Discuss the scientific name/local name , varieties and establishment of Nandi sentaria

Scientific Name: Setaria sphacelata

Local/Common Names: Nandi Setaria is often referred to as "Nandi grass" or "Golden Timothy Grass."
It’s commonly called “Setaria” in many regions. The name "Nandi" originates from the Nandi Hills in
Kenya, where this grass is commonly grown.

Varieties of Nandi Setaria

There are several varieties of Setaria sphacelata, each with specific adaptations to different climatic and
soil conditions. Some of the main types include:

Kazungula: A robust variety that is tolerant of waterlogging. It grows well in wet areas and is more suited
to heavy soils, making it suitable for regions with high rainfall.

Narok: A more drought-resistant variety that performs well in drier climates. Narok has a lower leaf-to-
stem ratio than Kazungula but is resilient under water stress.

Solander: This variety is known for its higher palatability and digestibility, making it favorable for
livestock. It prefers well-drained soils and is less tolerant of waterlogged conditions.

Nandi: Named after the Nandi region, it is well-suited to high altitudes and cooler climates. This variety
typically has good growth rates and quality foliage.

Each variety is adapted to different environmental conditions, so choice of variety often depends on the
local climate and soil type.

Establishment of Nandi Setaria

Establishing Nandi Setaria requires proper site selection, soil preparation, and planting techniques. Here
are the main steps:

Site Selection: Nandi Setaria grows best in well-drained, fertile soils with a pH range of 5.0-7.0. It is
suited for high-altitude areas and can tolerate moderate shade, so it’s commonly grown in areas with
good rainfall but can also survive in drier conditions if irrigation is available.

Soil Preparation: Prepare the land by plowing and harrowing to create a fine, well-leveled seedbed.
Nandi Setaria responds well to soil enriched with organic matter, so adding compost or manure before
planting can enhance growth.

Seed Selection and Treatment: Use certified seeds of the preferred variety to ensure high germination
rates and reduce the risk of disease. Some seeds may benefit from scarification to improve germination,
especially if they have a hard seed coat.
Planting Method:

Sowing: Nandi Setaria can be established by direct seeding or planting splits (rooted clumps of mature
grass).

Seed Rate: If direct seeding, use a rate of about 4-5 kg per hectare. Broadcasting is the most common
method, but drilling the seeds in rows is also possible.

Depth: Sow seeds at a shallow depth (about 1-2 cm) and cover lightly with soil.

Watering: Nandi Setaria requires adequate moisture for establishment. Irrigation may be needed in
drier conditions to ensure good germination and early growth.

Fertilization: Applying nitrogen-rich fertilizer after planting can boost growth, especially in nutrient-
deficient soils. Periodic fertilization during growth, with balanced NPK, helps maintain high forage
quality.

Weed Control: Weeds can outcompete young Nandi Setaria plants, so regular weeding is necessary
during the early growth stages. Manual weeding or the use of selective herbicides can help manage
weed pressure.

Harvesting and Management: Once established, Nandi Setaria can be harvested for the first time within
8–12 weeks. Afterward, it can be cut every 6–8 weeks, depending on growth conditions. Regular
harvesting encourages fresh, leafy growth, which is more palatable and nutritious for livestock.

Grazing Management: If used for grazing, rotational grazing is recommended to prevent overgrazing and
allow regrowth. This practice also helps maintain soil health and reduces erosion.

References

Bogdan, A.V. (1977) Tropical Pasture and Fodder Plants. Longman Inc., New York, USA. p. 249–260.

Gibbs Russell, G.E., Watson, L., Koekemoer, M., Smook, L., Barker, N.P., Anderson, H.M. and Dallwitz,
M.J. (1990) Grasses of Southern Africa: An identification manual. Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of
South Africa No. 58. Botanical Research Institute, Pretoria, South Africa.

Discuss agronomy harvesting and value addition of Nandi sentaria

Agronomy of Nandi Setaria

Climate and Soil Requirements:

Climate: Nandi Setaria thrives in tropical and subtropical climates. It performs best in areas with
moderate to high rainfall (800–1500 mm annually) and can tolerate high altitudes (up to 2500 meters
above sea level).

Soil: It prefers well-drained, fertile soils with a pH range of 5.0 to 7.0. Adding organic matter to the soil
supports its growth, as Nandi Setaria is responsive to soil fertility.

Propagation:

Seeds: Planting by seeds is common, with a seeding rate of 4-5 kg per hectare. The seeds should be
lightly covered with soil at a depth of 1-2 cm.

Splits: The grass can also be propagated by splits or rooted clumps, especially when quick establishment
is needed.

Planting:

Planting is usually done at the onset of rains for optimal establishment.

Rows should be spaced about 50 cm apart, allowing the grass to form dense cover and suppress weeds.

Fertilization:

Initial application of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers is beneficial, especially in nutrient-
deficient soils. Nitrogen top-dressing can enhance growth and improve forage quality.

Weed Control:

Weed control is essential during the early stages. Manual weeding or selective herbicides can be used to
reduce weed competition.

Irrigation:

Although moderately drought-tolerant, irrigation may be required during dry spells for consistent
growth, especially in semi-arid regions.

Pest and Disease Management:

Nandi Setaria is generally pest-resistant, but periodic checks for pests like grasshoppers or diseases such
as rust can help ensure healthy growth.

Harvesting of Nandi Setaria

Timing:
First Harvest: The first harvest can typically be done within 8–12 weeks after planting, depending on
growth conditions.

Subsequent Harvests: Nandi Setaria can be harvested every 6-8 weeks during the growing season,
depending on rainfall and regrowth rate. Regular cutting encourages fresh, leafy growth, which is more
nutritious and palatable for livestock.

Harvesting Techniques:

Cut-and-Carry System: Forages are cut and transported to livestock in a zero-grazing system. This
method ensures efficient use of the grass and allows for rotational regrowth.

Grazing: When grazed, rotational grazing is recommended to avoid overgrazing, as overgrazing can
weaken the grass stand. Grazing should occur when the grass height is around 20–30 cm for optimal
nutritional value.

Optimal Stage:

Nandi Setaria is most nutritious before it reaches full maturity, typically at 4-6 weeks of growth.
Harvesting at this stage ensures maximum protein levels and digestibility.

Yield:

The average dry matter yield of Nandi Setaria can vary based on growing conditions but typically ranges
between 8-12 tons per hectare per year under good management.

Value Addition of Nandi Setaria

Hay Production:

Nandi Setaria can be cut, dried, and baled to produce high-quality hay. It is best cut for hay when it is at
its leafy stage to retain nutritional value. This hay can be stored and used during dry seasons when fresh
forage is limited.

Silage Production:

The grass can be used for silage, which involves cutting the grass at the right stage (pre-flowering),
chopping it, and storing it in anaerobic conditions to ferment. Silage made from Nandi Setaria provides a
nutrient-rich, palatable feed for livestock in the off-season.

Pelleting:

Dried Nandi Setaria can be ground and processed into pellets, which are easier to store, transport, and
feed. This form also helps reduce waste and is convenient for zero-grazing systems or for sale as a
commercial feed product.

Supplement for Feed Mixtures:

Dried Nandi Setaria can be mixed with other forages, grains, and supplements to create balanced feed
rations, enhancing the protein and fiber content of livestock diets.

Mulch and Soil Improvement:

After harvest, Nandi Setaria residues (such as stalks) can be used as mulch to conserve soil moisture,
prevent erosion, and add organic matter to the soil. This practice improves soil fertility and supports
sustainable farming.

Erosion Control and Soil Conservation:

Nandi Setaria is also used for land rehabilitation and erosion control because of its dense root system. It
stabilizes soil on slopes, reduces runoff, and enhances soil structure, which adds value to agricultural
landscapes.

Benefits of Value-Added Products

Enhanced Livestock Nutrition: Hay, silage, and pellets provide nutritious feed sources rich in protein and
energy.

Increased Shelf Life: Converting fresh Nandi Setaria into hay or silage extends its usability, allowing
storage for off-season feeding.

Income Generation: Selling hay, silage, or pellets made from Nandi Setaria creates additional income for
farmers.

Sustainable Land Use: Using Nandi Setaria residues for mulch or erosion control promotes sustainable
farming practices.

References

Hacker, J.B. (1992) Setaria sphacelata (Schumach.) Stapf & Hubbard ex M.B. Moss. In Mannetje, L.’t and
Jones, R.M. (eds) Plant Resources of South-East Asia No. 4. Forages. Pudoc Scientific Publishers,
Wageningen, the Netherlands. p. 201–203. edepot.wur.nl/327785

Hacker, J.B. and Jones, R.J. (1969) The Setaria sphacelata complex - a review. Tropical Grasslands 3:13–
34. bit.ly/39yQrjx

Hacker, J.B. and Minson, D.J. (1972) Varietal differences in in vitro dry matter digestibility in Setaria, and
the effects of site, age, and season. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 23:959–967.
doi.org/10.1071/AR9720959