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Gabriel

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36 views5 pages

Gabriel

Uploaded by

emmanueltravisblankson
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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AMANING PETER

0718300183
LAB 8
ASSIGNMENT 1

There different types of waveform among them are; sine waveform, square waveform,
rectangular waveform, triangular waveform and sawtooth waveform.

Sine Wave Waveform


A sine wave shows how the amplitude of a variable changes with time. The variable could be
audible sound for example. A single pure note is a sine wave, although it would sound a very
plain and flat note indeed with none of the harmonics we normally hear in nature. A
straightforward oscillating or alternating current or voltage within a wire can also be
represented by a sine wave.

sine waveform

If we take the reciprocal of the period, ( 1/T ) we will get a value that denotes the number of
times a period or cycle repeats itself in one second or cycles per second, and this is commonly
known as Frequency with units of Hertz, (Hz). Then Hertz can also be defined as “cycles per
second” (cps) and 1Hz is exactly equal to 1 cycle per second.

Relationship between Frequency and Periodic Time

Frequency = 1/periodic time


Periodic time = 1/frequency

Where: ƒ is in Hertz and T is in Seconds.

Square Wave Waveforms


Square-wave Waveforms are used extensively in electronic and micro electronic circuits for
clock and timing control signals as they are symmetrical waveforms of equal and square
duration representing each half of a cycle. Nearly all digital logic circuits use square wave
waveforms on their input and output gates.

A Square Wave Waveform

We know that square shaped electrical waveforms are symmetrical in shape as each half of the
cycle is identical, so the time that the pulse width is positive must be equal to the time that the
pulse width is negative or zero.

When square wave waveforms are used as “clock” signals in digital circuits the time of the
positive pulse width is known as the “Duty Cycle” of the period.

Then we can say that for a square wave waveform the positive or “ON” time is equal to the
negative or “OFF” time so the duty cycle must be 50%, (half of its period).

As frequency is equal to the reciprocal of the period, ( 1/T ) we can define the frequency of a
square wave waveform as:

Frequency = 1/ON time + OFF time


Rectangular Waveforms
Rectangular Waveforms are similar to the square wave waveform above, only the difference is
that the two pulse widths of the waveform are of an unequal time period.

Rectangular waveforms are therefore classed as “Non-symmetrical” waveforms as shown


below.

The diagram above shows that the positive pulse width is shorter in time than the negative
pulse width.

Equally, the negative pulse width could be shorter than the positive pulse width, either way the
resulting waveform shape would still be that of a rectangular waveform.

Rectangular Waveforms can be used to regulate the amount of power being applied to a load
such as a lamp or motor by varying the duty cycle of the waveform.

The higher the duty cycle, the greater the average amount of power being applied to the load
and the lower the duty cycle, the less the average amount of power being applied to the load .

An excellent example of this is in the use of “Pulse Width Modulation” speed controllers.

Triangular Waveforms
Triangular Waveforms are generally bi-directional non-sinusoidal waveforms that oscillate
between a positive and a negative peak value.

Although called a triangular waveform, the triangular wave is actually more of a symmetrical
linear ramp waveform because it is simply a slow rising and falling voltage signal at a constant
frequency or rate.

The rate at which the voltage changes between each ramp direction is equal during both halves
of the cycle as shown below.
Triangular waveform

Generally, for Triangular Waveforms the positive-going ramp or slope (rise), is of the same time
duration as the negative-going ramp (decay) giving the triangular waveform a 50% duty cycle.

Then any given voltage amplitude, the frequency of the waveform will determine the average
voltage level of the wave.

So for a slow rise and slow delay time of the ramp will give a lower average voltage level than a
faster rise and decay time.

Sawtooth Waveforms
Sawtooth Waveforms are another type of periodic waveform. As its name suggests, the shape
of the waveform resembles the teeth of a saw blade.

Sawtoothed waveforms can have a mirror image of themselves, by having either a slow-rising
but extremely steep decay, or an extremely steep almost vertical rise and a slow-decay as
shown below.
Sawtooth waveform

The positive ramp Sawtooth Waveform is the more common of the two waveform types with
the ramp portion of the wave being almost perfectly linear.

The Sawtooth waveform is commonly available from most function generators and consists of a
fundamental frequency ( ƒ ) and all its integer ratios of even harmonics only, 1/2, 1/4, 1/6 1/8 …
1/n etc.

What this means in practical terms is that the Sawtoothed Waveform is rich in harmonics and
for music synthesizers and musicians gives the quality of the sound or tonal color to their music
without any distortion

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