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SRI VENKATESWARA UNIVERSITY

B.Sc. DEGREE COURSE IN BOTANY


III- SEMESTER
(Revised Syllabus under CBCS w.e.f. 2021-22)
Anatomy and Embryology of Angiosperms, Plant Ecology and Biodiversity
(Total hours of teaching – 60 @ 04 Hrs./Week)

Theory:

Learning outcomes:

On successful completion of this course, the students will be able to;


Understand on the organization of tissues and tissue systems in plants.
Illustrate and interpret various aspects of embryology.
Discuss the basic concepts of plant ecology, and evaluate the effects of
environmental and biotic factors on plant communities.
Appraise various qualitative and quantitative parameters to study the
population and community ecology.
Correlate the importance of biodiversity and consequences due to its loss.
Enlist the endemic/endangered flora and fauna from two biodiversity hot
spots in India and assess strategies for their conservation.

Unit – 1: Anatomy of Angiosperms 12 Hrs.

1. Organization of apical mere stems: Tunica-corpus theory and Hostage theory.


2. Tissue systems–Epidermal, ground and vascular.
3. Anomalous secondary growth in Boer heavier and Dracaena.
4. Study of timbers of economic importance - Teak, Red sanders and Rosewood.

Unit – 2: Embryology of Angiosperms 12 Hrs.

1. Structure of anther, anther wall, types of tappet. Micro spoor genesis and
development of male gametophyte.
2. Structure of ovule, mega spoor genesis; mono spore (Polygonal), bishopric
(Alliums) and tetra spore (Pepperoni) types of embryo sacs.
3. Outlines of pollination, pollen – pistil interaction and fertilization.
4. Endosperm - Types and biological importance - Free nuclear, cellular, helobia
land ruminate.
5. Development of Divot (Casella bursa-pastors) embryo.
Unit – 3: Basics of Ecology 12 Hrs.

1. Ecology: definition, branches and significance of ecology.


2. Ecosystem: Concept and components, energy flow, food chain, food web,
ecological pyramids.
4. Plants and environment: Climatic (light and temperature), seraphic and biotic
factors.
5. Ecological succession : Hydro sere and Kerosene.

Unit – 4:Population, Community and Production Ecology 12 Hrs.

1. Population ecology: Nasality, mortality, growth curves, ecotypes, cads


2. Community ecology: Frequency, density, cover, life forms, biological spectrum
3. Concepts of productivity: GPP, NPP and Community Respiration
4. Secondary production, P/R ratio and Ecosystems.

Unit – 5:Basics of Biodiversity 12 Hrs.

1. Biodiversity: Basic concepts, Convention on Biodiversity - Earth Summit.


2. Value of Biodiversity; types and levels of biodiversity and Threats to
biodiversity
3. Biodiversity Hot spots in India. Biodiversity in North Eastern Himalayas and
Western Ghats.
4. Principles of conservation: IUCN threat-categories, RED data book
5. Role of NBPGR and NBA in the conservation of Biodiversity.
Text books:

Botany – III (Vrukshasastram-I) : Telugu Academy, Hyderabad


Botany – IV (Vrukshasastram-II) : Telugu Academy, Hyderabad
Pander, B.P. (2013) College Botany, Volume-II, S. Chan Publishing, New Delhi
Pander, B.P. (2013) College Botany, Volume-III, S. Chan Publishing, New
Delhi
Bhattacharya, K., G. Hait&Ghosh, A. K., (2011) A Text Book of Botany,
Volume-II, New Central Book Agency Pvt. Ltd., Kolkata

Books for Reference:


Esau, K. (1971)Anatomy of Seed Plants. John Wiley and Son, USA.
Fan, A. (1990)Plant Anatomy, Pergamum Press, Oxford.
Cutler, D.F., T. Botha & D. Wm. Stevenson (2008)Plant Anatomy: An Applied
Approach, Wiley, USA.
Paula Udall (1987)Anatomy of Flowering Plants: An Introduction to Structure
and Development. Cambridge University Press, London
Bhojwani, S. S. and S. P. Bhavnagar (2000)The Embryology of Angiosperms
(4th Ed.),Visas Publishing House, Delhi.
Pandey, A. K. (2000) Introduction to Embryology of Angiosperms. CBS
Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. , New Delhi
Maheswari, P. (1971)An Introduction to Embryology of Angiosperms. McGraw
Hill Book Co., London.
Johri, B.M. (2011)Embryology of Angiosperms. Springer-Verlag, Berlin
Pandey, B.P. (2013)College Botany, Volume-III, S. Chand Publishing, New
Delhi
Bhattacharya, K., A. K. Ghosh, & G. Hait (2011) A Text Book of Botany,
Volume-IV, New Central Book Agency Pvt. Ltd., Kolkata
Kormondy, Edward J. (1996) Concepts of Ecology,Prentice-Hall of India
Private Limited, New Delhi
Begon, M., J.L. Harper & C.R. Townsend (2003) Ecology, Blackwell Science
Ltd., U.S.A.
Eugene P. Odum (1996)Fundamentals of Ecology,Natraj Publishers,
Dehradun
Sharma, P.D. (2012) Ecology and Environment. Rastogi Publications, Meerut,
India.
N.S.Subrahmanyam& A.V.S.S. Sambamurty (2008)EcologyNarosa Publishing
House,

New Delhi

A. K. Agrawal& P.P. Deo (2010) Plant Ecology,Agrobios (India), Jodhpur


Kumar, H.D. (1992) Modern Concepts of Ecology (7th Edn.,)Vikas Publishing
Co.,

New Delhi.
Newman, E.I. (2000): Applied EcologyBlackwell Scientific Publisher, U.K.
Chapman, J.L&M.J. Reiss (1992): Ecology - Principles &
Applications.Cambridge

University Press, U.K.


Kumar H.D. (2000)Biodiversity & Sustainable Conservation Oxford & IBH

Publishing Co Ltd. New Delhi.


U. Kumar (2007) Biodiversity : Principles & Conservation,Agrobios (India),
Jodhpur
Practical syllabus of BotanyCore Course – 3 /Semester – III
Anatomy and Embryology of Angiosperms, Plant Ecology and Biodiversity
(Total hours of laboratory exercises 30 Hrs. @ 02 Hrs./Week)

Course Outcomes:

On successful completion ofthispractical course students shall be able to:


1. Get familiarized with techniques of section making, staining and microscopic
study of vegetative, anatomical and reproductive structure of plants.
2. Observe externally and under microscope, identify and draw exact diagrams
of the material in the lab.
3. Demonstrate application of methods in plant ecology and conservation of
biodiversityand qualitative and quantitative aspects related to populations and
communities of plants.

Practical Syllabus

1. Tissue organization in root and shoot apices using permanent slides.


2. Anomalous secondary growth in stemsof Boerhavia and Dracaena.
3. Study of anther and ovule using permanent slides/photographs.
4. Study of pollen germination and pollen viability.
5. Dissection and observation of Embryo sac haustoria in SantalumorArgemone.
6. Structure of endosperm (nuclear and cellular) using permanent slides /
Photographs.
7. Dissection and observation of Endosperm haustoria in Crotalaria or Coccinia.
8. Developmental stages of dicot and monocot embryos using permanent slides
/ photographs.
9. Study of instruments used to measure microclimatic variables; soil
thermometer,

maximum and minimum thermometer, anemometer, rain gauze, and lux meter.
(visit to the nearest/local meteorology station where the data is being collected
regularly and record the field visit summary for the submission in the practical).
10. Study of morphological and anatomical adaptations of hydrophytes and
xerophytes (02 each).
11. Quantitative analysis of herbaceous vegetation in the college campus
forfrequency, density and abundance.

12. Identification of vegetation/various plants in college campus and


comparison with Raunkiaer’s frequency distribution law.
13. Find out the alpha-diversity of plants in the area
14. Mapping of biodiversity hotspots of the world and India.
Model paper for Practical Examination
Semester – III/ Botany Core Course – 3
Anatomy and Embryology of Angiosperms, Plant Ecology and Biodiversity
Max. Time: 3 Hrs. Max. Marks: 50

1. Take T.S. of the material ‘A’ (Anatomy), prepare a temporary slide and justify
the identification with specific reasons. 10 M
2. Write the procedure for the experiment ‘B’ (Embryology) and demonstrate the
same. 10 M
3. Take T.S. of the material ‘C’, prepare a temporary slide and justify the
identification with specific reasons. 10 M
4. Identify the following with specific reasons. 4 x 3 = 12 M

D. Anatomy/Embryology
E. Ecology instrument
F. Mapping of Biodiversity hot spot
G. Endemic/endangered plant/animal
5. Record + Viva-voce 5 + 3 = 8 M
Suggested co-curricular activities for Botany CoreCourse-3 in Semester-III:
A. Measurable :
a. Student seminars :
1. Anatomy in relation to taxonomy of Angiosperms.
2. Nodal anatomy
3. Floral anatomy
4. Embryology in relation to taxonomy of Angiosperms.
5. Apomictics and polyembryony.
6. Biogeochemical cycles- Carbon, Nitrogen and Phosphorous.
7. Deforestation and Afforestation.
8. Green house effect and ocean acidification.
9. The Montreal protocol and the Kyoto protocol.
10. Productivity of aquatic ecosystems.
11. Mangrove ecosystems in India.
12. Kollerulake – Ramsar site.
13. Biodiversity hotspots of the world.
14. Origin of Crop plants - Vavilov centers
15. Agrobiodiversity
16. International organizations working on conservation of Biodiversity
17. Nagoya protocol – ABS system.
18. Endemic and endangered plants in Andhra Pradesh.
b. Student Study Projects :

1. Stomata structure in plants from college campus/ their native place.


2. Report on xylem elements in plants using maceration technique.
3. Collection of information on famous herbaria in the world and preparation of
a report.
4. Microscopic observations on pollen morphology from plants in college
Campus/ their native locality.
5. Study report on germination and viability of pollen in different plants.
6. Observation of anthesis time in different plants and their pollinators.
7.A report on autecology and synecology of some plants in college campus or
their native place.
8. Collection of photos of endemic/endangered plant and animal species to
Make an album.
9. Biodiversity of the college or their own residential/ native area.
10. Collection of seeds/vegetative organs of rare plant species from their
localities and to raise/grow in college garden
c. Assignments: Written assignment at home / during ‘0’ hour at college;
preparation of charts with drawings, making models etc., on topics included in
syllabus.
B. General :
1. Visit to an arboretum/silviculture station/Forest research institute to see the
live timber yielding plants or to visit a local timber depot. to observe various
woods.
2. Field visit to a nearby ecosystem to observe the abiotic-biotic relationships.
3. Visit to National park/Sanctuary/Biosphere reserve etc., to observe in-situ
conservation of plants and animals.
4. Visit to a Botanical garden or Zoo to learn about ex-situ conservation of rare
plants or animals.
5. Group Discussion (GD)/ Quiz/ Just A Minute (JAM) on different modules in
syllabus of the course.

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