LECTURE 16:
THE NANO WORLD
Science, Technology, and Society
Prepared by:
DIVINE GRACE S. BATENGA, MSc., LPT
LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of this lesson, the students should be
able to:
• Define nanotechnology;
• Characterize nanoscale;
• Describe the various uses of nanotechnology;
• Discuss concerns on the use of
nanotechnology; and
• Explain the status of the use of
nanotechnology in the Philippines.
THE USE OF NANOSCALE
• The use of nanoscale is one important
interdisciplinary area generated by
advancement in science and technology.
• Scientist and engineers were able to build
materials with innovative properties as they
manipulate nanomaterials.
NANOTECHNOLOGY
• Refers to the science, engineering, and
technology conducted at the nanoscale.
• Nanoscale
– 1 to 100 nanometers
NANOSCIENCE AND
NANOTECHNOLOGY
• Employs the study and application of exceptionally small things
in other areas of science including materials science,
engineering, physics, biology, and chemistry.
• RICHARD FEYNMAN
– Physicist
– Started the concepts of nanoscience and
nanotechnology in December 29, 1959
NANOSCIENCE AND
NANOTECHNOLOGY
• Professor Norio Taniguchi
– Coined the word “nanotechnology”
How Small is a Nanoscale?
• A nanometer is a billionth of a meter, or
10-9 of a meter.
How to view nanomaterials?
• Scientist use special types of microscopes to view
minute nanomaterials.
– 1930s, scientists used electron microscopes and field
microscopes to look at the nanoscale.
– Scanning tunneling microscope and atomic force
microscope are just among the modern and remarkable
advancement in microscopy.
Scanning tunneling Atomic force
Electron microscope Field microscope microscope microscope
How to view nanomaterials?
Electron microscope
• Built by Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll
during the 1930s.
• Utilizes a particle beam of electrons to
light up a specimen and develop a
well-magnified image.
• Produce higher and better resolution
(billion times magnification) than older
light microscopes (1,500 times
magnification.
– Scanning electron microscope (SEM)
– Transmission electron microscope
(TEM)
How to view nanomaterials?
Atomic Force Microscope
• Developed by Gerd Binig,
Calvin Quate, and
Christoph Gerber in 1986.
• It makes use of a
mechanical probe that
gathers information from
the surface of a material.
How to view nanomaterials?
Scanning Tunneling
Microscope
• Enables scientists to view
and manipulate nanoscale
particles, atoms, and small
molecules.
• Gerd Binig and Heinrich
Rohrer won the Nobel
Prize in Physics because of
thin invention in 1986.
NANOMANUFACTURING
• Refers to scaled-up, reliable,
and cost-effective
manufacturing of nanoscale
materials, structures, devices,
and systems.
• It involves research,
improvement, and
incorporation of processes for
the construction of materials.
• Nanomanufacturing leads to
the development of new
products and improved
materials.
2 Fundamental Approaches to Manufacturing:
1) Bottom-up Fabrication
▪ Manufacture products by
building them up from
atomic- and molecular-
scale components.
▪ Time consuming.
▪ Scientists and engineers
are still in search for
effective ways of putting
up together molecular
components that self-
assemble.
2) Top-down Fabrication
▪ It trims down large pieces
of materials into
nanoscale.
▪ This process needs larger
amounts of materials and
discards excess raw
materials.
Approaches to the assembly of nanomaterials based
from application of principles in top-down and bottom-
up fabrication:
Dip pen lithography
• A method in which the tip
of an atomic force
microscope is “dipped”
into a chemical fluid and
then utilized to “write” on
a surface, like an old-
fashioned ink pen onto
paper.
Watch this video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L1RQ
UPV2BnY
Approaches to the assembly of nanomaterials based
from application of principles in top-down and bottom-
up fabrication:
Self-assembly
• It depicts an approach
wherein a set of
components join together
to mold an organized
structure in the absence
of an outside direction.
Watch this video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l
m-dAvbl330
Approaches to the assembly of nanomaterials based
from application of principles in top-down and bottom-
up fabrication:
Chemical vapor deposition
• It is a procedure wherein
chemicals act in response
to form very pure, high-
performance films.
Watch this video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j
80jsWFm8Lc
Approaches to the assembly of nanomaterials based
from application of principles in top-down and bottom-
up fabrication:
Nanoimprint lithography
• It is a method of
generating nanoscale
attributes by “stamping”
or “printing” them onto a
surface.
Watch this video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
K3Xcs6SG9js
Approaches to the assembly of nanomaterials based
from application of principles in top-down and bottom-
up fabrication:
Molecular beam epitaxy
• It is one manner for
depositing extremely
controlled thin films.
Watch this video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I
Gs4VV8Fna8
Approaches to the assembly of nanomaterials based
from application of principles in top-down and bottom-
up fabrication:
Roll-to-roll processing
• It is a high volume
practice for constructing
nanoscale devices on a
roll out ultrathin plastic or
metal.
Watch this video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
3bWgYLDGltg
Approaches to the assembly of nanomaterials based
from application of principles in top-down and bottom-
up fabrication:
Atomic layer epitaxy
• It means for laying down
one-atom-thick layers on
a surface.
Watch this video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
CvkF-trrWvA
Approaches to the assembly of
nanomaterials based from application of
principles in top-down and bottom-up
fabrication:
• With the use of these techniques, nanomaterials are
made more durable, stronger, lighter, water
repellant, UV or infrared resistant, scratch resistant,
electrically conductive, antireflective, antifog,
antimicrobial, self-cleaning, among others.
• The abovementioned characteristics lead to the
manufacture of the present variety of
nanotechnology-enabled products.
BETTER COMPUTERS IN THE FUTURE
✓ More efficient
✓ Larger storage of memory (single chip)
✓ Faster
✓ Energy-saving
SOLAR CELLS IN THE FUTURE
✓ High efficiency
✓ Low-cost batteries
DISTINCT FEATURES OF
NANOSCALE
Scale at which much biology occurs
• The deoxyribonucleic
acid (DNA)
– genetic material of the cell
– 2 nanometers in diameter
• Hemoglobin
– transports oxygen to the
tissues throughout the
body
– 5.5 nanometers in diameter Bio-barcode assay
A fairly inexpensive approach for
identification of specific disease
markers in the blood despite their small
number in particular specimen.
DISTINCT FEATURES OF
NANOSCALE
Scale at which quantum effects
dominate properties of materials.
• Particles with dimensions of
1-100 nanometers have
properties that are discrete
form particles of bigger
dimensions.
• The properties of materials
are highly dependent on
their size.
• NANOSCALE GOLD
– Not only yellow-colored
element
– It can appear as red or
purple
DISTINCT FEATURES OF
NANOSCALE
Scale at which quantum effects
dominate properties of materials.
• NANOSCALE GOLD IN
TUMORS
– Nanoscale gold particles
are selectively build up in
tumors.
– They permit both precise
imaging and targeted laser
destruction of the tumor
while avoiding damage on
healthy cells.
Watch this video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=50f
AMErAIT0
DISTINCT FEATURES OF
NANOSCALE
Nanoscale materials have far larger surface areas
than similar masses of larger-scale materials
• As we increase the surface area per mass of a particular
material, a greater amount of the material comes in contact
with another material and can affect its reactivity.
– If 1 cubic centimeters is filled with micrometer-sized cubes – a
trillion (1012) of them, each with surface area of 6 square
micrometers – the total surface area amounts to 6 square
meters, or about area of the main bathroom in an average
house.
– When that single cubic centimeter of volume is filled with 1-
nanometer-sized cubes – 1021 of them, each with an area of 6
square nanometers – their total surface area comes to 6,000
square meters.
GOVERNMENT FUNDING FOR
NANOTECHNOLOGY IN
DIFFERENT COUNTRIES
U.S. National Nanotechnology Initiative
• The best-known and most-funded program established in
2001 to coordinate U.S. federal nanotechnology R&D.
• The NNI budget in 2008 and 2009 were 1.4 billion dollars.
GOVERNMENT FUNDING FOR
NANOTECHNOLOGY IN
DIFFERENT COUNTRIES
European Commission
• In February 2008, the EC officially launched the European
Nanoelectronics Initiative Advisory Council (ENIAC)
GOVERNMENT FUNDING FOR
NANOTECHNOLOGY IN
DIFFERENT COUNTRIES
Japan (Nanotechnology Research Taiwan (Taiwan National Science
Institute, under the National and Technology Program for
Institute for Advanced Industrial Nanoscience and
Science and Technology, AIST Nanotechnology)
GOVERNMENT FUNDING FOR
NANOTECHNOLOGY IN
DIFFERENT COUNTRIES
India (Nanotechnology Research China (National Center for
and Education Foundation) Nanoscience and Technology)
GOVERNMENT FUNDING FOR
NANOTECHNOLOGY IN
DIFFERENT COUNTRIES
Australia (Australian Office of
Nanotechnology)
Israel (National Nanotechnology
Initiative)
Canada (National Institute for
Nanotechnology or NINT)
GOVERNMENT FUNDING FOR
NANOTECHNOLOGY IN
DIFFERENT COUNTRIES
Thailand (National
Nanotechnology Center or
South Korea (Korea National
NANOTEC)
Nanotechnology Initiative)
Malaysia (National [Malaysia]
Nanotechnology Initiatives or NNI)
POSSIBLE APPLICATIONS OF
NANOTECHNOLOGY IN THE
PHILIPPINES
ICT and semiconductors
Health and medicine
Energy
Food and Agriculture
Environment
NANOTECH ROADMAP FOR
THE PHILIPPINES (funded by
PCAS-TRD-DOST)
1) ICT and semiconductors
2) Health and biomedical
3) Energy
4) Environment
5) Agriculture and food
6) Health and environmental risk
7) Nano-metrology
8) Education and public awareness
BENEFITS AND CONCERNS OF
USING NANOTECHNOLOGY
It is not a single Nanotechnology seeks t
technology; it may develop new materials
become pervasive. with specific properties.
It may introduce new
efficiencies and paradigms It may be complicated to
which may make some detect its presence unless
natural resources and one has the specialist
current practices tools of nanotechnology.
uncompetitive or obsolete.
BENEFITS AND CONCERNS OF THE
APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN
DIFFERENT AREAS
Example of Areas Possible Benefits Concerns
Affected by
Nanotechnology
Environment • Improved detection and • High reactivity and
removal of toxicity
contaminants. • Pervasive distribution in
• Development of benign the environment
industrial processes and • No nano-specific EPA
materials. regulation
Health • Improved medicine • Ability to cross cell
membranes and
translocate in the body
• No FDA approval
needed for cosmetics or
supplements
Economy • Better products • Redistribution of wealth
• New jobs • Potential cost of
cleanups and healthcare
• Accessibility to all
income levels
SOCIAL AND ETHICAL
CONSIDERATIONS IN CONDUCTING
RESEARCH ON NANOTECHNOLOGY
1) Who will benefit from it? On the other hand, who
won’t?
2) For whom and what are your objectives for
developing your product?
3) How will it affect social, economic, and political
relationships?
4) What problem is your “product” trying to solve?
5) Who will have access to it? Who will be excluded?
6) Are there dangers involved with its development
(e.g., safety, health, pollution)? How can you
minimize them?
7) Who will own it? How can you assure access to it?
END OF LECTURE…
References:
• Serafica J.P.et. al, (2018). Science, Technology and
Society Rex Book Store, Inc.
