Physics Project Final

Pm Shri Jawahar Navodaya
Vidyalaya palus sangli
PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

Session 2024-25
To study the Generation of AC Generator
Name:- Pritam Vikram Thorat

Class :- 12TH Section :- PCM
Roll No. :- 1212
Subject :- Physics
Topic :- Generation of ac generator
Guided by :- Mr. Sanjay Padvale
Contents
➢ Certificate
➢ Acknowledgment
➢ Introduction
➢ Principle of A.C. Generator
➢ Construction of A.C. Generator
➢ Theory
➢ Circuit Diagram
➢ Working of A.C. Generator
➢ Expression for Instaneous e.m.f.
produced
➢ Result
➢ Applications of A.C. Generator
➢ Bibliography
Certificate
This is to certify that Pritam Vikram Thorat,
a student of Class XII has successfully
completed the project under the guidance
of Mr. Padavale (PGT PHY),During the
academic year 2024-25 in partial
fulfillment of physics practical examination
conducted by CBSE.
Sub.Teacher Examiner
Principal
Acknowledgment
It would my utmost pleasure to

express my sincere thanks to my
physics teacher Mr. Padavale in
providing a helping hand in this project.
His valuable guidance and support and
supervision all through this project are
responsible for attaining its present
form.
Introduction
• A.C. Generator means Alternating
current generator. It is a device which is
used to convert mechanical energy into
electrical energy.
• A.C. generator forces electric current

to flow through an external circuit.
The source of mechanical energy may
be a reciprocating or turbine steam
engine, water falling through a
turbine or waterwheel, an internal
combustion engine, a wind turbine, a
hand crank, compressed air, or any
other source of mechanical energy.
Principle of A.C.
Generator
• It is based on the principle of electro-

magnetic induction, i.e., whenever
amount of magnetic flux linked with a
coil changes, an e.m.f. is induced in the
coil. The direction of current induced is
given by Fleming’s right-hand rule.
• It also work on the principle of

Faraday’s law of electromagnetic
induction. When the armature rotates
between the magnet’s poles upon an
axis perpendicular to the magnetic
field, the flux linkage of the armature
changes continuously. Due to this, an
emf is induced in the armature.
Construction of A.C. Generator
The A.C. Generator is consist of four main parts :
(1) THE COIL (ARMATURE) :

A rectangular coil ABCD consist of a large number
of turns of copper bound over a soft iron core is called
armature. The soft iron core is used to increase the
magnetic flux.
(2) MAGNETIC FIELD :

It is usually a permanent sponge magnet having concave
poles. The armature is rotated of a magnet so that axis of
the armature is perpendicular to magnetic field lines.
(3) SLIP RINGS :

Slip rings are the magnetic rings, which are connected to
the terminal of the armature. These rings are rotated
with the coil and these are used to draw the current from
the generator.
(4) BRUSHES :
The brushes B1 & B2 just touches the slip rings. They are
not rotating with the coil and these brushes lead to the
output of load resistance.
Theory
1. The strong magnetic field is produced by a current
flow through the field coil of the rotor.
2. The field coil in the rotor receives excitation through

the use of slip rings and brushes.
3. Two brushes are spring-held in contact with the slip

rings to provide the continuous connection between
the field coil and external circuit.
4. The armature is contained within the windings of the

stator and is connected to the output.
5. Each time the rotor makes one complete revolution,

one complete cycle of AC is developed.
6. A generator has many turns of wire wound into the

slots of the rotor.
7. The magnitude of AC voltage generated by an AC

generator is dependent on the field strength and
speed of the rotor.
8. Most generators are operated at a constant speed;

therefore, the generated voltage depends on field
excitation or strength.
Circuit Diagram
Working of an A.C.
Generator
The coil is rotated in the anti-clockwise

direction. In the first half rotation the arm
AB is moving outward and CD is moving
inward. So the e.m.f. is induced in the arm
AB from A to B. And in the arm CD from C
to D. After half rotation (in the second
half). The arm CD is moving outward and
AB is moving inward. In this time current is
induced in arm CD from D to C. And in arm
AB from B to A. In the second-half rotation,
the current direction is changing so in this
generator AC is produced.
Expression for Instaneous
E.M.F. produced
Let position of the coil at any time t.

It's making angle θ with vertical. If w is
uniform angular speed of the coil.
Then, θ =ωt
B be the strength of magnetic field n

be the number of turns in the coil and A
area of the coil then magnetic flux with
the coil in this position is given by :
Φ = nBA Cosθ = nBA Cos ωt.

Differentiate w.r.t. time:-
Maximum value of e.m.f. So 𝜺,

ε = ε° sin(𝜔𝑡)
Result:-
Hence, maximum value of instantaneous e.m.f. in
an AC Generator is given by
𝜺 = 𝜺° sin(𝝎𝒕)
Applications of A.C. Generator
1. Aircraft auxiliary power generation, wind
generators, high-speed gas turbine generators.
2. Hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) drive systems,

automotive starter generators.
3. An ac generator, or 'alternator', is used to

produce ac voltages for transmission via the
grid system or, locally, as portable generators.
4. All of our household appliances run on ac

current. Ex: Refrigerator, washing machines,
oven, lights, fan, etc.
5. The main advantage of AC is ease of power

distribution. It is more efficient to use high
voltage to distribute power, but it is not safe
to have high voltage at home. It is easy to step
up (and step down) AC voltage using a
transformer.
Bibliography
• CBSE Lab manual
• Help of Physics Teacher
• NCERT Textbook
• Websites:-
www.google.com
www.wikipedia.com

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Pm Shri Jawahar Navodaya

Vidyalaya palus sangli

PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

To study the Generation of AC Generator

Name:- Pritam Vikram Thorat

It would my utmost pleasure to

• A.C. generator forces electric current

• It is based on the principle of electro-

• It also work on the principle of

(1) THE COIL (ARMATURE) :

(2) MAGNETIC FIELD :

(3) SLIP RINGS :

2. The field coil in the rotor receives excitation through

3. Two brushes are spring-held in contact with the slip

4. The armature is contained within the windings of the

5. Each time the rotor makes one complete revolution,

6. A generator has many turns of wire wound into the

7. The magnitude of AC voltage generated by an AC

8. Most generators are operated at a constant speed;

The coil is rotated in the anti-clockwise

Let position of the coil at any time t.

B be the strength of magnetic field n

Φ = nBA Cosθ = nBA Cos ωt.

Maximum value of e.m.f. So 𝜺,

2. Hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) drive systems,

3. An ac generator, or 'alternator', is used to

4. All of our household appliances run on ac

5. The main advantage of AC is ease of power

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