EPPD1043 MATHEMATICS FOR ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS

TOPIC 1: FUNCTIONS

1 FUNCTIONS

1.1 Concept and Definition

(a) Domains and ranges

 Suppose the equation is defined as y = 3x – 1, where exactly it gives every one input
number x, one output number y:
X Y
Input Number Output Number

 The set of all the input numbers (X) can be 1lément called a domain.
 The set of all output numbers is called a range.
Example 1-1

If the set of domain of the equation y = 3x – 1 is { 2, 4, 6 }, find the set of range.

Domain (x-values) = { 2, 4, 6 },
x = 2, y = 3 (2) – 1 = 5
x = 4, y = 3 (4) – 1 = 11
x = 6, y = 3 (6) – 1 = 17
Set of ranges (y-values) = { 5, 11, 17 }

Example 1-2

Suppose the revenue function of a firm is TR = 100q – q2 where TR is the total

revenue and q is the quantity of sales. Specify the range of revenue functions if the
maximum limit of sales per month is only 50 units.

Q = 0, TR = 100(0) – 0 =0
q = 50, TR = 100(50) – (50)2 = 2,500
Then the set of range set { TR | 0  TR  2,500 }

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(b) Functions and relationships
 A relationship is a mapping from a set of domains to a set of ranges with each element in
a set of domains having one or more 2léments in a set of ranges.
 There are 4 types of relationships which are
(i) One-to-one relationship. Each input has only one output.
(ii) One-to-many relationships. At least one input has more than one output.
(iii) The relationship of many to one. There is more than one input having the same output
(iv) Many-to-many relationships. At least one input has more than one output. There is
more than one input having the same output
Figure 1-1: One-to-one relationship

Domain Range

X1 Y1

X2 Y2

X3 Y3

Figure 1-2: The relationship of one to many

Domain Range

X1 Y1

X2 Y2

Y3

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 Figure 1-3: The relationship of many to one

Domain Range

X1 Y1

X2 Y2

X3

Figure 1-4: The relationship of many to many

Domain Range

X1 Y1

X2 Y2

X3 Y3

 A one-to-one relationship (diagram 1.1) is also known as a function.

 This means that every function is a relation but not all relationships are functions. A
function is a subset of relationships.

(c) Representation of relation and functions.

 Relationships and functions can be illustrated through
(i) mapping (diagram 1.1 – diagram 1.4)
(ii) ordered pairs/coordinate points.
 In each set of ordered pairs/coordinat (x, y), the first component is a domain element,
while the second component is a range element.
Example 1-3

Refer to Example 1-1. Domain set = { 2, 4, 6 } and range set = { 5, 11, 17 }

So the representation in the form of coordinate points is as follows

(2, 5), (4, 11) and (6, 17)

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(iii) Coordinate plane
 In the coordinate plane (3), the x-axis takes the domain value (abscissa) and the y-axis
takes the range value (ordinate).
Example 1-4

Refer to the coordinate points obtained in Example 1-3

(6, 17)

(4, 11)

(2, 5)

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(iv) Equation.
 The pairing of elements of the domain set with the elements of the range set can be
expressed in the form of the equation in Example 1-1 i.e. y = 3x – 1.

(v) Sketch Graph

 Based on Example 1-1, the function y = 3x – 1, can be sketched as follows

y = 3x – 1

(6, 17)

(4, 11)

(2, 5)

Example 1-5

Given the equation Equation 𝑦 𝑥

(i) Find a range set if the domain set is {0, 5, 10, 20}

x y
0 0
2.236
5
-2.236
3.162
10
-3.162
4.472
20
-4.472

Set of range -4.472, -3.162, -2.236, 0, 2.236, 3.162, 4.472}

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 (ii) Draw equations in the form of mappings, coordinate points, and graphs
Mapping
Domain Range
-4.472
0
-3.162

5 -2.236
0
10 2.236
3.162
20
4.472

Mapping shows the form of one-to-many relationships

Coordinate points

(0, 0), (5, 2.236), (5,-2.236), (10, 3.162) , (10, -3.162), (20, 4.472),

(20, -4.472)

Graf

This means that the equation 𝑦 𝑥 is not a function

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(d) General form of function.
 Usually letters such as 𝑓, 𝑔, ℎ, 𝐹, 𝐺 and so on are used to name functions.
 Assuming 𝑓 represents a function defined by y = x + 2, then the notation 𝑓 𝑥 read as « f
of x » is used to denote the output number that corresponds to the input number, x.
Input →→→ 𝑓 𝑥 Output

 So, 𝑓 𝑥 is equal to 𝑦. Since 𝑦 𝑥 2, then 𝑓 𝑥 𝑥 2

Example 1-6

Find the value 𝑓 3 if 𝑓 𝑥 𝑥 2

To get the value 𝑓 3 , which is the output that matches the input 3, replace x = 3 in
the equation.

𝑓 3 3 2 5

 Variables that represent the input numbers (domains) of a function are also called
independent variables.
 The variable that represents the output numbers (range) is a dependent variable because
its value depends on the value of the independent variable.
 In the equation 𝑦 𝑥 2, the independent variable is x, the dependent variable is 𝑦,
and 𝑦 is a function of 𝑥.

Example 1-7

2 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 1
Determine whether 𝑦 0 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 1 represent a function or relation?
2 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 1

2-

x
1

-2

*Hollow dot: The value of the function is not defined at that point.

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 Each 𝑥-value has only one 𝑦-value that corresponds to it. Therefore, this equation is
a function.

Domain set = { x | x is all real numbers }

Range set = { –2, 0, 2 }

(e) Polynomial Function.

 In general, a function of the form
𝑦 𝑓 𝑥 𝑎 𝑎 𝑥 … 𝑎 𝑥 𝑎 𝑥 (1.1)

where 𝑛 is a nonnegative integer and 𝑎 , … , 𝑎 , 𝑎 are constant is called polynomial

function (in 𝑥).

Example 1-8

Polynomial bukan polinomial

6𝑥 6𝑥 – 𝑥 /
𝑥 𝑥 5𝑥

 A polynomial can contain more than one variable, for example 5𝑥𝑦 7𝑧
 A polynomial that has only one term is monomial, for example 5 and 3𝑥𝑦𝑧
 A polynomial with two term is called binomial, for example 𝑥 3𝑦 dan 𝑥 2𝑥
 Polynomials that have three terms is called trinomial, for example 𝑦 3𝑦𝑧 𝑧 dan
6 7𝑥 𝑥
 The degree of a monomial is the sum of the exponents of the variables. For example,
3𝑤𝑥 𝑦 is monomial with degree of 6.
 The degree of a polynomial is determined by the degree of term that has the highest
degree. For example fungsi 2𝑥 𝑦 𝑥𝑦 𝑧 4𝑥𝑧 – 10 has three namely 𝑥, 𝑦 and 𝑧.
The degree of the polynomial is 4 (1 + 2 + 1 = 4), where term 𝑥𝑦 𝑧 has the highest
degree, compared to other terms.
 Polynomial of degree one is called linear polynomial.
 Polynomial of degree two is called quadratic polynomial.
 Polynomial of degree three is called cubic polynomial

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