FALL-2024

ME-421
Mechanical Vibration

Dr. Abbas Hussain

Assistant Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
National University of Science and Technology
[email protected] 1
Evaluation Methods:
Quiz 10%
Assignment 20%
OHT 30%
Final 40%

Course Material

• Lecture Slides

• S.S Rao. Mechanical Vibration. Pearson

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 Course Content

• Fundamentals of vibration

• Free vibration and viscously damped free vibration

• Harmonically excited vibration

• Two degrees of freedom system

• Introduction to modal analysis

• Vibration measurement

• Vibration of elastic bodies

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Earthquake induced vibration

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Wind induced vibration

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Turbomachinery

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Other examples

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Other examples

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Desirable Vibrations

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Vibration basic concepts

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Vibration basic concepts

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Vibration basic concepts

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Vibration basic concepts

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Vibration Classification

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Vibration Classification

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Vibration Classification

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 Vibration Classification

Linear Systems
• The output is directly proportional to the input
If the magnitude of the excitation is changed, the response will change by
the same amount
• Response of the system with parameters M,C,K behave linearly
• Same frequency as the input

Magnitude change
Phase change

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Vibration Classification

Linear Systems
• Principal of superposition holds

Non-Linear Systems
• Response of system in which one of the basic parameters M, C, K behaves
nonlinearly. Superposition does not hold, and analysis technique not
clearly defined.
Output comprises frequencies other
than the input frequency
output not proportional to the input
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 Non-linear vibration
Vibration phenomena that might be modeled well using linear vibration theory include small
amplitude vibrations of long, slender objects like long bridges, airplane wings, and helicopter
blades; small rocking motions of ships in calm waters; the simplest whirling motions of flexible
shafts, and so on. However, interactions between bridges and foundations, between wings/blades
and air, between ships and waves, between shafts and bearings, and so on, are all nonlinear.
Nonlinear systems can display behaviors that linear systems cannot. These include:

(a) multiple steady-state solutions, some stable and some unstable, in response to the same
inputs,
(b) jump phenomena, involving discontinuous and significant changes in the response of the
system as some forcing parameter is slowly varied,
(c) response at frequencies other than the forcing frequency,
(d) internal resonances, involving different parts of the system vibrating at different frequencies,
all with steady amplitudes (the frequencies are usually in rational ratios, such as 1:2, 1:3, 3:5,
etc.),
(e) self-sustained oscillations in the absence of explicit external periodic forcing, and
(f) complex, irregular motions extremely sensitive to initial conditions (chaos).

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 Vibration Classification

Periodic vibration: vibratory motion which is repeated at equal time intervals;

the value of the force or motion excitation acting on the system is known at any
given time; hence periodic vibration is also known as deterministic vibration.

Random vibration: vibratory motion that is not repeated at equal time intervals;
it may be repeated at random time intervals, or it may not be repeated at all; the
value of excitation at any given time can not be predicted hence random vibration
is nondeterministic; such vibrations are studied using statistical analysis.

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 VIBRATIONAL ANALYSIS PROCEDURE

Most practical vibrating systems are very complex. Only the most important
features are considered in the analysis to predict the behavior of the system
under specified input conditions.
First consider an elementary model, then a
➢ Mathematical Modeling refined model including more components
/details

➢ Derivation of the Use principle of dynamics and derive the

governing equations descriptive equations of a vibration system.
Newton’s second law
Principle of conservation of energy

➢ Solution of the equations Standard methods of solving DFQs

Laplace transform methods
Matrix methods
Numerical methods
➢ Interpretation of the
results Displacements, Velocities, Accelerations 23
Example of single degree of freedom system

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Mathematical modeling

Forging Hammer

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Mathematical modeling
Figure shows a motorcycle with a rider. Develop mathematical models of the system for
investigating vibration in the vertical direction. Consider the elasticity of the tires, elasticity and
damping of the struts (in the vertical direction), masses of the wheels, and elasticity,
damping, and mass of the rider.

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Mathematical modeling

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

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 Spring Elements
• A spring is a mechanical link, which in most
applications is assumed to have negligible mass
and damping.

• The spring force is proportional to the amount

of deformation

• The work done in deforming a spring is stored

as strain or potential energy in the spring

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 Spring Elements

The potential energy in the torsional spring is

given by

Where
T torque
K rotational /torsional stiffness
Ө rotational displacement

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Equivalent spring constant

Springs in parallel

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Equivalent spring constant

Springs in series

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 Equivalent spring constant Example
Example 1.6
Determine the torsional spring constant of the steel propeller shaft shown.

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Equivalent spring constant Example

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Example 1.9 Equivalent spring constant Example

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Equivalent spring constant Example

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Equivalent masses

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Equivalent masses

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