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    Animation 225 Survey

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    Dinas Kesehatan

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Animation 225 Survey

    Uploaded by

    Dinas Kesehatan
    2 views4 pages

    Original Title

    ANIMATION_225_SURVEY

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    2 views4 pages

    Animation 225 Survey

    Uploaded by

    Dinas Kesehatan

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 4

    George Wells

    ANIMATION

    ANIMATION_225_SURVEY

    The murine leukemia viruses (MLVs or MuLVs) are retroviruses named for their ability to

    cause cancer in murine (mouse) hosts.Some MLVs may infect other vertebrates.MLVs

    include both exogenous and endogenous viruses.Replicating MLVs have a positive sense,

    single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) genome that replicates through a DNA intermediate via the

    process of reverse transcription.== Classification ==

    The murine leukemia viruses are group/type VI retroviruses belonging to the

    gammaretroviral genus of the Retroviridae family.The viral particles of replicating MLVs

    have C-type morphology as determined by electron microscopy.The MLVs include both

    exogenous and endogenous viruses.Exogenous forms are transmitted as new infections

    from one host to another.The Moloney, Rauscher, Abelson and Friend MLVs, named for their

    discoverers, are used in cancer research.Endogenous MLVs are integrated into the host's

    germ line and are passed from one generation to the next.Stoye and Coffin have classified

    them into four categories by host specificity, determined by the genomic sequence of their

    envelope region.The ecotropic MLVs (from Gr.eco, "Home") are capable of infecting mouse

    cells in culture.Non-ecotropic MLVs may be xenotropic (from xenos, "foreign", infecting

    non-mouse species), polytropic or modified polytropic (infecting a range of hosts including

    mice).Among the latter MLVs are amphotropic viruses (Gr.amphos, "both") that can infect

    both mouse cells and cells of other animal species.These terms and descriptions for the MLV

    biologic classification were initially introduced by Levy.Different strains of mice may have

    different numbers of endogenous retroviruses, and new viruses may arise as the result of
    recombination of endogenous sequences.== Virion structure ==

    As Type C retroviruses, replicating murine leukemia viruses produce a virion containing a

    spherical nucleocapsid (the viral genome in complex with viral proteins) surrounded by a

    lipid bilayer derived from the host cell membrane.The lipid bilayer contains integrated host

    and viral proteins studded with carbohydrate molecules.The viral particle is approximately

    90 nanometres (nm) in diameter.The viral glycoproteins are expressed on the membrane as

    trimer of a precursor Env, which is cleaved into SU and TM by host furin or furin-like

    proprotein convertases.This cleavage is essential for the Env incorporation into virus

    particles.== Genome ==

    The genomes of exogenous and endogenous murine leukemia viruses have been fully

    sequenced.The viral genome is a single stranded, positive-sense RNA highly folded,

    molecule of around 8000 nucleotides.From 5' to 3' (typically displayed as "left" to "right"),

    the genome contains gag, pol, and env regions, coding for structural proteins, enzymes

    including the RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase), and coat proteins,

    respectively.In addition to these three polyproteins: Gag, Pol and Env, common to all

    retroviruses, MLV also produces the p50/p60 proteins issued from an alternative splicing of

    its genomic RNA..The genomic molecule contains a 5' methylated cap structure and a 3'

    poly-adenosine tail.The genome includes a conserved RNA structural element called a core

    encapsidation signal that directs packaging of RNA into the virion; the tertiary structure of

    this element has been solved using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.== Replication

    cycle ==

    Infection begins when the surface glycoprotein (SU) on the outer part of the mature,

    infectious virion binds to the receptor on the surface of the new host cell.As a result of

    attachment, changes occur in Env.These changes lead to the release of the surface

    glycoprotein (SU) and the conformational rearrangement of the transmembrane protein


    (TM).As a result, the fusion of the viral membrane and the plasma membrane occurs.Fusion

    of the membranes leads to the deposition of the virion content in the cytoplasm of the

    cell.After entering the cytoplasm, viral RNA is copied into a single dsDNA molecule by

    reverse transcriptase.This DNA is somehow carried into the nucleus, where the integrase

    (IN) protein catalyzes its insertion into chromosomal DNA.The viral DNA integrated into the

    host genome is called “provirus”.It is copied and translated by normal host-cell

    machinery.The encoded proteins are trafficked to the plasma membrane, where they

    assemble into progeny virus particles.Immature particles are released from the cell with the

    help of cellular "ESCRT" machinery and then they undergo maturation as the viral protease

    cleaves the polyproteins.The particle cannot start a new infection until maturation

    occurs.== Viral evolution ==

    As with other retroviruses, the MLVs replicate their genomes with relatively low

    fidelity.Thus, divergent viral sequences may be found in a single host organism.MLV reverse

    transcriptases are thought to have a slightly higher fidelity than the HIV-1 RT.== Research

    ==

    The Friend virus (FV) is a strain of murine leukemia virus.The Friend virus has been used

    for both immunotherapy and vaccines.Experiments have shown that it is possible to protect

    against Friend virus infection with several types of vaccines, including attenuated viruses,

    viral proteins, peptides, and recombinant vaccinia vectors expressing the Friend virus

    gene.In a study of vaccinated mice, it was possible to identify the immunological epitopes

    required for protection against the virus, thus determining the types of immunological

    responses necessary or required for protection against it.The research discovered

    protective epitopes that were localized to F-MuLV gag and env proteins.This was achieved

    using recombinant vaccinia viruses expressing the gag and env genes of FV.== Application

    ==
    Gene therapy: MLV-derived particles can deliver therapeutic genes to target cells.Cancer

    studies: MLVs are used to study cancer development.As a model retrovirus in viral

    clearance studies

    Reverse transcriptase from MMLV is used in biotechnology

    == References ==

    == Further reading ==

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