the impulse, and F⃗ (t) is the time-varying force.


• Units: Newton-second (N·s).

• Physical Significance: Impulse quantifies the effect of a force acting


over a period of time to change a particle’s momentum.
• Conditions: This concept applies to collisions or interactions where forces
vary over time.

2
Elastic and Inelastic Collisions
• Elastic Collisions: Both linear momentum and kinetic energy are con-
served. No energy is lost to heat or deformation.

• Inelastic Collisions: Linear momentum is conserved, but kinetic energy


is not. Some energy is converted to other forms, such as heat or sound.
• Perfectly Inelastic Collisions: The colliding bodies stick together, re-
sulting in maximum loss of kinetic energy.

Additional Topics
• Rocket Propulsion: Involves the expulsion of mass to generate thrust.
The principle of conservation of linear momentum applies to the system
of the rocket and its exhaust gases.

• System of Particles and Rigid Bodies: Extends the concepts of center


of mass and momentum to systems with multiple interacting particles.

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