Calves

There were 3 calves one male and two females, both friasians. They were name as follows fai , Nelly and
manuu

Characteristics of calves

There were black and white in colour

Most of them had black colour covering most of their parts of the body

Calf pen

Feature of a calf pen

Concrete floor for easy cleaning

It had beddings to observe moisture and also to provide warm

Adequate spacing for easy feeding

It was raised

Well aerated

It had proper lighting

It had good ventilation

It had good security preventing intruders and wild animals

NUTRITION AND FEEDING

Calves were fed with colostrum that is 3 days after calving. These colostrum are important becouse:

It is palatable

It is highly digestible

It provides calf with antibodies which protect it from infectious disease

The amount of milk provided for each calf was 4 litres in a day through backet feeding.

We were keen enough not to feed them with excess milk because it could pre- dispose them to calf
scours

NUTRITIONAL CALF SCOURS

Pre- disposing factors

These factors can influence the susceptibility of the calf to infections, diseases, or other health
problems. Some common pre-disposing factors in calves .failure to allow calf to obtain enough
colostrum after parturition

Control

Feed the calf according to it's body weight that is 10% of its body weight. Allow the calf to sackle
colostrum for first 7 days after birth and maximum within first 6 hours calf will absorb mathernal
antibodies because their are no enzymes at this stage which will digest antibodies which are protein in
nature if nutritional scours are left uncontrolled then it will pre- dispose to bacterial scours. Calves are
allowed to graze when they are about 1 month and also water provided to them

Calf pic

ROUTINE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

Routine management practices done were castration,disbudding,and deworming

DISBUDDING

It involves removal of buds are destroying before maturing of horns

Material used were:

Fuel wood

Disbudding iron

Antibiotics

Procedure

Calf called by the name Manu was restrained using a rope.it casted down and hold firmly.

Hot disbudding iron is placed on the bud to scrap the bud

Then it is disinfected using antibiotics. Oxytetracycline of 20% injection was used

Reason for disbudding

Safety: Disbudding is done to remove the horn buds before they develop into full horns, which can be
dangerous.

Economic Benefits: In some cases, disbudding can be economically beneficial for farmers. Handling and
managing horned cattle can be more challenging and potentially costly due to the increased risk of
injuries and damage to equipment.
Behavioral Management: Horned cattle may exhibit more aggressive behavior towards other animals
and humans. Disbudding can help in managing the behavior of cattle, making them easier and safer to
handle.

Disbudding iron pic

CASTRATION

Castration is a medical or surgical procedure that involves the removal or destruction of the gonads,
which are the reproductive organs in males (testes)

Both closed and open castration was done

Material used:

Burdizzo

Rope

Scape

Water which is clean

Antibiotics

Closed castration

This was done using a burdizzo

Procedure

Calf was restrained using a rope

It was then casted down legs facing upwards

It was then checked whether it has two testicles

The left spermatic cord was pushed to the outside nof scrotum

The burdizzo was placed so that left spermatic cord runs between Jaws. The Jaws of burdizzo were
closed and held for 5 minutes

The same was also done on the other testicles

Open castration

Requirements were as follows:

Scapel

Rope

Water

Antibiotics

Procedure

Calf was placed in a clean environment where to they were able to be restrained

Calf was then restrained using a rope an casted dow

The hair around the scrotum were scrapped using a scapel and clean using soap and clean water

Using the scapel the surgical castration was done by avoiding direct cutting but rather scrapping it after
surgical castration was done by the testis is cleaned with clean water and then disinfected using
antibiotics

DEWORMING

It was done every three months using an invermectin drug to control internal parasites.

Importance of deworming.

Improves health: Internal parasites such as roundworms, tapeworms, and flukes can cause a range of
health problems in calves, including diarrhea, reduced appetite, and weight loss. Deworming helps to
control and eliminate these parasites, improving the overall health of the calf.

Enhances growth: By controlling internal parasites, deworming can help to improve the growth and
development of the calf. When the calf is not burdened by parasites, it can focus its energy on growing
and developing, leading to better weight gain and improved feed efficiency.

Increases milk production: In dairy cows, internal parasites can reduce milk production by reducing the
cow’s overall health and nutrient absorption. Deworming can help to improve the health of the cow and
increase milk production.

Prevents the spread of parasites: Deworming helps to reduce the number of parasites in the calf’s
digestive system, which can help to prevent the spread of parasites to other animals in the herd.

Improves productivity: By controlling internal parasites, deworming can help to improve the overall
productivity of the calf, leading to better weight gain, improved milk production, and increased
profitability for the farmer.

Syringe pic.

MACHINERY.
CHAFF CUTTER.

It was used for chopping maize stalks an Napier grass into small sizes that could be easily ingested by
the animal the size was 1.5 cm

It has two hose power

It was powered by electric motor

It had 2900 revolutions/ min

I had two blades this determine the size of the Napier grass chopped

It had fly wheel which is locked by locked nuts so as to become more stable when used

It has got also nut for adjustment

It had feeding trough where fodder was Fed

When feeding the machine , someone using it should be able to access on and off position.

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS WHEN USING CHAFF CUTTER.

Always read and follow the manufacturer’s instructions for the chaff cutter, including any safety
guidelines and warnings.

Wear appropriate protective clothing, such as gloves and eye protection, to protect yourself from
potential hazards.

Ensure that the chaff cutter is properly maintained and in good working condition before use. Check for
any damaged or worn parts and replace them if necessary.

Keep the area around the chaff cutter clean and free from clutter to prevent any tripping or slipping
hazards.

Make sure that the chaff cutter is properly grounded to prevent electrical shocks.

Always use the chaff cutter for its intended purpose and avoid using it for any other tasks that may put it
at risk of damage or malfunction.

Keep the chaff cutter out of reach of children and pets when not in use.

Always turn off and unplug the chaff cutter when not in use or when performing maintenance or repairs.

Be aware of your surroundings and keep a safe distance from others while using the chaff cutter.

In case of any accidents or injuries while using the chaff cutter, seek medical attention
immediately.always turn off and unplug the chaff cutter when not in use or when performing
maintenance or repairs.
be aware of your surroundings and keep a safe distance from others while using the chaff cutter.

in case of any accidents or injuries while using the chaff cutter, seek medical attention immediately.

CHAFF Carter pic

Care and maintenance of chaff cutter.

Sharpening the blade when blunt regularly

Tightening the loosening nuts

Oiling moving parts

Proper storage

Cleaning after used.

PIGS.

Common breeds of pigs found in the university of kabianga farm are of two types large white and
landrace.

1. Large white.

Characteristics of large white.

They are large white pigs. It has a long and deep bodied

It has upright ears and slightly dished face.

It also has good mothering ability hence mostly used for breeding due to their ability to take of their
Young ones

If give birth to piglets that has fast growth rate hence early maturity.

High quality lean meat it produced bacon and pork.

2. Landrace.

Characteristics of landrace.

It is white in colour with long and deep body .

It has flopping ears

If farrow piglets with slow growth rate hence late maturity, it also have good have good mothering
ability hence selected for breeding so as to take care of their Young ones.
It is a bacon producer unlike large white which is bacon and pork producers this is because landrace is
long , Lean body

PRODUCTION SYSTEM OF PIGS.

Production of pigs in the university of kabianga farm is under intensive production system.this is where
there total confinement of the pigs in a piggery unit. This allowed each pig to be allocated a portion of
feed. This intensive system operation within a specific standards which must be achieved for instance
the piggery units need adequate ventilation system to regulate the moisture and heat produced by the
pigs as well as air pollutants produced by dung and also feeds.

The piggery unit of each pigs of each pig is divided into two sections the place where pigs excrete their
waste and where they stay. The feeding trough is also raised to avoid contamination by pigs . The
piggery unit is clean twice a week.

The school farm has employed a trained person who therefore ensures efficient management of pigs .
He identify ill health pigs by observing signs and symptoms and also when pigs are on heat to facilitate
breeding at the right time also the person assist the pigs during farrowing.

Important of intensive system in production if pigs.

Efficient Use of Resources: Intensive pig farming systems are designed to maximize the use of available
resources such as feed, water, and space. This leads to higher productivity and efficiency compared to
extensive farming methods.

Higher Yields: Intensive farming methods often result in higher yields per unit of land area. This is
particularly important in regions where land is limited and there is a need to maximize food production.

Food Security: Intensive pig production contributes to global food security by providing a reliable source
of protein.

Market Demand: There is a strong market demand for pork products, and intensive farming methods
can help meet this demand. By producing pigs in larger quantities.

HOUSING OF PIGS.

Space Requirements: Pigs require adequate space to move, grow, and express natural behaviors.
Overcrowding can lead to stress, aggression, and health issues.

Natural Ventilation: Designing the housing to maximize natural airflow can help maintain a healthy
environment. This includes proper placement of windows and doors and ensuring that the housing is
well-ventilated.

Drainage: piggery unit should be constructed in a place where it freely drain so as to avoid diseases such
as pneumonia that mostly affect the pigs which can be as results of flooded condition of piggery unit.
Concrete floor: The piggery pen floor should be made up of concrete in order to make the pens for to
be washed and for pigs to lie on the ground so as to loose their body heat because they do not have
sweat glands.

CLEANING PIGGERY PEN IS CRUCIAL FOR SEVERAL REASONS.

Health and Hygiene: Regular cleaning helps to maintain a clean and hygienic environment for the pigs.
This reduces the risk of diseases and infections, as unclean pens can harbor harmful bacteria and
parasites.

Disease Prevention: Proper sanitation prevents the spread of diseases among pigs. Many diseases, such
as swine flu or foot-and-mouth disease, can spread rapidly in dirty conditions. Regular cleaning can
break the cycle of infection and maintain a healthier herd.

Animal Welfare: Clean pens contribute to the overall welfare of the pigs. Pigs are clean animals and
prefer to live in clean environments. Dirty pens can lead to stress, discomfort, and behavioral issues
among the animals.

Product Quality: In the case of pigs raised for meat production, a clean environment can result in better-
quality meat. Contaminants and residues from waste can affect the taste and safety of the meat, so
regular cleaning is essential.

Economic Benefits: A well-maintained and clean piggery pen can reduce the costs associated with
veterinary treatments and medications. By preventing diseases and maintaining good health, farmers
can also improve productivity and potentially increase their yields.

Environmental Protection: Proper waste management and disposal are part of the cleaning process. This
helps to protect the surrounding environment from pollution and contamination, which is particularly
important in areas where piggeries are located near residential or agricultural lands.

Reason why pigs lie down.

Help the pigs to maintain Thermo comfort. Because of it's influence on body temperature when ambient
temperature is high pigs will focus on cooling down and increase heart loss or Thermoregulation: Pigs
are sensitive to temperature changes. Lying down and curling up can help them retain body heat during
colder periods, providing a form of insulation.

FEEDING.

Pigs are fed twice in a day using leftover of food from the school mess. The leftovers contains maize
grains, vegetables such as cabbages, cooked rice, Bean . This feed contains protein, vitamin,
carbohydrates.

They are fed using feeding trough which are raised from the ground to avoid contamination of food

Feeding trough should be cleaned before using to feed pigs.

FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED WHEN SELECTING BREEDING SOW.

The sow selected should have at least 12 teats so as to accommodate a large little.

Select breeding sow at a weaning period, further selection should be done 5-6 months of age.

Select fast growing weaners these will likely consume less feed per unit live weight gain . Thus less costly
to keep.

The selected sow should have good body conformation i.e strong legs , sound feet.

Do not select does with supernumerary teat.

The selected sows should be at least 8 months old at first services.

FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED WHEN SELECTING BREEDING BOAR.

The boar should have sounds feet with good full hams uniform curve at the back and of good length

Selection of boar should be done before castration i.e at 4 weeks select the biggest from the litter.

Boar must be at least 8 months old at first services.

SIGNS OF FARROWING.

Restlessness or pacing.

Isolation from the rest of the herd.

Reduced appetite and less interest in food.

Swelling and reddening of the vulva.

Discharge from the vulva.

Uterine contractions

Nesting behavior, such as rooting and lying down.

Moving bedding materials to create a comfortable area.

Seeking a quiet, secluded spot

ROUTINE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES OF PIGS.

Housing and Environment:

Provide clean, dry, and well-ventilated housing.

Ensure adequate space per pig to prevent overcrowding.

Cleaning: routine daily cleaning is done. Manures from the piggery bed are removed and cleaning using
clean water.

Parasite control: most of the parasite that affect the pigs are the internal parasites such as tapeworms,
hookworms,lungworms. They are controlled through deworming the pigs.

External parasite Such as lice can also be controlled through spraying the pigs.

RECORD KEEPING.

The record keeping of a pigs are kept in the farm for instance for breeding animals service records,
litters size and live weight of piglets are kept while for beconers their live weight feed consumption and
grading are also kept.

MATING.

Pigs are breed through natural mating. This reduce the need for heat detection because the boar is
available. However this method is not efficient for large herds.

POULTRY.

Production system.

Production system of keeping poultry in the university of kabianga is intensive system.

Importance of using intensive system in keeping of poultry.

High Production Efficiency: Intensive systems allow for the maximum utilization of space, feed, and
other resources, leading to higher productivity and profitability.

Disease Control: Intensive systems make it easier to implement biosecurity measures, reducing the risk
of disease outbreaks and ensuring the overall health of the flock.

Waste Management: With intensive farming, waste management becomes more systematic, allowing
for better hygiene and reducing the environmental impact.

Nutritional Management: In an intensive system, precise feeding schedules and balanced diets can be
managed, leading to better weight gain and feed conversion ratios.

Consistent Quality: Intensive systems enable farmers to produce poultry with consistent quality, which is
important for meeting market demands and maintaining consumer trust.

MANAGEMENT PRACTICES OF POULTRY.

Proper Housing:

Provide adequate space and ventilation.

Ensure proper lighting and temperature control.

Maintain good hygiene and biosecurity measures.

Water Supply:

Ensure continuous access to clean, fresh water.

Monitor water quality and sanitation.

Health Management:

Implement regular health check-ups and vaccinations.

Ventilation:

Design and maintain an effective ventilation system.

Lighting:

Provide adequate natural and artificial lighting.

Adjust lighting schedules to match the birds’ needs.

Record Keeping:

Maintain detailed records of feed intake, health treatments, and production metrics.

Monitor growth rates and productivity.

COMPOSITION OF AN EGG.

Shell: The shell is the hard, protective outer layer of the egg. It is primarily made up of calcium
carbonate and serves to protect the egg from bacteria and other contaminants.

Egg white: Also known as the albumen, the egg white is a clear, viscous liquid that surrounds the yolk. It
is composed mainly of water and proteins and provides essential nutrients for the developing embryo.

Yolk: The yolk is the yellow, oval-shaped substance located at the center of the egg. a rich source of
nutrients, including proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals, which are necessary for the growth and
development of the embryo.

Chalaza: The chalaza are two thin, stringy structures that connect the yolk to the shell. They help to keep
the yolk centered and stable within the egg.

Air cell: The air cell is a small pocket of air that forms between the shell membranes at the broad end of
the egg. It allows for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the egg and the surrounding
environment.
Membranes: The egg has two thin membranes that line the inside of the shell. The outer membrane is
attached to the shell, while the inner membrane surrounds the egg white and yolk. These membranes
help to prevent the loss of moisture from the egg.

FACTORS TO CONSIDERED WHEN SELECTING EGGS FOR INCUBATION.

Cleanliness: The eggs should be clean and free from cracks or damage. They should not have any visible
mold or dirt on the shell.

Size: Eggs should be of a uniform size, as larger or smaller eggs may not incubate or hatch at the same
rate. It is best to select eggs that are within a few grams of each other in weight.

Freshness: Eggs should be fresh, meaning they have been laid within the past week or two. Older eggs
may have a lower hatch rate and may not be as viable for incubation.

Storage: Eggs should have been stored in a cool, dry place before incubation. Exposure to extreme
temperatures or humidity can affect the viability of the eggs.

Gender: For certain breeds, gender can also play a role in incubation success. For example, in some
breeds, male eggs may have a higher hatch rate than female eggs.

REARING SYSTEM.

Rearing system used in kabianga is a deep litter system.

Factors to consider when choosing rearing system.

Type of Poultry: Different types of poultry have different requirements when it comes to litter. For
example, chickens and turkeys prefer a dry, absorbent litter, while ducks and geese require a moist, wet
litter.

Litter Material: The type of material used for the litter can affect the health and comfort of the birds.
Common materials include straw, sawdust, wood shavings, and sand. It is important to choose a
material that is clean, dry, and free from any harmful substances.

Litter Depth: The depth of the litter can also affect the health and comfort of the birds. The litter should
be deep enough to provide adequate cushioning for the birds, but not so deep that it becomes difficult
for the birds to move around.

Litter Management: Regular cleaning and management of the litter is essential to maintain a healthy
environment for the birds. This includes removing any wet or soiled areas, adding fresh litter as needed,
and controlling any odor or ammonia buildup.

Space Requirements: The deep litter system requires more space than other housing systems, so it is
important to ensure that there is enough space available for the birds. The recommended space
requirements for a deep litter system are typically around 0.15 to 0.2 square meters per bird.
ADVANTAGES OF DEEP LITTER SYSTEM.

Comfort: The deep litter system provides a comfortable environment for the birds, as it offers a soft,
cushioned surface for them to stand on. This can help to reduce the stress and injury that can occur in
other housing systems.

Biosecurity: The deep litter system can help to reduce the risk of disease transmission, as the litter can
act as a barrier to prevent the spread of pathogens. By regularly cleaning and managing the litter, you
can help to maintain a healthy environment for the birds.

Egg Production: The deep litter system is often used for egg-laying hens, as it provides a comfortable and
safe environment for them to lay their eggs. The soft litter can help to cushion the eggs and prevent
them from cracking during the laying process.

Manure Management: The deep litter system allows for easy collection and removal of manure, which
can help to reduce the risk of odor and ammonia buildup. This can also help to improve the overall
cleanliness and hygiene of the housing system.

Cost-Effective: The deep litter system is a cost-effective method of rearing poultry, as it requires less
equipment and infrastructure than other housing systems.

DISADVANTAGES OF USING DEEP LITTER SYSTEM.

Odor and Ammonia: One of the main disadvantages of the deep litter system is the potential for odor
and ammonia buildup. As the litter becomes soiled and decomposes, it can produce a strong odor that
can be unpleasant and even harmful to the birds.

Disease Transmission: The deep litter system can also increase the risk of disease transmission among
birds. As birds move through the litter, they can pick up and carry pathogens that can cause illness.

Litter Management: The deep litter system requires regular cleaning and management to maintain a
healthy environment for the birds. This can be time-consuming and labor-intensive.

Insect Infestation: The deep litter system can also be susceptible to insect infestation, particularly if the
litter is not properly managed.

LAYING NEST.

In a deep litter system, laying nests are typically provided for hens to lay their eggs. These nests are
usually individual or small groups and are placed in a quiet, comfortable area of the housing system. The
nests are often made of wood or plastic and are designed to be easy to clean and disinfect.

The laying nest should be comfortable and safe for the hen, with a soft, cushioned surface that is free
from any sharp edges or rough surfaces that could cause injury. The nest should also be well-ventilated
to ensure a comfortable temperature for the hen.
In addition to the laying nest, the deep litter system may also include other features such as perches,
roosts, and dust baths. These features can help to promote the overall health and comfort of the hens
and can also help to reduce the risk of disease transmission.

GOATS.

The common breed of goats kept in the university of kabianga are toggenberg

CHARACTERISTICS OF TOGGENBERG.

It has brown to fawn with a characteristic white stripes at the nose , belly, tail and lower limbs ,

It has long horns

It has a high twinning rate

Main utility is the production of milk

Suffer from heat stress which can be seen in the loss of appetite

It has upright ears

Some have straight while others have dished face

It is widely used for upgrading in milk production.

PRODUCTION OBTAIN FROM THE GOATS

Meat production: Goats are source of the meat used as human food. Goats meat is lean than mutton.
The fat distribution in the meat of goats is at around viscera that is intestine,kidney and heart.

Milk production: Goats especially toggenberg is the highest milk producer among the goats. However
goats milk has higher proportion of small fat globules than that of a cow .

Skin production: The skin from the goats are used for clothing for instance belts.

Manure: Dropping from the goats are rich in nutrients and therefore they are used in crop production
becouse they increase soil fertility hence higher product.

Hair production: Mohair and cashmere are commercial produce for textile industries.

HOUSING.

Goats require proper housing to ensure their health and well-being

The housing should be secure to protect the goats from predators and prevent them from escaping.

It should also provide enough space for the goats to move around comfortably and have access to clean
water and bedding.
The housing for goats should provide them with adequate shelter, ventilation, and protection from the
elements.

Factors to consider when selecting buck.

Breeding potential: If you plan to use the buck for breeding, consider the breed’s breeding potential.
Some breeds have better genetics and are more likely to produce offspring with desirable traits.

Body weight: the heaviest buck from the flock is selected for breeding,it should be heavy muscled.

Feeding: Different breeds have different feeding requirements, so it’s important to choose a breed that-
suited to your feeding capabilities.

Space: Consider the amount of space you have available for raising the buck.

Consider the cost of the breed and whether it fits within your budget.

Factors to consider when selecting doe.

Purpose: Determine the purpose for which you intend to raise the doe, such as for breeding, meat, or
exhibition.

Good mothering ability: Doe with good mothering ability that is ability to take care of it's young ones is
selected

Teeth: Select does with 2-8 permanent incisors for efficient grazing and avoid those with broken mouth
as it reduces grazing.

Adder: Doe with soft to touch and with 2 functional teats is selected for breeding.

FEEDING.

In the university of kabianga goats are grazers and also browsers and therefore they feed on grasses and
also shrubs. Sometimes also are supplimented .

PRODUCTION SYSTEM.

University of kabianga farm adapt semi- intensive production system where it involves limited grazing
and in house feeding. The goats are fed during labour limited hours and taken out for grazing when
labour is available.

Advantages of semi- intensive system.

It facilitate easy distribution of manure in the field thus improve soil fertility.

It is cheap and less costly as compared to intensive system of farming.

Water trough and feeding trough pic.

Signs of heat in goats.

Swelling or redness of the vulva

Changes in appetite or behavior

Changes in appetite or behavior

Reduced milk production

ROUTINE MANAGEMENT IN GOATS.

Hoof trimming: This is the removal of overgrown hooves in goats

Reasons for trimming

It reduces blow fly infestation

It reduces the incidence of foot rot diseases

It facilitate mating without injury.

Disposal of carcases: when a goat dies it is taken to kericho and post- mortum is done to identify the
couse of the death and death certificate is issued and the death goat disposed there.

FACTORS THAT AFFECTS PRODUCTION IN THE GOATS.

Poor breeding management: When the goats are left to inbred it courses lose of hybrid this reduces
fertility rate.

Poor housing: Poor housing pre- dispose goats to diseases and even courses injuries if the floor
containing slats is not constructed.

Pest and diseases: Infestation of both external and internal parasites reduces the quality and quantity of
the products produced by the goats.

Poor feeding: Feeding goats with inadequate feeds or feed without balanced minerals composition
reduced growth rate and also reduce the quality and quantity of production produced.

WAYS OF IMPROVING GOATS PRODUCTION.

1. Genetic Improvement

Selective Breeding: Implement selective breeding programs to improve desirable traits such as higher
milk yield, better meat quality, and improved fertility.

Artificial Insemination: Use artificial insemination to introduce superior genetics into your herd, which
can lead to higher productivity and better overall health.
2. Nutrition

Balanced Diet: Provide goats with a balanced diet tailored to their specific needs. This includes high-
quality forage, grains, vitamins, and minerals.

Protein Supplementation: Ensure adequate protein intake, especially for pregnant and lactating goats,
as protein is crucial for milk production and fetal development.

Water Supply: Ensure a consistent and clean water supply to maintain hydration and support overall
health.

3. Housing and Environment

Shelter: Provide adequate shelter to protect goats from extreme weather conditions and predators.

Comfortable Living Conditions: Ensure that goats have comfortable resting areas and are not subjected
to overcrowding, which can lead to stress and health issues.

4. Health Care

Regular Veterinary Check-ups: Schedule regular check-ups with a veterinarian to monitor the health of
your goats and administer necessary vaccinations and deworming treatments.

Disease Prevention: Implement biosecurity measures to prevent the introduction and spread of
infectious diseases. This includes controlling access to the farm and maintaining clean facilities.

Prompt Treatment: Address any illnesses or injuries promptly to prevent them from becoming more
serious and affecting overall herd health.

5 . Management Practices

Record Keeping: Maintain detailed records of breeding, births, milking, and health treatments. This
helps in tracking the performance of individual goats and the herd as a whole.

Efficient Pen Management: Design pens and paddocks to facilitate easy movement and access to feed
and water. This reduces stress and improves overall efficiency.

Goat pic goat pen pic.

SHEEP.

COMMON BREED OF SHEEP.

Sheep pic.

The breed of sheep found in the university of kabianga farm is dorper.

CHARACTERISTICS OF DOPER SHEEP.

It has a white body with black head

It is a thin tailed breed.

It has a short coat with mixed wool and hair.

It has an upright ears.

It has a faster growth rate hence early maturity.

It is an hardy breed hence adapt to wild ecosystem.

It has a high mothering ability hence selected for breeding due to its ability to take care of their lambs.

Have compact build and are muscular.

PRODUCTION FROM SHEEP.

They are kept for meat for human consumption which are source of protein.

They are source of wool used in textile industries for leather processing.

They are source of manure used in agricultural crop production because it increases the soil fertility
Thus increasing the yield and hence reducing the cost purchasing inorganic fertilizer.

HOUSING.

The sheep are housed in sheep pens at night for security to prevent predation by animal and also
thieves.

FACTORS TO CONSIDER WHILE CONSTUCTING SHEEP PEN.

Drainage: sheep should be housed in a pen that is freely draining to avoid water stagnation due to
flooding.

Ventilation: sheep should be housed in a structure that is well ventilated to allow Free circulation of air.

Rain roof: the material used for constructing a sheep pen should be rain proof to avoid leakages in the
pen .

Adequate light: Sheep should be housed in structure that received adequate amount of sunlight.

Slatted floor: The pen used for housing the sheep should have slatted floor to allow droppings to fall
down and slats should not be wide enough to avoid breakages for the sheep limbs. The floor also should
allow for easy cleaning.

Location: the location of sheep pen should be in such a way that allows easy accessibility by the farmer .
PRODUCTION SYSTEM.

University of kabianga adopted semi-intensive production system in sheep. This is where the sheep are
Left to graze on their own and confined when there is limited labour.

Advantages of semi-intensive production system.

Less labour is required as compared to intensive

There is efficient utilization of resources

It cheap

It facilitate manure distribution hence improving soil fertility.

SELECTION AND BREEDING.

SELECTION.

Selection is the process of choosing certain sheep with desirable characteristics to become parent of
future offspring while culli those with undesio characteristics.

Factors to consider when selecting a ram.

Ram with high sex drive that is noisy and aggressive is selected from the breeding stock.

Ram with strong bones and heavy muscles should also be selected.

Ram with highest body weight compared to other is selected for breeding.

Ram with scrotal circumference of 30-33 cm should be selected.

Factors to consider when selecting breeding ewe.

Soft healthy udder and teats

Femine appearance

Strong wide back and rump

Long deep and wide body frame

Absence of deformities

Normal legs and feet

BREEDING IN SHEEP.

Mating in sheep is called tapping. The university of kabianga farm adopted natural method of
ADVANTAGES OF NATURAL MATING.
Easy detection of heat signs because the ram is available

Collection of semen is not mandatory

High chances of conception

SIGNS OF LAMBING IN EWE

Restlessness

Distended or water bag

Clear mucous from the vulva

Reddening of vulva

ROUTINE MANAGEMENT IF SHEEP

There are various routine management practices carried on sheep . They include docking, castration
deworming.

Docking.

This is the removal of part or whole part of the tail in ewe for easy mating

It is done usind a sharp knife.

Procedure of docking.

The animal is restrained using a rope

It is casted down and hold firmly

The tail is tired to a length

Disinfectant is applied to the place which is going to be cut.

Scapel is also disinfected

After the tail is cut salt is applied to stop bleeding

Antibiotics is also applied to prevent infection.

REASON FOR DOCKING.

To facilitate easy mating.

It enhanced equal distribution of fats

To prevent blow fly infestation

CASTRATION.

Procedure of castration.

Hands are washed and cleaned together with surgical equipment such as scapel I open castration using
antiseptic solution.

You position yourself at the fight side at the sheep

The scrotum is made sure that is clean by cleaning with water

The hair around the scrotum are removed using scapel gently

An incision to open the skin of the scrotum is made

The testicles are then removed

Disposal of carcases; when the sheep die it is taken to kericho for post mortem to be done to know the
cause of it's death and also death certificate is issued and the animal is despised there.

MANURE MANAGEMENT.

In the university of kabianga, manure from the sheep and goats are heaped on one side and taken to
the field. The manure are spread on the field to increase soil fertility. This help minimizes environmental
impact and promotes sustainable agriculture. Proper manure management is essential for maintaining
the health of livestock, protecting the environment, and ensuring the safety of human communities.

TOOLS USED.

Spade: During the removal of manure, the function of the spade was to physically remove the manure
from the field.

Was used for digging and lifting manure, allowing for its effective removal from the agricultural area.

Wheelbarrow:

During the removal of manure, the function of the wheelbarrow was to transport the manure.

Was used to carry and move manure from one location to another, facilitating its removal from the field
or farm area.

MANURE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES.

Separation of Livestock and Crops:

Purpose: To prevent contamination of crops with manure.

Implementation: Implementing buffer zones or physical barriers between livestock areas and crop fields.

Proper Storage:

Purpose: To minimize odor, flies, and runoff.

Implementation: Using covered storage facilities, such as slurry tanks or manure pits, to contain manure.

Composting:

Purpose: To convert manure into a valuable soil amendment.

Implementation: Aerating and mixing manure to accelerate decomposition, ensuring proper aeration,
moisture control, and temperature management.

Applying Manure to Soil:

Purpose: To recycle nutrients and improve soil fertility.

Implementation: Using methods like band application, surface broadcasting, or injection systems to
apply manure at optimal rates and times.

Nutrient Management:

Purpose: To optimize nutrient utilization and prevent over-application.

Implementation: Conducting soil and manure testing to determine nutrient levels and applying manure
based needs and soil nutrient requirements.

Water Management:

Purpose: To prevent runoff and leaching of manure into waterways.

Implementation: Implementing practices such as cover crops, contour plowing, and buffer strips to
manage water flow and filter runoff.

Pest and Disease Control:

Purpose: To minimize the spread of pests and diseases through manure.

Implementation: Monitoring and managing manure storage facilities to prevent the introduction and
spread of pests and pathogens.

TYPES OF MANURE.

Compost Manure

Characteristics:
Organic Matter: Rich in organic matter, including carbon, nitrogen, and microorganisms.

Nutrient-Rich: Contains essential nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.

Improved Soil Structure: Enhances soil structure and water-holding capacity.

pH Regulation: Helps in regulating soil pH levels.

Applications:

Soil Amendment: Applied to soil to improve its fertility and structure.

Mulch: Spread as a mulch to conserve soil moisture and reduce weed growth.

Compost Tea: Used to make compost tea, which is a liquid extract of compost.

Advantages:

Nutrient-Rich: Provides a broad spectrum of nutrients essential for plant growth.

Improved Soil Health: Enhances soil microbial activity and overall soil health.

Sustainable: Reduces the need for synthetic fertilizers.

Long-Term Benefits: Improves soil structure and fertility over time.

Green Manure

Characteristics:

Fresh Plant Material: Consists of fresh plant material, such as cover crops or green plants.

High in Nutrients: Rich in nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.

Quick Decomposition: Decomposes relatively quickly, releasing nutrients into the soil.

Applications:

Cover Crops: Plowed into the soil to improve soil fertility and organic matter content.

Inter-Cropped: Grown alongside main crops to enhance soil nutrients.

Mulch: Spread as a mulch to protect soil and retain moisture.

Advantages:

Nutrient-Rich: Provides immediate nutrients to crops.

Soil Improvement: Enhances soil organic matter and fertility.

Weed Suppression: Helps in suppressing weed growth.

Erosion Control: Reduces soil erosion and improves soil structure.

Farmyard Manure (FYM)

Characteristics:

Animal Waste: Consists of waste products from farm animals, such as cattle, sheep, and poultry.

High in Organic Matter: Rich in organic matter and nutrients.

Aerobic: Exposed to air, which helps in decomposition.

Applications:

Soil Amendment: Applied to soil to improve its fertility and structure.

Composting: Used as a raw material for composting.

Mulch: Spread as a mulch to conserve soil moisture and reduce weed growth.

Advantages:

Nutrient-Rich: Provides essential nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.

Improved Soil Structure: Enhances soil structure and water-holding capacity.

Organic Matter: Increases soil organic matter content.

Sustainable: Reduces the need for synthetic fertilizers.

EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT OF MANURE INVOLVED SEVERAL STEPS.

Collection and Storage: Manure should be collected and stored in a way that minimizes odor, flies, and
other nuisances. This can be achieved through the use of covered storage facilities.

Treatment: Depending on the type and quantity of manure, various treatment options may be available,
such as composting, anaerobic digestion, or drying. These processes help to reduce the volume and odor
of the manure.

Application: manure should be applied to fields in a manner that optimizes its use as a fertilizer while
minimizing the risk of over-application and runoff. this can be achieved through the use of precision
application technologies, such as variable rate applicators or precision irrigation systems.
Monitoring and Maintenance: Regular monitoring and maintenance of manure management systems
are essential to ensure their continued effectiveness. This includes monitoring the quality and quantity
of manure, as well as the performance of equipment and infrastructure.

Proper manure management is important for several reasons:

Animal Health and Welfare: Proper manure management helps to maintain a clean and safe
environment for livestock, reducing the risk of disease and injury. By collecting and disposing of manure
in a timely and effective manner, farmers can prevent the buildup of harmful bacteria and viruses that
can cause illness in animals.

Environmental Protection: Manure contains high levels of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus,
which can cause pollution if not managed properly. Proper manure management helps to minimize the
risk of environmental pollution by reducing the amount of nutrients that enter waterways.

Soil Fertility and Crop Productivity: Manure is a valuable source of organic matter and nutrients for
crops. When managed properly, manure can be used as an effective fertilizer, improving soil fertility and
crop productivity.

Proper manure management can also provide economic benefits to farmers . The sale of manure or
manure-derived products, such as biogas or compost, can provide an additional source of income for
farmers.

NON LACTATING .

In the university of kabianga dry cows and lactating cows were kept together and Even a bull called
mfalme.

There were 29 in number that is 18 female and 11 bulls.

There are 28 friasians and 1 aryshire that is uok.

Name of the female.

Peril

Kaome

Seretet

Uok

Names of the Bulls.

Matata

Mfalme
Kidawa

Sondu

Kirwa

Common breeds kept.

The main breed present in non lactating were 2 breeds

Friasians

Aryshire

Friasians

Frisians are a breed of dairy cattle that are typically black and white in color.

They have a well-defined head with a broad forehead, a prominent brow bone, and a straight or slightly
dished face.

Frisians have a long neck, well-sprung ribs, and deep barrel.

Their legs are straight and strong with black hooves.

Aryshire.

Ayrshires are also dairy cattle that are noted for their reddish-brown and white markings.

They have a refined head with a slightly dished face and a well-arched forehead.

Ayrshires have a long and slender neck, broad shoulders, and a deep and broad chest

Their legs are strong and well-angled with black hooves.

Ayrshires are smaller in size compared to other dairy breeds, but they produce rich and flavorful milk
with high butterfat content.

NUTRITION AND FEEDING.

Mainly the dry cows were kept in grazing field to graze and obtain nutrients.

But during the period of grazing they could have obtained some toxic weeds that is Sodom apple and
datura.

EFFECTS OF TOXIC WEEDS.

Gastrointestinal Upset: Cattle may experience diarrhea, vomiting, and reduced appetite.

Neurological Symptoms: In severe cases, toxic weeds can cause tremors, seizures, and even paralysis.
Respiratory Issues: Some toxic weeds can lead to respiratory distress, making it difficult for cattle to
breathe.

Organ Damage: Certain toxic weeds can damage the liver, kidneys, and other vital organs, leading to
long-term health problems or even death.

Reduced Growth and Productivity: Toxic weeds can impair the overall growth and productivity of cattle,
leading to lower weight gain and milk production.

Minerals.

Also they were sometimes supplemented with minerals which were helpful;

1.strong bone formation

2.framework for muscle

3.strong teeth formation

4.Help in metabolism

The water was provided that is they were taken to holding yard at around 1.00 pm to take water by the
herdsmen.

FACTORS AFFECTING WATER REQUIREMENT.

Climate: Temperature, humidity, and precipitation levels play a significant role in determining water
needs. Hot and dry climates generally require higher water intake.

Plant Species: Different plants have varying water needs based on their physiological characteristics. For
example, succulents require less water compared to ornamental plants.

Nutritional Needs: Certain nutrients can influence water requirements. For example, high-fiber diets
may increase water needs in animals.

Type of species: The friasian took a lot of water as compared to the aryshire due to their large body
sizes.

PRODUCTION SYSTEM.

The main production system done for the dry cows was the semi intensive. This involves grazing the
animal in the field and confined to feeding in limited pasture. This was evidence by the presence of the
fences.paddocks, water trough and feeding troughs.

STRUCTURE OF THE FENCE

Picture.
PARASITE AND DISEASES.

Parasite.

Main pest attacking the dry cows was tick which causes the following;

Rough coat in cow

Emaciation of a cow

It also lead to lack of appetite

PREVENTION AND CONTROL.

The main method used for control was spraying with duo dip.

Spraying was done by herdsmen normally on Tuesday by changing the drugs every week in order to
prevent ticks from being used to same drug hence resisting.

Also the internal parasites were controlled by deworming animals on after every 3 months.

DISEASES.

There are several diseases attacking them including the zoonotic disease. That is anthrax but vaccination
was done to prevent it .

Main and common diseases attacking them was Bovine papillomatosis. It had the following pre
disposing factors;

Minerals

Nutrition.

SELECTION AND BREEDING.

Presence of bull in the university of kabianga does not signifies the breeding practice . Rather breeding
was done using artificial insemination.

ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION.

involves the deliberate introduction of sperm into a cow’s reproductive tract by means other than
natural mating.

Advantages of artificial insemination.

Increased control over breeding decisions.

Improved genetic diversity, and the ability to use semen from superior sires that may not be readily
available.
By selecting semen from high-quality bulls, farmers can introduce desirable traits into their herds, such
as improved milk production, better growth rates, or disease resistance.

This can lead to increased productivity and profitability for cattle operations.

AI also allows for greater control over breeding decisions.

AI can help improve genetic diversity within a herd. By using semen from different sires, farmers can
avoid inbreeding and the potential negative consequences associated with it.

FACTORS TO CONSIDERED WHEN SELECTING BREEDING STOCK.

Genetic merit: The genetic potential of the animals should be a primary consideration. This includes
evaluating traits such as milk production, growth rates, carcass quality, and disease resistance.

Health and fertility: The overall health and reproductive fertility of the animals are crucial. Animals
should be free from any serious health issues or genetic defects that could negatively impact their
performance.

Adaptability: The breeding stock should be well-suited to the specific environmental conditions of the
farm. This includes considering factors such as climate, forage availability, and management practices.

Conformation and structural soundness: The physical conformation and structural soundness of the
animals should be evaluated.

Proven performance: If possible, select breeding stock with a proven track record of performance. This
can include production records, progeny performance, or other relevant data.

Genetic diversity: Consider the genetic diversity within the breeding stock. Maintaining a diverse gene
pool can help prevent inbreeding and the potential negative consequences associated with it.

MATING IN A COW.

Signs of heat.

Restlessness and agitation: Cows in heat often exhibit increased restlessness, pacing, and agitation.

Mounting behavior: Cows in estrus may attempt to mount other cows .

Swelling and redness: The vulva and vaginal area of a cow in heat may become swollen, reddened.

Changes in appetite and behavior: Cows in heat may exhibit changes in their appetite, becoming more
or less interested in food.

Mucus discharge: A clear or white mucus discharge from the vulva is another physical sign of heat in
cows.
Restlessness and frequent urination: Cows in heat may exhibit increased restlessness and frequent
urination.

Swollen and sensitive vulva: The vulva of a cow in heat may become swollen, sensitive, and more
responsive to touch or pressure.

SIGNS OF PARTURITION.

Behavioral changes: Cows approaching parturition may exhibit changes in their behavior, such as
restlessness, reduced appetite.

Swelling and udder development: As parturition approaches, the udder may become swollen and more
prominent.

Vulvar relaxation: The vulva may become more relaxed and swollen, indicating that the cow is entering
the final stages of pregnancy and preparing for birth.

Mucus discharge: A clear or white mucus discharge from the vulva may become more noticeable as
parturition approaches.

Restlessness and frequent urination: Cows nearing parturition may exhibit increased restlessness and
frequent urination, as they become more uncomfortable and seek relief.

STEAMING UP.

Steaming up refers to the practice of providing a cow with a high-energy diet before she is bred or gives
birth. This process helps to prepare the cow’s body for the increased nutritional demands of pregnancy,
lactation, or reproduction.

Reason for steaming up.

Improved conception rates: Steaming up cows before breeding can help improve conception rates. By
providing a high-energy diet, the cow’s body is better prepared for ovulation and fertilization, increasing
the chances of successful conception.

Optimal fetal development: During the early stages of pregnancy, the developing fetus requires a steady
supply of nutrients to support its growth and development. Steaming up the cow before breeding
ensures that she has sufficient energy reserves to support the demands of a growing fetus.

Increased milk production: For cows that are being bred to produce high-quality milk, steaming up can
help maximize milk production. By providing a high-energy diet.

Reduced metabolic disorders: Steaming up cows can help reduce the risk of metabolic disorders, such as
ketosis or retained placenta.
Improved overall health: Steaming up cows can also contribute to overall better health and well-being.
By providing a high-energy diet, the cow’s body is better prepared to meet the demands of pregnancy,
parturition, and lactation.

MILK TEST.

A milk test is a laboratory analysis performed on a milk sample to determine its quality, composition,
and authenticity.

BASIC TEST.

LACTOMETER TEST.

Is a test to access adulteration with additives such as solid and fats.

The principle milk density is 1.026 to 1.032g/ml.

PROCEDURE.

Milk was stired at a room temperature.

Then it was poured into cylinder deeper than lactometer.

Lactometer was introduced gently into milk starting with bulk end

Milk on surface of meniscus was observed.

Reading below 26 indicates adulteration.

Reading above 32 indicates addition of water.

If it is at red mark it indicates pure milk.

ALCOHOLIC TEST.

Mix eternal and milk very well.

Check the coagulation of milk.

Presence of coagulation indicates contaminated or poor quality.

This test the stability of protein.

Alcohol gun and lactometer pictures.

.