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Micro Project report on

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PART A – Plan Micro Project Proposal

Mathematical Calculator

1.0 Brief Introduction

An electronic calculator is typically a portable electronic device used
to perform calculations, ranging from basic arithmetic to complex mathematics The first solid-
state electronic calculator was created in the early1960s. Pocket-sized devices became available
in the 1970s, especially after the Intel 4004, the first microprocessor, was developed by Intel for
the Japanese calculator company Bus icom. They later became used commonly within the
petroleum industry (oil and gas).Modern electronic calculators vary from cheap ,give-away,
credit-card-sized models to sturdy desktop models with built-in printers. They became popular in
the mid-1970s as the incorporation of integrated circuits reduced their size and cost. By the end
of that decade, prices had dropped to the point where a basic calculator was affordable to most
and they became common in schools. Computer operating systems as far back as early Unix have
included interactive calculator programs such as dc and hoc, and calculator functions are
included in almost all personal digital assistant (PDA) type devices, the exceptions being a few
dedicated address book and dictionary devices. In addition to general purpose calculators, there
are those designed for specific markets.For example, there are scientific calculators which
include trigonometric and statistical calculations. Some calculators even have the ability to
do computer algebra. Graphing calculators can be used to graphfunctions defined on the real line,
or higher-dimensional Euclidean space. As of 2016, basic calculators costlittle, but scientific and
graphing models tend to cost more.In 1986, calculators still represented an estimated41% of the
world's general-purpose hardware capacity to compute information. By 2007, this haddiminished
to less than 0.05%.models tend to cost more.In 1986, calculators still represented
an estimated41% of the world's general-purpose hardware capacity to compute information. By
2007, this haddiminished to less than 0.05%.

2.1Aim of the Micro-Project

1.Promoting a service of a mathematical calculator.
2.Selling a calculator .
3.Providing product support or customer service.
4.Providing Technical information.

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PART B – Plan Micro Project Report

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Brief Description
Input
Electronic calculators contain a keyboard with buttons for digits and arithmetical operations;
some even contain "00" and"000" buttons to make larger or smaller numbers easier to enter.
Most basic calculators assign only one digit or operation oneach button; however, in more
specific calculators, a button can perform multi-function working with key combinations.
Display output
Calculators usually have liquid-crystal displays (LCD) as output in place of historical light-
emitting diode (LED) displaysand vacuum fluorescent displays (VFD); details are provided in
the section
Technical improvements
.Large-sized figures are often used to improve readability; while using decimal separator (usually
a point rather than a comma)instead of or in addition to vulgar fractions. Various symbols for
function commands may also be shown on the display. Fractions such as1/3are displayed as
decimal approximations, for example rounded to0.33333333. Also, some fractions (such as
1 ⁄ 7, which is 0.14285714285714; to 14 significant figures) can be difficult to recognize
in decimal form ;as a result, many scientific calculators are able to work in vulgar fractions or
mixed numbers.
Memory
Calculators also have the ability to store numbers into computer memory. Basic calculators
usually store only one number at atime; more specific types are able to store many numbers
represented in variables. The variables can also be used forconstructing formulas. Some models
have the ability to extend memory capacity to store more numbers; theextended memory address
is termed an array index.
Power source
Power sources of calculators are: batteries, solar cells or mains electricity (for old models),
turning on with a switch or button.Some models even have no turn-off button but they provide
some way to put off (for example, leaving no operation for amoment, covering solar cell
exposure, or closing their lid). Crank-powered calculators were also common in the
earlycomputer era.
Key layout
The following keys are common to most pocket calculators. While the arrangement of the digits
is standard, the positions ofother keys vary from model to model; the illustration is an example.
Usual basic pocket calculator layou

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calculator button and their button meaning

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Internal working:
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.
Aim of the Micro-Project
a . P r o mo t i ng a s e r v i c e o f a m a t h e m a t i c a l c a l c u l a t o r .
b. b.Selling a calculator .
c. P r o v i d i n g p r o d u c t s u p p o r t o r c u s t o me r
s e r v i c e . d . P r o v i d i n g T e c h n i c a l i n fo r m a t io n.

C.Course Out co mes integ rated

a. Select suitable Software Process Model for software development.
b. Prepare software requirement speci ications.
c. Use software modeling to create data designs.
d. Estimate size and cost of software product.
e. Apply project management and quality assurance principles in software development.

D.The waterfall model

TheWaterfall Model
was the first Process Model to be introduced. It is very simple to understandand use. In a
Waterfall

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model, each phase must be completed before the next phase can begin andthere is no
overlapping in the phases.
The waterfall model is the earliestSDLC approach that was used for software development.

Waterfall model – Design

The Waterfall Model was the first Process Model to be introduced. It is very simple to understand
and use. In a Waterfall model, each phase must be completed before the next phase can begin
and there is no overlapping in the phases.The waterfall model is the earliest SDLC
approach that wasused for software development.
In “The Waterfall ” approach, the whole process ofsoftware development is divided into
separate phases. The outcome of one phase acts as the input for the next phase sequentially. This
means thatany phase in the development process begins only if the previous phase is complete.
The waterfallmodel is a sequential design process in which progress is seen as flowing steadily
downwards (likea waterfall) through the phases of
Conception, Initiation, Analysis, Design, Construction, Testing, Production/Implementation,
and Maintenance.As theWaterfall Model illustrates the software development process in a linear
sequential flow;hence it is also referred to as a Linear-Sequential Life Cycle Model
.
Advantages of Waterfall Model
Before the next phase of development, each phase must be completed.
Suited for smaller projects where requirements are well defined.
They should perform quality assurance test (Verification and Validation) before completing
each stage.
Elaborate documentation is done at every phase of the software's development cycle.
Project is completely dependent on project team with minimum client intervention.
Any changes in software is made during the process of the development.

Disadvantages of Waterfall Model

Error can be fixed only during the phase.
It is not desirable for complex project where requirement changes frequently.
Testing period comes quite late in the developmental process
Documentation occupies a lot of time of developers and testers
Clients valuable feedback cannot be included with ongoing development phase
Any changes in software is made during the process of the development
Small changes or errors that arise in the completed software may cause a lot of problems

1. **DFD 0 (Context Diagram):**

DFD 0 provides an overview of the system by showing the interactions between the system (in
this case, the mathematical calculator application) and external entities. In the context of a
mathematical calculator, external entities might include users, other systems, or data sources.
The future scope of DFD 0 could involve:

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- Integration with other systems or applications: The mathematical calculator might be

integrated with other software systems, such as accounting software, educational platforms, or
IoT devices. DFD 0 can help illustrate how the calculator interacts with these external systems.

- Expansion of user base: As the calculator gains popularity, the number of users and their
diverse needs might increase. DFD 0 can be updated to reflect the different types of users and
their interactions with the system.

- Incorporation of additional functionalities: The calculator might evolve to include more

advanced mathematical functions, graphical capabilities, or support for different number formats
(e.g., complex numbers, vectors). DFD 0 can be modified to show how these new functionalities
interact with the existing system.

2. **DFD 1 (Data Flow Diagram Level 1):**

DFD 1 provides a more detailed view of the system by decomposing processes into
subprocesses and showing the flow of data between them. For a mathematical calculator, DFD 1
might include processes for arithmetic operations, memory management, error handling, etc. The
future scope of DFD 1 could involve:

- Refinement of processes: As the calculator becomes more sophisticated, the processes

involved in performing mathematical operations may need to be refined or optimized. DFD 1 can
be updated to reflect these changes, showing the new subprocesses and data flows.
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- Incorporation of user feedback mechanisms: Users may provide feedback on the calculator's
performance or suggest new features. DFD 1 can be modified to include processes for gathering
and processing user feedback, allowing the system to continuously improve.

- Enhancement of error handling mechanisms: The calculator should be able to handle various
types of errors gracefully, such as input errors, calculation errors, or system failures. DFD 1 can
be expanded to include processes for detecting, reporting, and resolving errors effectively.

In summary, the future scope of DFD 0 and DFD 1 for a mathematical calculator application
involves adapting to changes in user requirements, incorporating new functionalities, improving
system performance, and ensuring robust error handling mechanisms. These diagrams serve as
valuable tools for understanding and communicating the system's architecture and behavior as it
evolves over time.

Advantages of mathematical calculator

1.To teach an understanding of numbers and the rela onships between them
2.To help students understand when, replicas relojes and how to apply mathematical techniques
3.To help allow students to make quick, accurate mathematical calculations
4.To help students expand the scope of their mental abilities
5.To help student recognize the mathematical concepts which underlie technology and the
natural world

Disadvantages of mathematical calculator

1.The use of this electronic device has found its place in the lives of the common people.2.
The use of calculators helps to tackle a lot of problems in the real world.

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