CEP

Finite Element Analysis

PREPARED BY:

NOVERA SHAHID IM-078

TOOBA GHAZI IM-087
UZAIR AHMED KHAN IM-095
M. ARSALAN NASER IM-147

Submitted to:
Miss Rabiya Siddique
Complex Engineering Problem FEA

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 2
History................................................................................................................................................ 2
Advantages......................................................................................................................................... 3
Applications ....................................................................................................................................... 3
Static ............................................................................................................................................... 3
Dynamic ......................................................................................................................................... 3
Modal ............................................................................................................................................. 3
ANSYS ................................................................................................................................................... 4
Part Body ............................................................................................................................................... 4
Parameters ............................................................................................................................................. 4
Meshing Analysis ................................................................................................................................. 5
Graph ................................................................................................................................................. 6
Results .................................................................................................................................................... 7
Displacement Vector Sum ................................................................................................................ 7
Von Mises Stresses ............................................................................................................................ 7
1st Principle Stresses......................................................................................................................... 8

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Complex Engineering Problem FEA

FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS COMPLEX

ENGINEERING PROBLEM
INTRODUCTION
The Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is the simulation of any given physical phenomenon
using the numerical technique called Finite Element Method (FEM). Engineers use it to
reduce the number of physical prototypes and experiments and optimize components in their
design phase to develop better products, faster.
It is necessary to use mathematics to comprehensively understand and quantify any physical
phenomena such as structural or fluid behaviour, thermal transport, wave propagation, the
growth of biological cells, etc. Most of these processes are described using Partial
Differential Equations (PDEs). However, for a computer to solve these PDEs, numerical
techniques have been developed over the last few decades and one of the prominent ones,
today, is the Finite Element Analysis.
Differential equations can not only describe processes of nature but also physical phenomena
encountered in engineering mechanics. These partial differential equations (PDEs) are
complicated equations that need to be solved in order to compute relevant quantities of a
structure (like stresses (ϵϵ), strains (ϵϵ), etc.) in order to estimate a certain behaviour of the
investigated component under a given load. It is important to know that FEA only gives an
approximate solution of the problem and is a numerical approach to get the real result of
these partial differential equations. Simplified, FEA is a numerical method used for the
prediction of how a part or assembly behaves under given conditions. It is used as the basis
for modern simulation software and helps engineers to find weak spots, areas of tension, etc.
in their designs. The results of a simulation based on the FEA method are usually depicted
via a colour scale that shows for example the pressure distribution over the object.
Finite Element Analysis ( FEA) is a way to simulate loading conditions on a design and
determine the design’s respond to those conditions. The design is modeled using discrete
building blocks called elements. Each element has exactly equations dad describe how it
responds to certain load. The sum of the responses of all elements in the model gives the total
response of the design. The elements have a finite numbers of unknowns hence the name
finite elements.
The finite element model which has finite numbers of unknowns, can only approximate the
response of the physical system which has infinite unknowns. Its approximation depends
entirely on what we are simulating and the tools we use for the simulation.

HISTORY
Defining element method of structural analysis was created by academic and industrial
researchers during the 1950s and 1960s.Underlying theory is over 100 years old, and was the
basis for pen and paper calculations in revaluation of suspension bridges and steam boilers.
Depending on one’s perspective, FEA can be said to have its origin in the work of Euler, as
early as the 16th century. However, the earliest mathematical papers on Finite Element
Analysis can be found in the works of Schellbach [1851] and Courant [1943].

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Complex Engineering Problem FEA

FEA was independently developed by engineers in different companies and industries to

address structural mechanics problems related to aerospace and civil engineering. The
development for real life applications started around the mid-1950s as papers by Turner,
Clough, Martin and Topp [1956], Argyris [1957] and Babuska and Aziz [1972] show. The
books by Zienkiewicz [1971] and Strang and Fix [1973] also laid the foundations for future
developments in FEA.

ADVANTAGES
FEA can be a useful in following ways:

• To reduce The amount of prototype testing;

• Computer simulation allows multiple ‘what-if’ scenarios to be tested quickly and effectively;
• To simulate designs that is not suitable for prototype testing;
• Cost saving;
• Time saving; reduce time to market;
• Create more reliable, better quality designs.

APPLICATIONS
The Finite Element Analysis started with significant promise in modelling several mechanical
applications related to aerospace and civil engineering. The applications of Finite Element
Method are just starting to reach their potential. One of the most exciting prospects is its
application to coupled problems like fluid-structure interaction; thermo-mechanical, thermo-
chemical, thermo-chemo-mechanical problems piezoelectric, ferroelectric, electromagnetics
and other relevant areas:

STATIC
With static analysis, you can analyse linear static and nonlinear quasi-static structures. In a
linear case with an applied static load, only a single step is needed to determine the structural
response. Geometric, contact and material nonlinearity can be taken into account. An
example is a bearing pad of a bridge.
Dynamic
Dynamic analysis helps you analyse the dynamic response of a structure that experienced
dynamic loads over a specific time frame. To model the structural problems in a realistic
way, you can also analyse impacts of loads as well as displacements. An example is the
impact of a human skull, with or without a helmet.

MODAL
Eigenfrequencies and eigenmodes of a structure due to vibration can be simulated using
modal analysis. The peak response of a structure or system under a given load can be
simulated with harmonic analysis. An example is the start of an engine.

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Complex Engineering Problem FEA

ANSYS
Ansys software is used to design products and semiconductors, as well as to create
simulations that test a product's durability, temperature distribution, fluid movements, and
electromagnetic properties.
Ansys is a complete FEA software package used by engineers worldwide in virtually all field
of engineering; structural analysis, thermal analysis, fluid (CFD, acoustics and other fluid
analyses), and low and high electromagnetic frequency.
Some of the industries that use Ansys are aerospace, automotive, biomedical, bridges and
buildings.
There are ways of working with Ansys
1. Interactive mode; allows to interact ‘live’ with Ansys, reviewing each operations as it
is performed;
2. Batch mode; allows to submit a batch file of commands which Ansys runs in the
background.

PART BODY
The mechanical part body selected for analysis is the spanner, which used to tighten or loosen
the screw. The analysis is done to determine the impact of various forces on the object. The
part body is initially modeled in CATIA V5 and then imported to Ansys to conduct the
analysis.

PARAMETERS:

Elasticity 210e9

Density 8000

Poisson ratio 0.3

Material Chromium
Vanadium Steel
Alloy

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Complex Engineering Problem FEA

MESHING ANALYSIS:
Mesh Size 5:

Mesh Size 4:

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Complex Engineering Problem FEA

Mesh Size 2:

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Complex Engineering Problem FEA

RESULTS
DISPLACEMENT VECTOR SUM
The result of displacement vector sum shows that the maximum displacement took place at
the end from where the force is applied due to the torque generate around the fix point at the
other end of the spanner from where the screw would be placed to tighten/loosen. Therefore,
the end where screw would be placed has minimum displacement and would only rotate
around the screw to perform the tightening or loosening action.

Figure 1 Displacement Vector Sum

VON MISES STRESSES

The von mises value indicate that the spanner may subject to fracture or damage from the point
where it comes in contact with nut/bolt. Also the value is very small and falls under the material’s
actual yield strength hence it portrays no excessive stresses on the part.

Figure 2 Von Mises Stresses

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Complex Engineering Problem FEA

1ST PRINCIPLE STRESSES

As per the applied loading and degree of freedom conditions, the maximum tensile strength induced
in the part is at the point where it comes in contact with the nut.

Figure 3 1st Principle Stresses

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