Introduction to

ISO BRG010122M1 Rev. 0

Proudly developed in the United States of America January 2022
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 Contents

1 Introduction

1.1 Organization 1-2

1.2 Recommended Reading/Practice 1-2

2 Create a Concrete Box Girder Bridge

2.1 Example Project 2-2

2.2 Start the Model 2-3

2.3 Bridge Wizard 2-5

2.4 Layout Line 2-6

2.5 Deck Section 2-8

2.6 Bridge Object 2-10

2.7 Parametric Variation 2-13

i
Introduction to CSiBridge

2.8 Bridge Object Assignments 2-17

2.8.1 Spans 2-18
2.8.2 Abutments 2-20
2.8.3 Bents 2-22
2.8.4 Diaphragms 2-24
2.8.5 Prestress Tendons 2-25

2.9 Update the Linked Bridge Model 2-29

3 Load the Bridge Model

3.1 Lanes 3-3

3.2 Vehicles 3-5

3.3 Vehicle Classes 3-8

3.4 Load Patterns 3-9

3.5 Load Cases 3-10

3.5.1 Moving Load Case 3-10
3.5.2 Other Load Cases 3-11

3.6 Additional Loads 3-12

4 Analysis and Results of a Bridge Model

4.1 Bridge Responses 4-1

4.2 Run Analysis 4-2

4.3 Display Results 4-3

4.3.1 Graphical Displays 4-3
4.3.2 Output Tables 4-5

ii
 Chapter 1
Introduction

Modeling, analysis, and design of bridge structures have been integrated in-
to CSiBridge to create the ultimate in computerized tools tailored to meet
the needs of the engineering professional. The ease with which all of these
tasks can be accomplished makes CSiBridge the most versatile and produc-
tive software program in the industry.

Using CSiBridge, engineers can easily define complex bridge geometries,

boundary conditions and load cases. The bridge models are defined para-
metrically, using terms that are familiar to bridge engineers, such as layout
lines, spans, bearings, abutments, bents, hinges, and post-tensioning. The
software creates spine, shell, or solid object models that update automatical-
ly as the bridge definition parameters are changed.

CSiBridge design allows for quick and easy design and retrofitting of steel
and concrete bridges. The parametric modeler allows the user to build sim-
ple or complex bridge models and to make changes efficiently while main-
taining total control over the design process. Lanes and vehicles can be de-
fined quickly and include width effects. Simple and practical Gantt charts
are available to simulate modeling of construction sequences and schedul-
ing.

1-1
Introduction to CSiBridge

The CSiBridge includes an easy to follow Wizard that outlines the steps
necessary to create a bridge model.

Completely integrated within the CSiBridge design package is the power of

the SAPFire analysis engine, including staged construction, creep and
shrinkage analysis, cable tensioning to target forces, camber and shape find-
ing, geometric nonlinearity (P-delta and large displacements), material non-
linearity (superstructure, bearings, substructure, and soil supports), buck-
ling, and static and dynamic analysis. All of these apply to a single compre-
hensive model. In addition, AASHTO LRFD, CAN/CSA-S6, EUROCODE,
JTG-D62, Russian SNiP and IRC designs are included with automated load
combinations and superstructure design. The AASHTO latest load rating
and seismic design are also contained in CSiBridge.

1.1 Organization
This manual is designed to introduce you to CSiBridge design when model-
ing concrete box girder bridges and precast concrete girder bridges. Chapter
2 describes basic steps involved in creating a bridge model. Chapter 3 ex-
plains how loads are applied, including the importance of lanes, vehicle def-
initions, vehicle classes, and load cases. Chapter 4 touches on the analysis
and display of design output.

1.2 Recommended Reading/Practice

It is strongly recommended that you read this manual and review any appli-
cable “Watch & Learn” Series™ tutorials, which are found on our web site,
http://www.csiamerica.com, before attempting to design a concrete box
girder or precast concrete bridge using CSiBridge. Additional information
can be found in the on-line Help facility available from within the soft-
ware’s main menu.

1-2 Organization
 Chapter 2
Create a Concrete Box Girder Bridge

This chapter demonstrates the steps that are necessary to create a bridge
model using CSiBridge. The example bridge model, shown in Figure 2-1,
will be used throughout this chapter to help the user understand the various
steps that are necessary to build a bridge model. The example model used in
this chapter is the same as that used in a “Watch and Learn” tutorial that
can be viewed by visiting CSi’s website at www.csiamerica.com. The Watch
and Learn video, entitled ”Bridge – Bridge Information Modeler,” presents a
30-minute tutorial that will further guide the user through the model crea-
tion of the example bridge.

Figure 2-1 3D view of example concrete box girder bridge model

Example Project 2-1

Introduction to CSiBridge

2.1 Example Project

The example bridge is a two-span prestressed concrete box girder bridge
with the following features:

Abutments: The abutments are skewed by 15 degrees and are connected

to the bottom of the box girder only.

Prestress: The concrete box girder bridge is prestressed with four 5.0-
in2 tendons (one in each girder), with a jacking force of
1,080 kips each.

Bents: There is one interior bent with three 5 feet 0 inches square
columns.

Deck: The deck is a Concrete Box Girder with a nominal depth of

5 feet 0 inches. The deck has a parabolic variation in depth
from 5 feet 0 inches at the abutments to a maximum of 10
feet 0 inches at the interior bent support.

Spans: The bridge has two spans of approximately 100 feet 0 inch-
es each.

Figure 2-2 Elevation view of example bridge

Figure 2-3 Plan view of example bridge

2-2 Example Project

 Chapter 2 - Create a Concrete Box Girder Bridge

2.2 Start the Model

1. Click the File > New command and the form shown in Figure 2-4 will
display. For this example, select Kip,ft,F for the units if it is not selected
already.

Figure 2-4 New Model form

2. Click the Blank button. By default, two blank CSiBridge windows dis-
play. A single window will provide a larger view that is often easier to
use during model creation phase. Click the X in the upper right-hand
corner of one of the windows to close it so that only one CSiBridge
window is displaying, with only the global axes present. Note the ex-
pand arrow immediately to the left of the X; clicking that arrow will
display a list of available windows and the option to add a new window.

3. Click the File > Resources command to locate the Help and Documenta-
tion information that you can use to learn more about CSiBridge.

Start the Model 2-3

Introduction to CSiBridge

4. Click the Home > Bridge Wizard command to access the Bridge Wizard
form shown in Figure 2-5.

Figure 2-5 CSiBridge Wizard

The Wizard can be used to guide the user through the model creation steps.
Alternatively, the commands on the tabs (e.g., Layout, Components) can be
used to complete a model. The commands on the tabs also are given in the
text the follows.

2-4 Start the Model

 Chapter 2 - Create a Concrete Box Girder Bridge

2.3 Bridge Wizard

The Bridge Wizard walks the user through all of the steps required to create
a bridge object model in CSiBridge. The basic bridge modeling process is as
follows:

 Step 2 Layout Lines defines the bridge layout linethat is, the horizontal
and vertical alignment of the bridge.

 Step 3 Basic Properties defines basic properties and Step 4 Bridge Compo-
nent Properties defines bridge-specific properties.

 Step 5 Bridge Object Definition, Step 6 Parametric Variation Definitions,

and Step 7 Bridge Object Assignments define the bridge object and make
all associated assignments.

 Step 8 Update Linked Model creates an object-based model from the

bridge object definition.

 Step 9 Lane and Vehicle Definitions, Step 10 Function Definitions, Step 11

Load Case Definitions and Step 13 Moving Load Case Results Saved define
analysis items and parameters, including lanes, vehicles, load cases, and
desired output items.

Click on any row in the summary table to jump to the associated step. After
you have clicked in the summary table, the up and down arrow keys can be
used to move up or down one step at a time. The user can use the Step con-
trol located below the summary table to move to the first step (<<), previous
step (<), next step (>) or last step (>>). Type a step number in the Step con-
trol and press the Enter key to jump directly to that step. The tree view to
the left shows the items that are currently defined in the model. Clicking on
an item in the tree view displays the step associated with that item.

For each step in the Bridge Wizard (except Step 1 Introduction), a button
displays immediately below the summary table text. Clicking the button
opens the form associated with the step. In a few cases, the button may be
disabled. That occurs when prerequisite steps have not been completed,
such as:

Bridge Wizard 2-5

Introduction to CSiBridge

 A layout line and a deck section property must be defined before a bridge
object can be defined.

 A bridge object must be defined before any bridge object assignments can
be made.

 A layout line definition or frame objects must exist in the model before
lanes can be defined.

For Step 7 items, a Bridge Object drop-down list also displays immediately
below the summary table text. That list can be used to select the bridge ob-
ject to which assignments are being made.

2.4 Layout Line

The first step in creating a bridge object is to define the layout line. Layout
lines are reference lines used for defining the horizontal and vertical align-
ment of the bridge and the vehicle lanes. Layout lines are defined using sta-
tions for distance, bearings for horizontal alignment, and grades for vertical
alignment. Layout lines may be straight, bent or curved, both horizontally
and vertically. Horizontal curves are circular with spirals, if necessary. Ver-
tical curves are parabolic.

5. On the Bridge Wizard, double click Step 2 Layout Line to display the
Define Bridge Layout Line form. Alternatively, using the tabs, click the
Layout > Layout Line > Expand arrow command.

6. Click the Add New Line button to display the Bridge Layout Line Data
form shown in Figure 2-6. It is recommended that the axis of the bridge
be defined in the West/East direction (note the Initial Bearing). This
orients the bridge left to right across the CSiBridge window, which may
make it easier to navigate through the model later. CSiBridge viewing
features are described later.

2-6 Layout Line

 Chapter 2 - Create a Concrete Box Girder Bridge

Figure 2-6 Specify layout line data

7. Type 200 into the End Station edit box in the Initial and End Station
Data area of the form (note that the Units are Kip,ft,F). Recall that the
bridge in the Example (Section 2.1) has two spans of 100 feet each, for a
total span of 200 feet.

8. Click the Horizontal Layout Data Quick Start button. The Quick Start
buttons can be used to quickly define a layout line and then the layout
line can be edited as necessary. At least one layout line and one deck
section must be defined before a bridge object can be defined. Also, a
layout line (or frame objects) must exist in the model before lanes can
be defined.

9. For this example, select the Straight option.

Layout Line 2-7

Introduction to CSiBridge

Figure 2-7 Quick Start form to specify layout line horizontal data

Click the OK buttons on the Bridge Layout Line Data and Define Bridge
Layout Line forms to apply the selection, close the forms, and continue
with the next step.

2.5 Deck Section

Deck sections are used to define the bridge superstructure. Various paramet-
ric deck sections are available, including concrete box girder, concrete flat
slab, precast concrete girder, and steel girder deck sections.

10. Double click Item 4.1 Deck Section on the Wizard (or the Components
> Superstructure Item > Deck Sections > Expand arrow command) to dis-
play the Define Bridge Deck Sections form. Click the Add New Section
button to display the Select Bridge Deck Section Type form, which is
shown in Figure 2-8.

2-8 Deck Section

 Chapter 2 - Create a Concrete Box Girder Bridge

Figure 2-8 Select a bridge deck section

For this example, a concrete box girder section with vertical side walls is
required.

11. Click the Ext. Girder Vertical button in the upper left-hand corner of
the Select Bridge Deck Section Type form. This will display the Define
Bridge Section Data- Concrete Box Girder - Vertical form shown in Fig-
ure 2-9.

Deck Section 2-9

Introduction to CSiBridge

Figure 2-9 Specify deck section properties

The Define Bridge Section Data form is used to define the specific mate-
rial property and geometries that represent the superstructure deck sec-
tion. After a deck section has been defined, it can be assigned to a
Bridge Object (see Bridge Object, Step 7 on the Bridge Wizard). If de-
sired, the bridge superstructure can be specified to vary parametrically
along its length. This will be completed for this example and is de-
scribed after the Bridge Object has been defined in the next section.
Click the OK buttons on the Define Bridge Section Data and Define
Bridge Deck Sections forms.

2.6 Bridge Object

At least one layout line (Steps 5 through 9 of this Introduction) and one
deck section property (Steps 10 and 11 of this Introduction) must be defined
before a bridge object can be defined. The bridge object definition is the
main component of the CSiBridge modeler.

2 - 10 Bridge Object
 Chapter 2 - Create a Concrete Box Girder Bridge

12. On the Bridge Wizard, double click Item 5 Bridge Object and click the
Add New Bridge Object button (or click the Bridge > Bridge Object >
New command), then choose the “General Bridge” type in the Bridge
Type form and click OK button to display the Bridge Object Data form,
which is shown in Figure 2-10.

Figure 2-10 Specify Bridge Object data

The lower left-hand corner of the Bridge Object form shows a plan view
of the bridge. Green lines denote the Abutments and red lines denote
the Layout Line. Initially, the length of the bridge will default to the
length of the layout line; however, the length of the bridge can be mod-
ified to any length that is less than the length of the layout line.

Bridge Object 2 - 11
Introduction to CSiBridge

The following is included in the bridge object definition:

 Bridge spans are defined.

 Deck section properties are assigned to each span.
 Parametric deck section variations may be assigned to each span.
 Abutments, including their skews, are assigned at each end of the
bridge.
 Bents, including their skews, are assigned at each bent location.
 Diaphragms, including their skews, may be assigned along each span.
 Hinges, including their skews, may be assigned along each span.
 Additional discretization points, including their skews, may be as-
signed along each span.
 Superelevations may be assigned.
 Prestress tendons may be assigned.
 Girder Rebar
 Loads
 Bridge staged construction groups may be assigned.

13. Rename the span label as “Span2” and click the Modify button. Then di-
vide the bridge model into two spans typing 100 in the “End Station ft.”
edit box and typing “Span1” in the “Span Label” edit box in the Define
Bridge Object Reference Line area of the form. Then click the Add but-
ton. This will locate the station 100 feet from the left end of the layout
line and place the only interior bent used in this example model. After
the station value of 100 ft has been added, the plan image of the bridge
will change to reflect the inclusion of a bent, as shown in Figure 2-11
(click the Show Enlarged Sketch button to display this form).

2 - 12 Bridge Object
 Chapter 2 - Create a Concrete Box Girder Bridge

Figure 2-11 Plan view of the Bridge Object

Although not applicable to this example, to make changes to a deck section

within a span, divide the span into segments using the same steps for adding
a bent, except specify that a bent property of “None” be assigned where
there is no bent support.

2.7 Parametric Variation

Parametric variations can be used to define variations in the deck section
along the length of the bridge.

14. On the Bridge Wizard, click Item 6 Parametric Variations and the De-
fine/Show Variations button (or use the Components > Superstructure
Item > Parametric Variations > Expand arrow command) to display the
Define Parametric Variations form. On that form click the Add New
Variation button to display the Variation Definition form shown in Fig-
ure 2-12. Note that the default name of the variation definition is
PVAR1.

Parametric Variation 2 - 13
Introduction to CSiBridge

Figure 2-12 Define a Parametric Variation for the first span

Almost all parameters used in the parametric definition of a deck sec-

tion can be specified to vary. More than one parameter can vary at the
same time, if necessary. Each varying parameter can have its own
unique variation. Example uses of parametric variations include varying
the bridge depth and the thickness of girders and slabs along the length
of the bridge. The variations may be linear, parabolic, or circular. After
a variation has been defined, it can be assigned as part of the deck sec-
tion assignment to bridge objects (see Item 7.1 Deck Sections on the
Bridge Wizard).

15. Click the Quick Start button to access the Parametric Variation – Quick
Start form shown in Figure 2-13.

2 - 14 Parametric Variation
 Chapter 2 - Create a Concrete Box Girder Bridge

Figure 2-13 Select the Parametric Variation alignment type

Note that the Parabolic Line option has been selected for use in this ex-
ample. After closing the form and returning to the Variation Definition
form. Adjust the entries on the Variation Definition form to match
those shown in Figure 2-12 by typing directly in the edit boxes and
clicking the Modify button.

When the PARV1 definition is applied to the bridge deck, the depth of
the bridge increases (positive dimension change) and the increase is par-
abolic in shape until the distance of 90 feet has been reached. Thereaf-
ter, the depth of the bridge desk remains flat over the remaining 10 feet.

It is intended that PARV1 will be applied to the first span, and a second var-
iation PARV2, which is a mirror image of PARV1, will be applied over the
second span. PARV2 is defined in the same manner as PARV1, except a
Linear-Parabolic shape is selected on the Parametric Variation – Quick Start
form, and the values in the “Distance ft.” and “Dim Change ft.” edit boxes
on the Variation Definition form are as shown in Figure 2-14.

Parametric Variation 2 - 15
Introduction to CSiBridge

Figure 2-14 Parametric Variation Definition for the second span

Alternatively, the parametric variations PARV1 and PARV2 can be com-

bined as a single parametric variation PARV3 for the entire bridge length as
shown in Figure 2-15. Note that it is valid to start the variation with nega-
tive distance.

2 - 16 Parametric Variation
 Chapter 2 - Create a Concrete Box Girder Bridge

Figure 2-15 Parametric Variation Definition for the entire bridge

Note that the PARV1, PARV2 and PARV3 variations have been defined but
have not been assigned to the spans at this stage in the process.

2.8 Bridge Object Assignments

Figure 2-16 lists the series of Item 7 Bridge Object Assignments that can be
made to the model.

On the Bridge Wizard, click on any of the 7.1 through 7.14 items to activate
the forms needed to assign the selected item to the bridge object. Alterna-
tively, to access to the 7.1 through 7.10 items, open the Bridge Object Data
form and select an item from the Modify/Show Assignments list shown in
Figure 2-17. (Open the Bridge Object Data form by double clicking Item 5
Bridge Object Definition on the Bridge Wizard and clicking the Modi-
fy/Show Bridge Object button, or click the Bridge > Bridge Objects > Modify
command.)

Bridge Object Assignments 2 - 17

Introduction to CSiBridge

Figure 2-16 Items to which assignments can be made using Bridge Objects

Figure 2-17 Modify/Show Assignments list box

2.8.1 Spans
16. To assign a deck property or apply a variation to a span, click Item 7.1
Deck Section and the Assign/Show Deck Sections button on the Bridge
Wizard, or on the Bridge Object form (Figure 2-10), select the Spans
item from the Modify/Show Assignments list (shown in Figure 2-17)
and click the Modify/Show button (or click the Bridge > Bridge Object >

2 - 18 Bridge Object Assignments

 Chapter 2 - Create a Concrete Box Girder Bridge

Spans command). This will display the Bridge Object Span Assignments
form shown in Figure 2-18.

Figure 2-18 Assign a parametric variation to a bridge span

17. Double click on the “No” displayed in the Span1 Section Varies spread-
sheet cell to activate the Bridge Section Variation Definition form
shown in Figure 2-19.

18. Click in the Variation column, click on the General Data, Total Depth
item to display a drop-down list that includes PVAR1, PVAR2 and
PVAR3.

19. Click on PVAR1 to assign the previously defined PVAR1 variation to

the first span of the bridge and select “Distance Measured from Start of
Span”. Alternatively, PVAR3 can be used along with the selection of
“Distance Measured from Start Abutment”.

20. Repeat these steps, but double click the “No” displayed in the ToEndA-
bu spreadsheet cell and select PVAR2 from the drop-down list to assign
the PVAR 2 variation to the second span. Alternatively, PVAR3 can be
used along with the selection of “Distance Measured from Start Abut-
ment”. Or simply select “Reference to Another Span” and specify the
first span as the reference span if the alternative method is used for the
first span.

Bridge Object Assignments 2 - 19

Introduction to CSiBridge

Figure 2-19 Specify the defined variation to be assigned

to the selected bridge span

Assigning PARV1 to the first span and PARV2 to the second span means that
the depth of the superstructure will increase according to the parametric varia-
tion. It is noted that when the width of the bridge deck section is varied along
the bridge length and the supports are skewed, the alternative method of defin-
ing a parametric variation for the entire bridge length with some extended dis-
tance and assigning it to all spans along with the selection of “Distance Meas-
ured from Start Abutment” is recommended.

2.8.2 Abutments
The abutment assignments provide very important boundary conditions for
the bridge model. Special attention should be given to the bearing proper-
ties, bearing locations, and abutment direction (skews) if any.

21. Click Item 7.3 Abutments and the Assign/Show Abutments button on
the Wizard, or on the Bridge Object form (Figure 2-10), select the
Abutments item from the Modify/Show Assignments list (shown in Fig-
ure

2 - 20 Bridge Object Assignments

 Chapter 2 - Create a Concrete Box Girder Bridge

2-16) and click the Modify/Show button (or click the Bridge > Bridge
Object > Supports > Abutments command). The Bridge Object Abutment
Assignments form shown in Figure 2-19 displays. Abutment assign-
ments can be made to each end of the bridge. The form in Figure 2-20
shows the data for the Start Abutment.

Figure 2-20 Assign abutments to a Bridge Object

22. Modify the form where necessary to match the data shown in Figure 2-
20:

 b. End skew  N15E denotes North, 15 degrees East

 c. End diaphragm property, if any  None is specified

 g. Substructure assignment for the abutment, which may be None,

an abutment property, or a bent property  the default BABT1
property definition is selected

 e. Vertical elevation and horizontal location of the substructure 

these parameters are explained further later in this manual

Bridge Object Assignments 2 - 21

Introduction to CSiBridge

 h. Bearing assignment type can be either Girder by Girder (default)

or General. The default option is selected

 d. and f. The bearing property, elevation, and rotation angle from

the bridge default  Note that the bearing elevation refers to
the action point of the bearing.

Note also that the elevations specified for the substructure and the
bearings are Global Z coordinates.

23. Make similar assignments to the End Abutment.

2.8.3 Bents
The bent assignments also provide very important boundary conditions for
the bridge model. Special attention should also be given to the bent bearing
properties, bent bearing locations, and bent direction (skews) if any.

Figure 2-21 Assign bents to a Bridge Object

24. Click Item 7.4 Bents and the Assign/Show Bents button on the Bridge
Wizard, or on the Bridge Object form (Figure 2-10), select the Bents

2 - 22 Bridge Object Assignments

 Chapter 2 - Create a Concrete Box Girder Bridge

item from the Modify/Show Assignments list (shown in Figure 2-17)

and click the Modify/Show button (or click the Bridge > Bridge Object >
Supports > Bents command). The Bridge Object Bent Assignments form
shown in Figure 2-21 displays.

25. Modify the Bridge Object Bent Assignments form if necessary to match
the form shown in Figure 2-21.

• a. Specify where the bent assignment is being applied  The bent

assignments is applied to the bent at the end of Span1 (i.e., Sta-
tion 100). Since the example model has only a single bent, other
bent station locations do not exist and do not need assignments.

• b. and c. For the example model, the Superstructure Continuity

Conditions is Continuous. If the model had superstructure dis-
continuities, a diaphragm property as well as a restrainer prop-
erty, restrainer vertical elevation and initial gap openings at the
top and bottom of the superstructure could be specified on each
side of the discontinuity. However, for this example, the Dia-
phragm Property has a None property (i.e., no diaphragm is as-
signed).

• d. A previously defined bent property and an orientation for the

bent can be specified. For this model, the defaults are being
used.

• e. Vertical elevation (see e. on Figure 21) and horizontal location

of the bent

• f. and g. The bearing property, elevation, and rotation angle from

the bridge default can be specified. For bents at superstructure
discontinuities, bearings are separately specified on each side of
the discontinuity (see b. on Figure 21).

• h. Bearing assignment type can be either Girder by Girder (default)

or General. The default option is selected.

If the superstructure is discontinuous over a particular bent, the

bent property for that bent must be defined as a discontinuous

Bridge Object Assignments 2 - 23

Introduction to CSiBridge

superstructure. To make this definition, click Item 4.7 Bents and

the Define/Show Bents button on the Bridge Wizard to display
the Define Bridge Bents form and click the Modify/Show Bridge
Bent button (or the Components > Substructure Item > Bents
command) to access the Bridge Bent Data form and select the
Double Bearing Line (Discontinuous Superstructure) option.

Note that the elevations specified for the restrainer, bent and the bear-
ings are Global Z coordinates. Typically, along each bearing line there is
one bearing for each girder.

2.8.4 Diaphragms
A diaphragm assignment includes a diaphragm location, property, and ori-
entation. In-span diaphragms are assigned as part of the Bridge Object defi-
nition. Diaphragms that occur at abutments, bents and hinges are assigned
as part of the bridge object abutment, bent and hinge assignments, respec-
tively.

Although you can assign any diaphragm property within a span, a concrete
diaphragm will be used by the program only if it occurs within a span with
a concrete deck section, and similarly, a steel diaphragm will be used by the
program only if it occurs within a span with a steel deck section.

26. For this example, click Item 7.6 Diaphragms and the Assign/Show
Diaphragms button on the Bridge Wizard, or on the Bridge Object form
(Figure 2-10) select the In-Span Cross Diaphragms item from the Modi-
fy/Show Assignments list (shown in Figure 2-16) and click the Modi-
fy/Show button (or click the Bridge > Bridge Object > Span Items > Dia-
phragms command). The Bridge Object In-Span Cross-Diaphragm As-
signments form shown in Figure 2-22 displays.

27. Use the form to specify that the diaphragm property, BDIA1, be applied
at the quarter points for each span.

 Type 25 in the Distance edit box and click the Add button.

 Type 50 in the Distance edit box and click the Add button.

2 - 24 Bridge Object Assignments

 Chapter 2 - Create a Concrete Box Girder Bridge

 Type 75 in the Distance edit box and click the Add button.

 Select Span2 from the Span drop-down list, type 25 in the Dis-
tance edit box, and click the Add button.

 Select Span2 from the Span drop-down list, type 50 in the Dis-
tance edit box, and click the Add button.

 Select Span2 from the Span drop-down list, type 75 in the Dis-
tance edit box, and click the Add button.

Figure 2-22 Bridge Object In-Span Cross-Diaphragm Assignments

2.8.5 Prestress Tendons

Tendon assignments may be added to a bridge model by clicking Item 7.8
Prestress Tendons and the Assign/Show Tendons button on the Bridge Wiz-
ard, or on the Bridge Object form (Figure 2-10) select the Prestress Tendons
item from the Modify/Show Assignments list (shown in Figure 2-17) and
click the Modify/Show button (or click the Bridge > Bridge Object > Pre-
stress Tendons command) to access the Assign Prestress Tendons form. The
Add New Tendon button is then clicked to display the Bridge Tendon Data
form shown in Figure 2-23.

Bridge Object Assignments 2 - 25

Introduction to CSiBridge

Although no changes are required for the example model, tendon assign-
ments include the following data:

 Location of the start and end of the tendon

 The vertical and horizontal layout of the tendon

 Tendon section properties, loss parameters, and jacking options

 The tendon load specified as a force or a stress

Figure 2-23 Bridge Tendon Data form

 The tendon modeling option, which is to model the tendon as loads or as

elements. (If the model will be used in CSiBridge Superstructure Design,
the tendons must be modeled as elements.)

2 - 26 Bridge Object Assignments

 Chapter 2 - Create a Concrete Box Girder Bridge

Several Quick Start buttons are available to assist in defining the tendon
geometry. Figure 2-24 shows an example of a Quick Start form.

Buttons also are available that access forms to define the Vertical and Hori-
zontal Layout data. On those forms, Parabolic Calculator buttons access
forms that assist in the defining the parabolic tendon layouts by points.

The tendon loads typically are assigned using PRESTRESS as the load pat-
tern type. The load pattern can be added by clicking on the “+” button to
the left of the Load Pattern Type drop-down list on the Bridge Tendon Data
form, which displays the form shown in Figure 2-25. That form can be
modified easily.

Figure 2-24 Tendon Layout Quick Start form

Bridge Object Assignments 2 - 27

Introduction to CSiBridge

Figure 2-25 Define Load Patterns form

After a tendon has been defined, it can be copied to all of the girder loca-
tions using the form shown in Figure 2-26.

Figure 2-26 Assign Prestress Tendon form

After clicking the Copy to All Girders button, click the Show All Tendons
button to view all of the assigned tendons, as shown in Figure 2-27.

2 - 28 Bridge Object Assignments

 Chapter 2 - Create a Concrete Box Girder Bridge

Figure 2-27 Bridge Tendon Layout Display

2.9 Update the Linked Bridge Model

Anytime the bridge object definition is modified, the linked model must be
updated for the changes to appear in the CSiBridge object-based model.

28. For this example, click Item 8 Update Linked Model and the Update
Linked Model button on the Bridge Wizard, or click the Bridge > Update
> Update command, to display the form shown in Figure 2-28.

Update the Linked Bridge Model 2 - 29

Introduction to CSiBridge

Figure 2-28 Update Linked Bridge form

The Update Bridge Structural Model form has several options.

29. Select a Bridge Object and Action  Select the Bridge Object (in this
example, there is only bridge object). For the Action, select Update
Linked Model. The options available in the drop-down list can be ex-
plained as follows:

− Update Linked Model  The updating process essentially creates the

entire object-based bridge model based on the information contained
within the Bridge Object definitions. If an object based model of the
bridge object already exists, it will be deleted when the new object-
based model is updated. The new object-based model will include all
of the latest changes to the bridge object definition. User-defined fea-
tures such as foundation elements, and other supplemental framing
elements that are defined outside of the Bridge Module will not be
updated. The user needs to review and ensure the compatibility be-
tween the updated object-based bridge model and the user-defined el-
ements.

− Clear All from Linked Model  This option clears the bridge model
display, resulting in a blank screen. It does not delete the model,
which can be redisplayed by choosing the Update Linked Model op-
tion.

− Convert to Unlinked Model option  CAUTION! This is a one-way

command and cannot be undone. After a model has been converted to

2 - 30 Update the Linked Bridge Model

 Chapter 2 - Create a Concrete Box Girder Bridge

an unlinked model, the model cannot be updated using CSiBridge

(i.e., the commands on the Bridge Wizard or the tabs).

 Structural Model Options  Use these options to create a spine model, an

area object model, or a solid object model. The type of object based model
created from the bridge object definition can be switched at any time.
Note that the Bridge > Update > Auto Update command is a toggle that al-
lows the bridge model to be automatically updated by the program every
time a change is made.

− Update as Spine Model Using Frame Objects option  Use to create

the model with frame objects.

− Update as Area Object Model option  Use to create the model using
area objects.

− Update as Solid Object Model option.  Use to create the model using
solid objects.

− Preferred Maximum Submesh Size edit box.  Use the area or solid
option and associated edit box to specify the automatic area mesh for
analysis. This option allows area objects to be divided into smaller ob-
jects in the object-based model, and meshed into elements in the
analysis model.

 Discretization Information options.

− Maximum Segment Length for Deck Spans edit box.  Use to specify
the maximum length of the frame objects, area objects, or solid objects
in the deck spans in the resulting object-based model.

− Maximum Segment Length for Bent Cap Beams edit box.  Use to
specify the maximum length of the frame objects, area objects, or solid
objects in the bent cap beams in the resulting object-based model.

− Maximum Segment Length for Bent Columns edit box.  Use to spec-
ify the maximum length of the frame objects, area objects, or solid ob-
jects in the bent columns in the resulting object-based mode

Update the Linked Bridge Model 2 - 31

 Chapter 3
Load the Bridge Model

This chapter describes the various bridge loading options that are available in
CSiBridge. This chapter focuses mainly on vehicular live loading. The latter
part of this chapter describes application of temperature loads as well other
bridge related loads. Seismic loading is covered in the Bridge Seismic Design
manual.

A moving load analysis can be used to determine the response of a bridge

structures as a result of the weight and centrifugal effects of vehicular live
loads. CSiBridge provides power and flexibility for determining the maximum
and minimum displacements, forces, and stresses due to multiple-lane loads on
complex structures, such as highway interchanges. The effects of vehicle live
loads can be combined with static and dynamic loads, and envelopes of the re-
sponse can be computed.

Lanes are required if vehicular loads are to be added to a bridge model. Lanes
represent the line or area where the live loads can act upon the superstructure.
Lanes may have width and can follow any straight or curved path. Multiple
lanes need not be parallel or of the same length, so that complex traffic patterns
may be considered. The program automatically determines how the lanes load
the superstructure, even if they are eccentric to a spine model. Conventional in-
fluence lines and surfaces resulting from the loading of each lane can be dis-
played for any response quantity. Vehicle live loads can be selected from a set
of standard highway and railway vehicles, or user-defined vehicle live loads

3-1
Introduction to CSiBridge

can be created. Vehicles are grouped into vehicle classes, such that the most
severe loading of each class governs.

Two methods can be used to calculate the effects of vehicular live loads, name-
ly, influence-based enveloping analysis and step-by-step analysis with full cor-
respondence. The basic steps required for these two types of analysis are as fol-
lows:

Influence-based enveloping analysis:

 Vehicles move in both directions along each lane of the bridge. Using the in-
fluence surface, vehicles are automatically located at such positions along the
length and width of the lanes to produce the maximum and minimum re-
sponse quantities throughout the structure.

 Each vehicle may be allowed to act on every lane or be restricted to certain

lanes. The program can automatically find the maximum and minimum re-
sponse quantities throughout the structure resulting from placement of differ-
ent vehicles in different lanes. For each maximum or minimum extreme re-
sponse quantity, the corresponding values for the other components of re-
sponse also can be computed.

Step-by-step analysis:

 Any number of vehicles can be run simultaneously on the lanes, each with its
own starting time, position, direction and speed. Step-by-step static or time-
history analysis can be performed, with nonlinear effects included if desired.

For most design purposes, the enveloping-type analysis using Moving-Load

Load Cases is most appropriate. For special studies and unusual permit vehi-
cles, the step-by-step approach can be valuable.

For the example model, moving live loads will be analyzed using the influ-
enced-based enveloping method. The steps that are necessary to define this
type of load case are described in the text that follows and begin with lane def-
initions.

3-2
 Chapter 3 - Load the Bridge Model

3.1 Lanes
A traffic lane is defined with respect to a reference line, which can be a bridge
layout line or a line (path) of frame elements. The transverse position of the
Lane center line is specified by its eccentricity relative to the reference line.
Lanes are said to “run” in a particular direction, namely from the first location
on the reference line used to define the lane to the last. A width for each lane
can be specified, which may be constant or variable along the length of the
lane. When a lane is wider than a Vehicle, each axle or distributed load of the
vehicle is moved transversely in the Lane to maximum effect. If the lane is nar-
rower than the vehicle, the vehicle is centered on the Lane and the vehicle
width is reduced to the width of the lane.

As an example, two 12-foot-wide lanes, each having an offset of 8’-0” from the
centerline of the sample bridge, are added as follows.

1. Click Item 9.1 Lanes and the Define/Show Lanes button on the Bridge
Wizard or the Layout > Lanes > Expand arrow command to access the
Define Lanes form shown in Figure 3-1. Lanes can be added along the
layout line or along a defined frame line.

Figure 3-1 Define Lanes form

2. Click the Add New Lanes Defined from Layout Line button to add the
lane along the layout line defined in Chapter 2. The Bridge Lane Data
form shown in Figure 3-2 will display.

Lanes 3-3
Introduction to CSiBridge

Figure 3-2 Bridge Lane Data form

3. Enter data to match that shown in Figure 3-2. Note that the Lane data in-
cludes two lines that define the start and end stations, centerline offset
and lane width. The lane display color also can be selected.

4. Define a second lane as described in Steps 2 and 3, except use the lane
offset distance set at −8 feet.

Use the Home > Display > More > Show Lanes command to view the lanes
as shown in Figure 3-3.

3-4
 Chapter 3 - Load the Bridge Model

Figure 3-3 3D view of bridge model and lanes

When skewed abutments exist, the layout lines should extend beyond the
length of the bridge by a small amount. This way the lanes can start and end a
small distance from the abutments such that the lanes will completely cover
(and load) the deck areas near the skews. This was not completed in this exam-
ple model.

3.2 Vehicles
Any number of vehicle live loads, or simply vehicles, may be defined to act on
the traffic lanes. Standard types of vehicles known to CSiBridge can be used or
the general vehicle specification can be used to create user-defined vehicle
types. All vehicle live loads represent weight and are assumed to act down-
ward, in the –Z global coordinate direction. Each vehicle definition consists of
one or more concentrated or uniform loads, or both.

Axle loads act at a single longitudinal location in the vehicle. Uniform loads
may act between pairs of axles, or extend infinitely before the first axle or after
the last axle. The width of each axle load and each uniform load is specified
independently. Those widths may be fixed or equal to the width of the Lane.

Vehicles 3-5
Introduction to CSiBridge

Longitudinally, axle loads are similar to a point load. Transversely, axle loads
may be represented as one or more point (wheel) loads or as distributed (knife-
edge) loads. Knife-edge loads may be distributed across a fixed width or the
full width of the lane. Axle loads may be zero, which can be used to separate
uniform loads of different magnitude.

Longitudinally, the uniform loads are constant between axles. Transversely,

these loads may be distributed uniformly across the width of the lane, over a
fixed width, or they may be concentrated at the center line of the lane.

5. Click Item 9.2 Vehicles and the Define/Show Vehicles button on the
Bridge Wizard or the Loads > Type > Vehicles > Expand arrow com-
mand to access the Define Vehicles form shown in Figure 3-4.

Figure 3-4 Define Vehicles form

Use the form to import Standard or add General Vehicle definitions. The
Standard Vehicles available in CSiBridge represent vehicular live loads
that are specific to various design codes. A more complete description of
the standard vehicle types and properties is available in the Analysis Ref-
erence Manual.

The general vehicle may represent an actual vehicle or a notional vehicle

used by a design code. Most trucks and trains can be modeled using the
CSiBridge General Vehicle. The General Vehicle consists of n axles with

3-6
 Chapter 3 - Load the Bridge Model

specified distances between them. Concentrated loads may exist at the

axles. Uniform loads may exist between pairs of axles, in front of the
first axle, and behind the last axle. The distance between any one pair of
axles may vary over a specified range; the other distances are fixed. The
leading and trailing uniform loads are of infinite extent. Additional
“floating” concentrated loads may be specified that are independent of
the position of the axles.

6. On the Define Vehicles form, click the Import Vehicle button to access
the Quick Add Vehicles form shown in Figure 3-5.

Figure 3-5 Add Standard Vehicle form

7. Expand the library and select the desired vehicle. For the example model,
added the HL93S, HL93M and HL93K vehicles.

If the desired vehicle is not part of the list, return to Step 6 and click the
Add Vehicle button to define a general vehicle..

View the specific properties of a vehicle definition by clicking the Modi-

fy/Show button on the Define Vehicles form to view the properties for
the ASHTO LRFD HL93-S vehicle displays form shown in Figure 3-6.
Click the Vertical Loading button to show the details of the vertical
loading data.

Vehicles 3-7
Introduction to CSiBridge

Figure 3-6 General Vehicle Data form

3.3 Vehicle Classes

Vehicle classes must be defined to analyze a bridge model for vehicle live loads
using a moving load case. A vehicle class is simply a group of one or more vehi-
cles for which a moving load analysis is performed (one vehicle at a time).

8. Click Item 9.3 Vehicle Classes and the Define/Show Vehicle Classes
button on the Bridge Wizard or the Loads > Type > Vehicle Classes >
Expand arrow command to access the Define Vehicle Classes form.
Click the Add New Class button to access the Vehicle Class Data form
shown in Figure 3-7 (alternatively click the Loads > Type > Vehicle
Classes > New command).

3-8
 Chapter 3 - Load the Bridge Model

Figure 3-7 Vehicle Class Data form

9. Select the Vehicle Classes and scale factor as shown in the figure. Speci-
fying this data is necessary to be able to define a Moving Load Case.

3.4 Load Patterns

A load pattern is a specified spatial distribution of forces, displacements, tem-
peratures, and other effects that act upon the structure. A load pattern by itself
does not cause any response in the structure. Load patterns must be applied in
load cases to produce results. Use Item 11 Load Pattern Definitions and the De-
fine/Show Load Patterns button on the Bridge Wizard or the Loads > Load
Patterns command to display the Define Load Patterns form and define the
load pattern.

The “Bridge Live” load pattern Type can be used to specify that one or more
vehicles move across the bridge. For each vehicle, specify a time that the vehi-
cle starts to load the bridge, the initial vehicle location, the direction of travel,
and the speed. When used in a multi-step static or multi-step dynamic (direct
integration time history) load case (see Section 3.5), this type of load pattern is
useful in evaluating special vehicle loads.

Load Patterns 3-9

Introduction to CSiBridge

3.5 Load Cases

A load case defines how loads are applied to a structure (e.g., statically or dy-
namically), how the structure responds (e.g., linearly or nonlinearly), and how
the analysis is performed (e.g., modally or by direct-integration). Any load case
type can be used when analyzing a bridge model. Static, response spectrum,
and time history load case types are useful for seismic analysis. Pushover anal-
ysis can be performed using a nonlinear static load case. Staged construction
analysis also is performed using nonlinear static load cases.

Several analysis options are available that are specialized for analysis of vehi-
cle live loads. Moving load cases compute influence lines for various quantities
and solve all permutations of lane loading to obtain the maximum and mini-
mum response quantities. Multi-step static and multi-step dynamic (direct inte-
gration time history) load cases can be used to analyze one or more vehicles
moving across the bridge at a specified speed. These multi-step load cases are
defined using special bridge live load patterns that define the direction; starting
time and speed of vehicles moving along lanes (see Section 3.4).

3.5.1 Moving Load Case

10. Click Item 12.2 Load Cases and the Define/Show Load Cases button on
the Bridge Wizard or the Analysis > Load Cases > Expand arrow
command to access the Define Load Cases form shown in Figure 3-8.
The Dead and Modal load cases are default load cases.

Figure 3-8 Define Load Cases form

3 - 10
 Chapter 3 - Load the Bridge Model

11. Click the Add New Load Case button to display the Load Case Data
form.

12. Scrolling down the Load Case Type drop-down list and click on “Mov-
ing Load.” The form will adjust to appear similar to that shown in Figure
3-9. Select the lanes to be loaded and the vehicle class (vehicle or group
of vehicles) with which to load them. No specific data has been identi-
fied for this example model.

Figure 3-9 Load Case Data - Moving Load form

3.5.2 Other Load Cases

When other load patterns types have been defined, such as earth pressures, tem-
perature, braking, and so forth (see Section 3.4), additional load cases can be
defined to analyze these load pattern types. Combinations of the load cases can
be made automatically in accordance with the supported codes using the
Design/Rating > Add Defaults command; select the Bridge Design option on
the resulting Add Code-Generated User Load Combinations form. This step is
described in greater detail in the Bridge Superstructure Design manual, Chapter
2.

Load Cases 3 - 11
Introduction to CSiBridge

3.6 Additional Loads

Parapets, wearing surfaces, haunches and other superimposed loads that are not
included in the self weight of the structure can be added to the Bridge Object
using the Load > Loads Type > {Point, Line, Area, Temperature} Load
command. As an example, parapets loads could be represented as line loads
and may be added using the Loads > Loads Type > Line Load > New com-
mand, which display the Bridge Line Load Definition Data form shown in Fig-
ure 3-10. Note that the form has been modified so that the Load Name is “Left-
Parapet,” the Load Value is 0.90 k/ft, and the transverse load location is 0.5
feet from the reference location, which is the Left Edge of the Deck.

Figure 3-10 Bridge Line Load Definition Data form

Point and area loads may be defined similarly. After the bridge loads have been
defined, they may be added to the bridge object using the Bridge > Bridge
Object > Loads > {Point, Line, Area, Temperature} Load command, which
displays the form (or one similar for point or area loads) shown in Figure 3-11.

3 - 12
 Chapter 3 - Load the Bridge Model

Figure 3-11 Line Load Assignments Form

With the form displayed, click the Add New button and any default line load,
or any line load created using the Bridge Line Load Definition Data form can
be assigned to the identified Load Pattern and Bridge Object. If multiple line
loads have been defined, the Line Load Name cell will consist of a drop-down
list of the defined loads.

The Add or Add Copy button may be used to associate the previously defined
{point, line, area}load to a specified location (the parameters used to specify
the location vary depending on the type of load) and Transverse Variation.

The Define Line (or Point or Area) Loads button can be used to define addi-
tional line (or Point or Area) loads that can then be assigned using the Line (or
Point or Area) Load Assignments form.

The load pattern type also may be specified by clicking the Define Load Pat-
terns button, which will display the Define Load Pattern form (that also dis-
plays when the Loads > Load Patterns command is used). Specification of the
appropriate load pattern type is essential when using code generated load com-
binations.

Additional Loads 3 - 13
 Chapter 4
Analysis and Results of a Bridge Model

This chapter describes the various steps necessary to analyze a bridge model
and observe the analysis results. When a bridge model is loaded with an in-
fluence-based moving vehicle load case, the user may select the type of
bridge responses and the calculation refinement level used to determine the
responses. After the analysis of a Linked Bridge model has been completed,
several display options can be used to observe the analysis results described
in this chapter.

4.1 Bridge Responses

Analysis of moving load cases involves calculations that are computationally
intensive and can take a significant amount of time in larger models. The
Analysis > Bridge > Bridge Responses command can be used to select the re-
sponse quantities to be saved. Only the results specified will be calculated
and saved by the program. The Moving Load Case Results Saved Parameters
form can be used to explicitly specify the analysis results to be generated
from a moving load case.

Bridge Responses 4-1

Introduction to CSiBridge

Figure 4-1 Moving Load Case Results Saved options form

If Correspondence is selected to be considered, for each maximum or mini-

mum response computed, the corresponding force, moment, or stress quan-
tities that occur at the same time as the maximum or minimum value also
are reported. For example, in a frame object, when the maximum M3 mo-
ment is calculated, if correspondence is specified, the P, V2, V3, T and M2
values that occur at the same time as the maximum M3 value also are re-
ported. Including correspondence increases the program calculation time
and the quantity of response output.

4.2 Run Analysis

After the bridge model geometry, load patterns, and load cases have been
defined, the bridge model is ready for analysis. Use the Analysis > Analyze >
Run Analysis command to activate the analysis. That command displays the
Set Load Cases to Run form shown in Figure 4-2.

4-2 Run Analysis

 Chapter 4 - Analysis and Results of a Bridge Model

Figure 4-2 Set Load Cases to Run form

Use the Run/Do Not Run button to select the load cases to run, and the Run
Now button to start the analysis.

4.3 Displaying Results

The user may choose to display the analysis results graphically or digitally.

4.3.1 Graphical Displays

The Home > Display > Show Bridge Supserstructure Forces/Stresses com-
mand can be used to display force and stress results, an example of which is
shown in Figure 4-3.

Graphically the shell member forces or stresses may be displayed when the
bridge models have been modeled as area object models. A sample of the
graphical display is shown in Figure 4-4.

Displaying Results 4-3

Introduction to CSiBridge

Figure 4-3 Bridge Object Response Display

Figure 4-4 Graphical Results

4-4 Displaying Results

 Chapter 4 - Analysis and Results of a Bridge Model

Point to a shell object of interest and right click on the shell object to view
an enlarged area force or stress result, as shown in Figure 4-5:

Figure 4-5 Shell Element Force Results

Moving the pointer over the selected area object will display the stress vari-
ations.

4.3.2 Output Tables

The analysis results may be displayed in tabular form using the Home > Dis-
play > Show Tables command, which accesses the form shown in Figure 4-6.

Use the various options on the form to select the input or output quantities
and specify the tables to be displayed. All of the tables that are available for
display also can be exported and reported as part of a user-defined custom
report. The report writing features are explained further in the code-
oriented Bridge Superstructure Design manual.

Displaying Results 4-5

Introduction to CSiBridge

Figure 4-6 Choose Tables for Display form

4-6 Displaying Results