Programmable

Logic Controllers
Third Edition

Frank D. Petruzella
McGraw-Hill
 Chapter 6
Developing
Fundamental PLC
Wiring Diagrams
And Ladder Logic
Programs
 Electromagnetic Control Relays
The PLC's original purpose was the replacement of
electromagnetic relays with a solid-state switching
system that could be programmed.
The programmable controller was designed
to replace physically small control relays
that make logic decisions but are not
designed to handle heavy current or high
voltage.

Electromagnetic relays, such as the

lighting contactor shown, are still
used as auxiliary devices to switch I/O
field devices.
 Electromagnetic Relay Operation
An electromagnetic relay is a magnetic switch. It uses
electromagnetism to switch contacts.

A relay will usually

have only one coil
but may have any
number of different
contacts.
Electromagnetic Relay Operation

With no current flow

through the coil
(coil de-energized),
the armature is held
away from the core
by spring tension.
When the coil is energized,
the electromagnetic field
moves the armature
causing the contact points
of the relay to open or
close.
 Relay Symbol

Coil
CR1
CR1-1 CR1-2

Normally open Normally closed

(NO) contact (NC) contact

Contacts are open when Contacts are closed when

no current flows through no current flows through
the coil but close as soon the coil but open as soon
as the coil is energized. as the coil is energized.
 Relay Circuit Operation

L1 L2
S
CR1
With switch S open:
CR1-1 ⮚ coil CR1 is de-energized
OFF ⮚ contacts CR1-1 are open
R ⮚ light R is off
⮚ contacts CR1-2 are
closed
G ⮚ light G is on

CR1-2 ON
 Relay Circuit Operation

L1 L2
S
CR1

CR1-1 With switch S closed:

ON
⮚ coil CR1 is energized
R
⮚ contacts CR1-1 are
closed
⮚ light R is on
G ⮚ contacts CR1-2 are open
⮚ light G is off
CR1-2 OFF
 Magnetic Contactor

A contactor is a special type of relay designed to

handle heavy power loads that are beyond the
capability of control relays.

Contactors are designed to operate

such loads as lights, heaters,
transformers, capacitors, and electric
motors for which overload
protection is provided separately
or not required.
Magnetic Contactor
 PLC Used In Conjunction With A Contactor

Contactor Pump
power contacts

L2
High-current
wiring
L1

Programmable controllers
Coil have I/O capable of operating
terminals the contactor but they do not
have the capacity to operate
Low-current
wiring heavy loads directly.
L2 L1

PLC output module

 Magnetic Motor Starter
A magnetic motor starter is a contactor with an
overload relay attached physically and electrically.
They are electromagnetically operated switches that
provide a safe method for starting large motor loads.

The overload relay will open the

supply voltage to the starter if it
detects an overload on a motor.
Motor overload relay contacts are
normally hardwired in series with
the magnetic starter coil.
Magnetic Motor Starter
Overload heaters are
connected in series
with the contactor.
If the motor becomes
overloaded they cause
a mechanical latch to
trip. Tripping this
latch opens a set of
contacts that are
wired in series with the
voltage supply and
motor.
 Across-The-Line AC Starter Operation

The M the
contacts, in series
Low-current When
The OL start
contact button
opens is
with the motor, close to
control circuit pressed, coil
automatically M energizes
when an
complete the high-current
to close allcondition
overload M contacts.
path to the motor. is
sensed, to de-energize
the M coil
Control and stop
contact the
M also
motor.to seal-in the coil
closes
circuit when the START
button is released.

High-current
power circuit
PLC Control Of A Large Motor Load
When a PLC needs to
control a large motor, it
must work in conjunction
with a starter.

Motor starters are

available in various
standard National
Electric Manufacturers
(NEMA) sizes and
ratings.
Manually Operated Switches
Manually operated switches are
controlled by hand. Pushbutton
switches are the most common form of
manual control found in industry.

Normally Open (NO) pushbutton

makes a circuit when it is pressed
and returns to its open position
when the button is released.
Manually Operated Switches

Normally Closed (NC) pushbutton opens

the circuit when it is pressed and returns
to the closed position when the button is
released. The abbreviations NO and NC
represent the state of the switch when it is
not actuated.
 Manually Operated Switches
The break-make pushbutton is used for
interlocking controls. In this switch the top
section is NC, while the bottom section is
NO. When the button is pressed, the
bottom contacts are closed as the top
contacts open.

PRESSED
ON
NOT PRESSED
OFF
R
R
L1 L2
L1 L2
G
G
OFF
ON
 Selector Switch

Selector switch positions are made by

turning the operator knob – not
pushing it.

Selector switch
Contacts
positions may have
Off Position A B two or more selector
Hand Auto positions with either
Hand X maintained contact
position or spring
A Off return to give
momentary contact
B Auto X operation.
 Selector Switch Motor Reversing

Selector switch used in conjunction with a reversing

motor starter to select forward or reverse operation
of the motor.
 Dual In-Line Package (DIP) Switches

ON Are small switch assemblies

designed for mounting on printed
OFF circuit board modules.

Switch settings are seldom

changed, and the changes occur
mainly during installation or
configuration of the system.
 Mechanically Operated Switches

A mechanically operated switch is controlled automatically

by factors such as pressure, position, and temperature.

The limit switch is a type of

mechanically operated switch
designed to operate only when a
predetermined limit is reached,
and is usually actuated by
contact with an object such as a
cam.
 Limit Switch Operation

Symbols
NO Contact
Limit switches take
the place of a human
NC Contact
operator.

They are often used in the control of machine processes

to govern the starting, stopping, or reversal of motors.
 Typical Limit Switch Circuit

L1 Stop Forward L2
FWD Limit
F
F R
OLs
Limit switches
Reverse
R
F REV Limit

Control circuit for starting and stopping a motor in

forward and reverse with limit switches providing
over travel protection.
 Temperature Switch
The temperature switch or thermostat is used to
sense temperature changes and is actuated by some
specific environmental temperature change.

Responds to changes in
temperature by opening or
closing an electric circuit.
Symbols

NO Contact NC Contact
Temperature Switch Control of a Motor

Closing ON

Rising
temperature

Motor
 Pressure Switch
Pressure switches are used to control the pressure of
liquids and gases and are activated when a specific
pressure is reached.
Opens or closes an Bellows
electric circuit in Switch

response to a
change in pressure.
Symbols

NO Contact NC Contact
 Starter Operated By A Pressure Switch

Closing ON
Rising
pressure
 Level Switch
Level or float switches are used to sense the height of
a liquid.
Switch
Opens or closes an electric
circuit in response to a
change in liquid level.
Symbols

Float

NO Contact NC Contact

Two-wire level switch

control of starter.
1. The programmable controller was designed
to replace relays designed to handle heavy
current or high voltage. (True/False)

2. The NO (normally open) contacts of a relay are

open when the relay coil is energized.
(True/False)

3. A contactor is a special type of relay designed to

switch heavy power loads. (True/False)

4. Motor overload relay contacts are normally

hardwired in series with the magnetic starter coil.
(True/False)
5. A _______________ pushbutton opens the
circuit when it is pressed and returns to the
closed position when the button is released.
(a) normally open
(b) normally closed
(c) break-make pushbutton
(d) make-break pushbutton

6. The abbreviations NO and NC represent the

state of the switch when it is actuated.
(True/False)
7. Which of the following would be classified
as a manually operated switch?
a. pressure switch c. level switch
b. temperature switch d. none of these

8. A limit switch is usually actuated by:

(a) hand (b) contact with an object

(c) pressure (d) an electromagnet

9. The device shown is that of a:
(a) Float Switch
(b) Limit Switch
(c) Temperature Switch
(d) Pressure Switch
10. The symbol shown is that
of a:
(a) NO float switch
(b) NC float switch
(c) NO temperature switch
(d) NC temperature switch
 Transducer
A transducer is any device that converts energy from
one form to another.

Amplifier

Input transducer Output transducer

(microphone) converts (speaker) converts
sound energy to electric electric energy to sound
energy energy
 Sensors
Sensors are input transducers used for detecting and
often measuring the magnitude of something. They
convert mechanical, magnetic, thermal, optical, and
chemical variations into electric voltages and currents.

Photoelectric
sensor
 Sensors
Sensors provide the equivalent of eyes, ears, nose,
and tongue to the microprocessor brain.
Microprocessor
Optical
sensor

Gas
sensor
Microphone

Probe
 Proximity Sensor

Proximity sensors or switches detect the presence of

an object without making physical contact with it.
 Proximity Sensor Applications
The object being detected is too small, lightweight, or
soft to operate a mechanical switch.

Rapid response and high switching rates are required.

An object has to be sensed through nonmetallic barriers

such as glass, plastic, and paper cartons.

Hostile environments conditions exist.

Long life and reliable service are required.

A fast electronic control system requires a bounce-free

input signal.
 Inductive Proximity Sensor Operation

Barrel type
Block diagram

As the target
moves into the
sensing area,
the sensor
switches
the output ON
 Proximity Sensor Connections
The method of connecting and exciting a proximity
sensor varies with the type of sensor and its
application.

Target
L1 L2

Load

Two-wire sensor connection

 Proximity Sensor Connections

Current-sourcing output (PNP)

Sensor

Control
output

Load Load is connected

between the
sensor and ground
 Proximity Sensor Connections

Sensor
Current-sinking output (NPN)

Load is connected
Load between the positive
supply and sensor

Control
output
 Proximity Sensor Connection To Input Module
A proximity sensor should
L1 be powered continuously L2

Input
module
The use of a bleeder
resistor allows
Proximity enough current for
sensor the sensor to operate
but not enough to
turn on the input of
the PLC

Bleeder resistor
 Capacitive Proximity Sensor
A capacitive proximity sensor can be actuated by both
conductive and nonconductive material such as wood,
plastics, liquids, sugar flour and wheat.

Operation is similar to that of inductive

proximity sensor. Instead of a coil, the
active face of the sensor is formed by
two metallic electrodes – rather like an
"opened capacitor".
 Magnetic Switch (Reed Switch)

A magnetic switch (also called

a reed switch) is composed of
flat contact tabs that are
hermetically sealed (air-tight).

Magnet
N S
NO The switch is
NC actuated by a
Common
magnet.
 Reed Switch Activation
Reed switch
Proximity motion – movement
of the switch or magnet will
activate the switch
Magnet

Rotary motion – switch is

actuated twice for every
complete revolution

Shielding – the shield

short circuits the
magnetic field; switch is
activated by removal of
the shield
Photovoltaic Or Solar Cell
The photovoltaic cell, or solar cell, is
a common light-sensor device that
converts light energy directly into
electric energy.

Solar cell

The solar cell converts light

impulses directly into electrical
charges which can easily be
amplified to provide an input
signal to a PLC.
Photoconductive Or Photoresistive Cell
The photoconductive cell, or
photoresistive cell, is is another
popular type of light transducer.
Light energy falling on this device
will cause a change in the
resistance of the cell.

Ohms
20 Ohms Light resistance
5,000 Ohms Dark resistance
 Photoelectric Sensor Operation
Most industrial photoelectric sensors use a light-
emitting diode (LED) for the light source and a
phototransistor to sense the presence or absence of light.

Light from the LED

Light detector
falls on the input of the
phototransistor and the
amount of conduction
Object through the transistor
to be changes. Analog
sensed
outputs provide an
output proportional to
the quantity of light
Light source seen by the
photodetector.
Reflective Photoelectric Sensor

Emits a light beam (visible,

infrared, or laser) from its light
emitting element and detects
the light being reflected.

Diffused-reflective
Retro-reflective typetype
Operating
Operating
Emitter/receiver range
range

Target
Reflector
Through-Beam Type Photoelectric Sensor

A through-beam photoelectric
sensor is used to measure the
change in light quantity caused
by the target's crossing the
optical axis.

Operating
Emitter Receiver
range

Target
Bar Code Systems

Bar code systems can be used to

enter data much more quickly
than manual methods, and are
highly accurate.

The decoder receives

Diverter the signal from the
scanner and converts
Decoder these data into the
Scanner character data
representation of the
symbol's code.
PLC
 Ultrasonic Sensor
An ultrasonic sensor operates by
sending sound waves towards the
target and measuring the time it
takes for the pulses to bounce
back.

The returning echo signal

is electronically converted
to a 4 mA to 20 mA output,
which supplies flow rate to
external control devices.
 Strain /Weight Sensors

A strain gauge transducer converts

a mechanical strain into an electric
signal.

Hopper
Wire type Force Controller
The force applied to the gauge causes the
The load cell provides ON/OFF
gauge to bend. This bending action also
Chute
sensor input to the distorts the physical size
Control of the gauge,
controller, which which in turn changes its resistance.
displays the weight
and controls the
hopper chute.

Load cell
 Temperature Sensors
Temperature sensors convert heat into an electric
signal. There are four basic types used: thermocouple,
resistance temperature detector (RTD), thermistor,
and IC sensor.

The Integrated Circuit (IC) temperature

sensor produces changes in voltage or
current with changes in temperature.
 Temperature Sensors
Temperature sensors convert heat into an electric
signal. There are four basic types used: thermocouple,
resistance temperature detector (RTD), thermistor,
and IC sensor.

The thermistor varies in

resistance value with
changes in temperature
 Temperature Sensors
Temperature sensors convert heat into an electric
signal. There are four basic types used: thermocouple,
resistance temperature detector (RTD), thermistor,
and IC sensor.

The resistance temperature detector

(RTD) varies in resistance value
with changes in temperature.

RTD
 Temperature Sensors
Temperature sensors convert heat into an electric
signal. There are four basic types used: thermocouple,
resistance temperature detector (RTD), thermistor,
and IC sensor.
The thermocouple consists of a pair
of dissimilar conductors fused
together at one end to form the
"hot" or measuring junction, with
the free ends available for
connection to the "cold" reference
junction. A temperature difference
between the measuring and
reference junction generates a small
DC signal voltage.
 Flow Measurement
The usual approach used in
measuring fluid flow is to
convert the kinetic energy that
the fluid has into some other
measurable form.
Turbine Flow Meter
Coil
The turbine blades turn at
Flow a rate proportional to the
Magnet fluid velocity and are
Turbine magnetized to induce
voltage pulses coil.
 Flow Measurement
The usual approach used in
measuring fluid flow is to
convert the kinetic energy that
the fluid has into some other
measurable form.
Electronic Magnetic Can be used with electrically
Flow Meter conducting fluids and offers no
restriction to flow. A coil in the
unit sets up a magnetic field. If
a conductive liquid flows
through this magnetic field, a
voltage is induced and sensed
by two electrodes.
 Velocity/RPM Sensors
A tachometer is a small permanent
magnet DC generator which when
rotated produces a voltage that is
directly proportional to the speed
at which it is driven.

Tachometers coupled
Controller
to motors are
commonly used in
M motor speed control
Motor applications to provide
a feedback voltage to
Tach the controller that is
proportional to motor
speed.
 Velocity/RPM Sensors
The rotating speed of a
shaft is often measured
using a magnetic
(inductive) pickup sensor.

Pickup coil Pole piece A magnet is attached to the shaft.

A small coil of wire held near the
magnet receives a pulse each time
N S the magnet passes. By measuring
Sensor Magnet the frequency of the pulses, the
output shaft speed can be determined.
0V
 Output Control Devices
A variety of output control devices can be operated by
the controller output module to control traditional
processes. These include:

Solenoid Solenoid
Control Alarm
Pilot light relay valve

Heater Small motor

Motor starter
 Actuators
An actuator is any device that converts an electrical
signal into mechanical movement. The principle
types of actuators are relays, solenoids, and motors.

Solenoid Symbol The solenoid converts

electric current into
Plunger
linear motion.

AIR
Coil
 Solenoid Valve
A solenoid valve is a combination of:
⮚ a solenoid with its core or plunger
⮚ a valve body containing an orifice
in which a disc or plug is positioned
to restrict or allow flow
Forward motion of piston When SOL A is energized, the
valve spool is shifted to redirect
Directional the fluid and move the cylinder
forward
solenoid
valve
CR
FWD
SOL A
SOL A

CR
 Stepper Motor
A stepper motor converts electrical
pulses applied to it into discrete
rotor movements called steps. They
are used to provide precise position
control of movement.
Stepper motor control system

Stepper-motor Step
Module translator motor
Communicates
with the PLC and Enables control
responds with of the stepper motor The motor will move
pulse trains one step for each pulse
received
11. Sensors convert mechanical, magnetic,
thermal, optical, and chemical variations into:
(a) electric voltages and currents.
(b) sound
(c) movement
(d) all of these

12. A proximity switch can be actuated without

any physical contact.
(True/False)
13. A thermocouple, when heated, increases its
resistance value. (True/False)

14. The force applied to a strain wire gauge causes

it to bend and change resistance. (True/False)

15. A capacitive proximity sensor may be actuated

by nonconductive materials. (True/False)
16. When a magnetic pickup sensor is used to
indicate the speed of a shaft, the speed is usually
determined by measuring the:
a. voltage output produced
b. frequency of the pulses produced
c. current output produced
d. change in resistance that occurs
17. A through-beam photoelectric sensor is used
to measure the change in ______ caused by the
target crossing the optical axis.
a. resistance c. current
b. voltage d. light quantity
18. Which of the following devices would “not”
be classified as an actuator?
a. relay c. solenoid
b. tachometer d. motor

19. Solenoid valves are available to control:

a. oil flow c. water flow
b. air flow d. all of these

20. A(n) ______ converts electrical pulses applied

to it into discrete rotor movements.
a. tachometer c. stepper motor
b. solenoid d. electronic magnetic flowmeter
 Seal-In Circuits
A seal-in circuit is a method of maintaining
current flow after a momentary switch has
been pressed and released.
Hardwired Seal-In Circuit
Motor
Start Stop starter coil

M
M
The seal-in auxiliary contact of the
starter is connected in parallel with
Seal-in contact the Start button to keep the starter
coil energized when the Start button is
released.
 Programmed Seal-In Circuit

Ladder logic program

Inputs Output
Motor L2
L1
Stop starter
Start PB Stop PB coil (M)
M
Start
Motor
starter
M
coil (M)

Both the Start and Stop buttons are examined

for a closed condition because both buttons must
be closed to cause the motor starter to operate.
 Latching Relay
Latching relays are used where it is
necessary for contacts to stay open
and/or closed, even though the coil
is energized momentarily.
L1 L2 Electromagnetic latching
ON
relay circuit
L
When the ON button is
OFF
momentarily actuated, the
latch coil is energized to set
U
the relay to its latched
position. The relay does not
have to be continuously
PL energized to hold the
Contact shown with relay contact closed.
in the unlatched position
 Programmed Latching Relay Instruction

Command Name Symbol Description

OTL sets the bit to
“1” when the rung
becomes true, and
Output Latch retains its state when
OTL the rung loses
continuity or a power
cycle occurs

OUT resets the bit to

“0” when the rung
OTU Output becomes true and
Unlatch retains it

XXX Latch and unlatch

coils have the same
XXX address
 Latching Relay Program
ON ON
Latch rung

OFF OFF
Unlatch rung

Output rung

01
When the ON button is momentarily actuated, the latch rung
becomes true and the latch status bit (10) is set to 1, and so the
output is switched on. This status bit will remain on (1) when logic continuity of the latch rung
is lost.
When the unlatch rung becomes true (OFF button actuated),
the status bit (10) is reset back to 0 and so the output is switched
off.
 PLC Water Level Program

The program for this process

Pump Low High
is designed to control the level of
running level level
water in a storage tank by turning a
discharge pump on and off.
Modes of Operation
Automatic Mode:
High sensor - if the level of water in the
switch tank reaches a high point, the
water pump will start so that
water can be removed from
the tank, thus lowering the
Low sensor
level
switch
- when the water level
reaches a low point, the
Pump motor pump will stop
 PLC Water Level Program

The program for this process

Pump Low High
is designed to control the level of
running level level
water in a storage tank by turning a
discharge pump on and off.
Modes of Operation
Off Position: the pump
High sensor will stop if it is running
switch and will not start if it is
stopped.
Manual Mode: the pump
Low sensor will start if the water in the
switch tank is at any level except
low.
Pump motor
 PLC Water Level Program

The program for this process

Pump Low High
is designed to control the level of
running level level
water in a storage tank by turning a
discharge pump on and off.
Modes of Operation

High sensor Status Indicating Lights:

switch - water pump running light
(green)
- low water level status light
Low sensor (red)
switch - high water level status
light (yellow)
Pump motor
 PLC Water Level Program

OFF /Man
Positions ( water
at a low level)
 PLC Water Level Program

Manual Mode
( water between
high and low
levels)
 PLC Water Level Program

Automatic Mode
( water at high
level)
 Sequential Control Process
Sequential controls are required for processes that
demand certain operations to be performed in
specific order.
Filling operation Capping operation

Bottle movement

In this filling and capping operation, the tasks are:

(1) fill bottle
(2) press on cap
These tasks must be performed in the proper order.
 Combination Control Process
Combination control processes require that
operations be performed without regard to the
order in which they are performed.
Labeling process
Label solenoid 1

Label
solenoid 2

In this labeling operation, the tasks are:

(1) place label 1 on bottle
(2) place label 2 on bottle
The order in which the tasks are preformed does not really matter.
 Automatic Control
Automatic control involves maintaining a desired
set-point.
Automatic furnace temperature
control

In this operation the set-point is selected by

Furnace
means of the touch screen interface. If there
is a deviation from that set point, an error is
determined by comparing the output against
PLC
the set point and using this error to make a
correction. This requires some form of
feedback from the output back to the control
for the input.
Touch screen
interface
 Hardwired Sequential Process
The sequential task is as follows: Auxiliary Features:
1. Start button is pressed. ⮚ An emergency stop button
2. Table motor is started. that will stop the table, for any
3. Package moves to the limit switch reason, before the package
and stops. reaches the limit switch
position
⮚ A red pilot light to indicate
the table has stopped
STOP ⮚ A green pilot light to indicate
the table is running
Package
RUN Motor

Limit switch
(LS1) START

Emergency
STOP
 Summary of the control task:
Hardwired Sequential Process • Start button is actuated.
• CR1-1 closes to seal in CR1
• CR1-2 opens, switching the
Emergency red stop pilot light off
Start Stop • CR1-3 closes, switching the
PB1 PB2 CR1 green run pilot light on
1 • CR1-4 closes to energize the
motor starter and motor
LS1 • The package moves to the
CR1-1 limit switch to actuate it and
STOP de-energize coil CR1
2 R • CR1-1 opens to open the
CR1-2 seal-in contact
RUN
• CR1-2 closes, switching the
3 G
red pilot light on
CR1-3 • CR1-3 opens, switching the
4 M green pilot light off
• CR1-4 opens to de-energize
CR1-4 OL the starter coil, stop the
motor, and end the sequence
Programmed Sequential Process
Arranging Instructions for Optimum Performance
There is more than one way to correctly implement
the ladder logic. In some cases one arrangement may
be more efficient in terms of the amount of memory
used and the time required to scan the program.
Sequence series instructions from the most likely to be FALSE (far left) to
least likely to be FALSE (far right)

Instruction LEAST
Instruction MOST
likely to be FALSE
likely to be FALSE

Once a processor sees a FALSE input instruction in series, it executes the

remaining instructions FALSE, even if they are TRUE
Arranging Instructions for Optimum Performance

If your rung contains parallel branches, place the path

that is most often TRUE on the top. The processor will
not look at the others unless the top path is FALSE.

Path most likely to be TRUE

LESS likely

LEAST likely
Writing a Program from a Narrative Description
Description :
A simple drilling operation requires the drill press to turn on only if there is a
part present and the operator has one hand on each of the start switches. This
precaution will ensure that the operator's hands are not in the way of the drill.

PB1 PB2
Drill
motor
Switches

Part sensor
Writing a Program from a Narrative Description
Description :
A simple drilling operation requires the drill press to turn on only if there is a
part present and the operator has one hand on each of the start switches. This
precaution will ensure that the operator's hands are not in the way of the drill.

PB1 and PB2 and the part

sensor must be activated to
make the drill motor operate.
 Continuous Filling Operation Program
Description :
A continuous filling operation requires boxes moving on a conveyor to be
automatically positioned and filled.
Hooper
PL Run

PL Standby
Solenoid
Level PL Full
switch

Photo
Motor
switch

START
STOP
Continuous Filling Operation Program
21. A _____ circuit is a method of maintaining
current flow after a momentary switch has been
pressed and released.
(a) power (b) control
(c) seal-in (d) OL

22. _______ relays are used where it is necessary

for contacts to stay open and/or closed, even
though the coil is energized momentarily.
(a) Starter (b) Contactor
(b) Timing (c) Latching
23. The _____ instruction sets the bit to “1” when
the rung becomes true, and retains its state when
the rung losses continuity or a power cycle occurs.
(a) OTL (b) OUL
(c) XIC (c) XIO

24. Latch and unlatch coils have the same

address.
(True/False)

25. Sequential controls are required for processes

that demand certain operations to be performed
in specific order. (True/False)
26. __________ control requires some form of
feedback.
(a) automatic (b) sequential
(b) combination (c) discrete

27. There is more than one way to correctly

implement the ladder logic. (True/False)

28. For optimum performance the instruction to

the far left should be the one most likely to be
TRUE. (True/False)
29. For the program shown, the motor contactor
will be energized if PB1, or PB2, or the sensor
switch, is closed. (True/False)
30. For the hardwired relay circuit shown, when
PB1 is momentarily pressed
(a) R will de-energize (b) G will energize
(c) M will energize (d) all of these