K. K. Wagh Polytechnic, Nashik.

Hirabai Haridas Vidyanagari, Amrutdham, Panchavati,Nashik-422003

Department of Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning

Micro-Project Report
Institute Code: 0078 Academic Year: 2024-25 Program: AIML
Course: Operating System Course Code: 22516 Scheme: I
Semester: 5 Class: TYAN Date of Report: / /2024
Title of Micro-Project: Study of various types of operating system.
1.0 Problem Definition: Operating systems (OS) are a critical part of any computing device,
serving as the interface between the user, hardware, and applications. There are different
types of operating systems, such as general-purpose operating systems, real-time operating
systems, mobile operating systems Android and distributed or networked operating systems.
Each of these OS types is designed for specific use cases, offering unique features,
architectures, and resource management techniques.

Rationale:
Operating systems are diverse to cater to a wide range of user needs, from personal use to
enterprise-grade stability. Each type focuses on specific aspects like user-friendliness,
resource management, security, or real-time processing, making them uniquely suited to their
target applications. For example, enterprise-focused systems like UNIX and Windows Server
provide high stability and professional support for production environments, while mobile
OS like Android and iOS emphasize portability and touch-friendly interfaces. Differences in
architecture, functionality, and support enable users to choose an OS that aligns with their
requirements for flexibility, performance, and technical needs, ensuring adaptability across
diverse computing environments.

2.0 Aim/Objectives/ Benefits of the Micro-Project:

To conduct a comprehensive study of various types of operating systems, analyze their
functionality, features, and performance, and provide clear insights into their strengths
and weaknesses to help users and organizations select the most appropriate OS for
different environments and tasks.
 Understand the Architecture of Different Operating Systems: Study the underlying
structure of various operating systems such as Windows, macOS, Linux, real-time
operating systems, and mobile OS.
 Analyze Resource Management Techniques: Investigate how different operating
systems manage resources such as CPU, memory, and storage
 Evaluate Performance and Efficiency: Assess the performance of different operating
systems in terms of speed, reliability, and efficiency.
3.0Course Outcomes achieved(COs):
CO502.1 :- Use operating system tools to perform various functions.
CO502.2 :- Execute process commands for performing process management operations.

4.0Literature Review:
Operating systems have evolved to meet diverse computing needs, from personal use to
enterprise and real-time environments. Literature on this topic highlights key OS
categories like general-purpose systems (Windows, macOS, Linux), mobile systems
(Android, iOS), real-time systems (FreeRTOS, RTEMS), and distributed systems. Studies
emphasize critical factors such as resource management, security, scalability, and user
interface design. Comparative analyses reveal how these systems address performance,
compatibility, and flexibility challenges, providing insights into their strengths,
limitations, and ideal applications, shaping the foundation for technological
advancements in computing.
5.0Actual Methodology followed:
1) Searching for various operating systems.
2) Identifying and selecting popular operating systems for analysis.
3) Studying the selected operating systems.
4) Evaluating key features like performance, security, and scalability.
5) Highlighting the strengths and ideal use cases of each system.
6) Creating a detailed report, including factors like compatibility, system administration,
updates, hardware support, software availability, features, advantages, and
disadvantages.
7) Submitting the project report.

6.0Actual Resources Used:

S. No. Name of Specifications Qty Remarks
Resource/material
1. Laptop Intel ® Celeron ® CPU i5 @ 01 For project work
2.30 GHz, RAM: 8GB,
HDD: 1 TB
2. Software: Google 01 For collecting
Search Engine information
3. Other software Microsoft Word 01 For documentation
4. Reference book: “Operating System: An 01 For reference
Introduction to the
Operating System and Uses”
by Peter Baer Galvin

5. Websites https://en.wikipedia.org 02 For getting an in-

https://www.stackscale.com depth understanding
about Linux variants
7.0Outputs of the Micro-Project:

Detailed Report is attached at the end

8.0Skill Developed / Learning outcome of this Micro-Project:

a) Soft Skills:
1. Leadership qualities
2. Improvement in presentation skills.
3. Teamwork.
4. Information Searching.
5. Understanding the literature related to the topic.

b) Technical Skills:

1. Understanding various types of operating systems and their unique features.

2. Gaining experience in configuring system settings and managing configurations
across different operating systems.
3. Enhancing documentation skills to record system configurations, troubleshooting
steps, and shared team knowledge.

9.0 Applications of micro-Project:

1. System Administration: Manage and maintain servers and desktops across various
operating systems.
2. Technical Support and Troubleshooting: Provide support for users of different
operating systems, diagnosing and resolving system and software issues effectively.
3. Cybersecurity: Conduct security audits, vulnerability assessments, and implement
measures to protect operating systems from potential threats.
4. Network Administration: Configure and maintain network services, such as DNS,
DHCP, and web servers, ensuring secure and efficient connectivity across different
operating systems.

11.0 Names of Team Members:

Enrolment No. Roll Seat No. Name of Students Signature

No.
2200780502 50 Sarode Heetal Santosh
23651010233 68 Sawant Grishma Narendra
2200780456 70 Jadhav Sakshi Vishnu

Evaluated by: Signature of Guide:

Name of Guide: Mr. H.M. Gaikwad
Date: / /2024
Report on various Linux variants:

1. Oracle Linux (Enterprise & Server Linux Distribution) :

i. Description
Oracle Linux is a distribution designed by Oracle specifically for
businesses that use their software, like Oracle Database. It’s built on Red
Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) but comes with extra optimizations that
make it perfect for running Oracle applications. It's a great choice for
companies that rely heavily on Oracle's products.

ii. Key Features

 Unbreakable Enterprise Kernel (UEK): This kernel is tweaked for
Oracle software, offering extra performance.
 Ksplice: You can patch and update your system without restarting it
— perfect for businesses that can’t afford downtime.
 Cloud-Ready: If you’re working in the cloud, especially with Oracle
Cloud, this system is optimized for you.

iii. Pros
 Rock-solid stability: Designed for enterprise-level stability, perfect
for critical systems.
 Seamless Oracle integration: If you’re already using Oracle
software, this is a no-brainer.
 No downtime: Ksplice lets you patch without needing a reboot,
which is a big win for uptime.
iv. Cons
 Oracle-centric: If you’re not deep in Oracle’s ecosystem, this might
not be the best choice.
 Smaller community: Compared to other Linux distros like Ubuntu,
there’s a smaller community for troubleshooting outside official
Oracle support.

v. Installation Process:
1. Download the ISO from Oracle’s website.
2. Use a tool like Rufus to create a bootable USB.
3. Boot from the USB and follow the instructions to install.
4. After installation, set up your Oracle tools for your specific use.

2. Lubuntu (Lightweight Linux Distribution)

i. Description
Lubuntu is a super lightweight version of Ubuntu. It’s designed for older
computers or systems with very limited resources. The desktop
environment is LXQt, which is simple, fast, and doesn't hog system
resources, making Lubuntu great for reviving old PCs.

ii. Key Features

 LXQt Desktop: A minimalist, low-resource desktop environment
that prioritizes speed and simplicity.
 Ubuntu Core: Lubuntu still gives you access to Ubuntu’s massive
software repositories, so you don’t have to worry about missing out
on software.
 Minimal RAM Usage: It can run comfortably on systems with as
little as 512MB of RAM.
iii. Pros
 Speed: Runs incredibly fast, even on very old machines.
 Familiar software: Since it’s based on Ubuntu, you still have access
to all the software and repositories that Ubuntu offers.
 Easy on resources: It’s perfect if you’re dealing with old hardware
or a system that just doesn’t have much power.

iv. Cons
 Less flashy: The LXQt desktop is functional but not as visually
polished as other environments like GNOME or KDE.
 Limited customization: You won’t get as many bells and whistles
as with heavier desktop environments.

v. Installation Process :
1. Download the Lubuntu ISO from the official site.
2. Use a tool like Etcher or Rufus to make a bootable USB.
3. Boot from the USB and follow the on-screen instructions to install.
4. Once installed, configure the desktop and start using it.

3. Raspberry Pi OS (Special-Purpose Distribution)

i. Description
Raspberry Pi OS, formerly called Raspbian, is the go-to operating system
for the popular Raspberry Pi microcomputer. It’s based on Debian and
optimized for the Raspberry Pi’s ARM architecture, making it lightweight
and efficient. It's perfect for hobby projects, IoT (Internet of Things)
applications, and educational purposes.
 ii. Key Features
 Optimized for Raspberry Pi: Specifically built for Raspberry Pi
hardware, making it run smoothly even on the smallest models.
 Pre-installed Educational Tools: Includes programming tools like
Scratch and Python, and is ideal for learning and DIY projects.
 GPIO Access: You can directly control hardware components
through the Raspberry Pi’s GPIO pins.

iii. Pros
 Lightweight and efficient: Designed to make the most out of the
Raspberry Pi’s limited resources.
 Educational focus: Perfect for learning programming or working on
small hardware projects.
 Massive community: There are tons of tutorials, guides, and support
from the Raspberry Pi community.

iv. Cons
 Hardware-limited: Raspberry Pi OS is optimized for Pi hardware,
so it’s not great for anything outside of that.
 Performance constraints: Since it’s built for low-powered devices,
you’re not going to get the performance of a full desktop system.

v. Installation Process :
1. Download the Raspberry Pi OS image from their official site.
2. Use the Raspberry Pi Imager to flash the OS onto an SD card.
3. Insert the SD card into the Raspberry Pi and power it on.
4. Complete the setup wizard on first boot to configure your system.
4. Clear Linux (Special-Purpose Distribution)
i. Description
Clear Linux is Intel’s own Linux distribution, and it’s all about high
performance. It’s particularly optimized for Intel processors, making it a
great choice for people running development environments, data science
applications, or anyone who needs a high-performance system. It's also
known for its stateless design, which makes it easier to maintain.

ii. Key Features

 Intel Optimized: Built to get the most out of Intel CPUs.
 Rolling Release: Constant updates with the latest features and
performance improvements.
 Swupd Package Manager: Clear Linux uses swupd instead of apt,
providing an efficient package management system.
 Secure by Design: Features like system-wide encryption and secure
boot are built in.

iii. Pros
 Top-notch performance: If you’re on Intel hardware, Clear Linux
often outperforms other distros.
 Security features: It’s great if you need a secure, high-performance
computing environment.
 Minimal footprint: Designed to be as lean and efficient as possible.

iv. Cons
 Intel-focused: While it works on non-Intel hardware, it won’t shine
there the way it does on Intel CPUs.
  Niche audience: It’s not as beginner-friendly as Ubuntu or Fedora,
and the community is smaller.

v. Installation Process:
1. Download the Clear Linux installer from Intel’s website.
2. Use Etcher to create a bootable USB drive.
3. Boot from USB and follow the instructions to install.
4. Configure the system to take advantage of Intel-specific
optimizations post-install.

5. SteamOS (Gaming & Multimedia Distributions)

i. Description
SteamOS is designed by Valve to turn your computer into a gaming
console. Built on Debian, it integrates Steam right into the system,
making it super easy to access your Steam library. It’s designed for living-
room setups, with support for game controllers and TV outputs. SteamOS
is ideal for people who want a dedicated gaming machine without the fuss
of a full-blown desktop environment.

ii. Key Features

 Built for Gaming: Steam is at the core of the system, allowing you
to access your game library right away.
 Big Picture Mode: SteamOS is optimized for TV and controllers, so
it feels more like a console than a PC.
 Game Streaming: You can stream games from a Windows or
macOS machine to your SteamOS device if the hardware isn’t
powerful enough to run them locally.
iii. Pros
 Console-like experience: Ideal for turning your PC into a gaming
console.
 Controller-friendly: Full support for game controllers and an easy-
to-use interface.
 Free and open: You can add and tweak as much as you want, unlike
traditional consoles.

iv. Cons
 Limited general-purpose use: SteamOS is primarily for gaming, so
it’s not great for other tasks.
 Hardware demands: While it’s great for gaming, it still requires
decent hardware for a smooth experience.

v. Installation Process:
1. Download the SteamOS installer from Valve’s site.
2. Use a USB tool like Rufus to create a bootable installer.
3. Boot from USB and follow the setup to install SteamOS.
4. Once installed, log into Steam, and you’re ready to play.

6. Scientific Linux (Education & Research-Focused

Distribution):
i. Description
Scientific Linux is a distribution developed by Fermilab and CERN,
designed specifically for scientific research. It’s based on Red Hat
Enterprise Linux (RHEL) and includes many tools that researchers,
scientists, and engineers commonly use in their daily work. It’s built for
stability and long-term use in institutional settings like labs and
universities.
 ii. Key Features
 Research-focused packages: Includes software commonly used in
physics, chemistry, and other scientific fields.
 Stable and reliable: Built on the solid foundation of RHEL, so it’s
ideal for environments where stability is crucial.
 Long-Term Support: Meant for long-term use in scientific
institutions, with strong support for updates and patches.

iii. Pros
 Perfect for research: Includes a wide range of scientific tools right
out of the box.
 Stable: Based on RHEL, meaning you get enterprise-grade reliability.
 Used in leading research: Developed by major scientific institutions
like CERN.

iv. Cons
 Not for casual users: This is a niche distro, not really intended for
general-purpose computing.
 Slow updates: Prioritizes stability over the latest software versions.

v. Installation Process:
1. Download the ISO from the Scientific Linux site.
2. Create a bootable USB using Rufus.
3. Boot from the USB and follow the RHEL-style installation process.
4. Post-install, configure any additional software for your research needs.
7. Edubuntu (Education & Research-Focused Distribution)
i. Description
Edubuntu is an official flavor of Ubuntu built for classroom use. It
provides tools for teachers and students, making it easy to manage
educational software in schools. It’s designed with younger students in
mind, offering applications like TuxMath and GCompris, alongside tools
for teachers to manage the learning environment.

ii. Key Features

 Education-centric software: Comes with a wide range of
educational apps for both students and teachers.
 Classroom management: Tools like iTalc help teachers manage
students' computers from a central location.
 Ubuntu Core: Built on Ubuntu, so it retains all the benefits of one of
the world’s most popular Linux distributions.

iii. Pros
 Tailored for education: Perfect for classroom environments,
especially K-12.
 Easy to use: Ubuntu’s user-friendliness makes it accessible even for
teachers who may not be familiar with Linux.
 Classroom tools: Features for managing multiple student desktops in
a networked environment.

iv. Cons
 Limited outside of education: Edubuntu’s toolset is specifically for
educational purposes, so it might not be useful for general users.
 No longer maintained: Edubuntu has not seen major updates since
2014, meaning it might not be suitable for modern use.
v. Installation
1. Download the ISO from Ubuntu’s download page.
2. Create a bootable USB using Rufus or another tool.
3. Boot from USB, follow the installation instructions, and set up user
accounts for your classroom.
4. Install additional educational software as needed.

8. Ubuntu (General-Purpose Linux Distribution)

i. Description :
Ubuntu is one of the most popular Linux options out there, and it’s
designed to make Linux accessible to everyone, whether you’re a
newcomer or a seasoned Linux user. It’s based on Debian, which is known
for being very stable and having tons of software available. Ubuntu also
comes in different "flavors," so you can pick one with a desktop
environment that fits your style, like GNOME (the default), KDE
(Kubuntu), or XFCE (Xubuntu).Developed by Canonical, Ubuntu releases
two main types of versions: LTS (Long-Term Support), which is super
stable and supported for five years, and regular releases that come with
newer features but only get updates for nine months.

ii. Main Features

 User-Friendly Interface: The GNOME desktop is straightforward,
which makes it easy for beginners to get comfortable.
 Software Center: The Ubuntu Software Center is like an app store,
making it easy to find, install, and update software.
 Great Hardware Compatibility: Ubuntu has built-in support for a
lot of hardware like Wi-Fi adapters, graphics cards, and printers.
  Frequent Updates: Regular updates bring security patches, bug
fixes, and improvements, especially with the LTS versions, which
are built to be rock-solid.
 Extensive Community Support: Ubuntu has a huge community, so
if you run into any issues, there are tons of resources and forums to
help you out.
 Pre-installed Software: Comes with popular applications like
LibreOffice, Firefox, and Thunderbird, so you’re ready to go right
from the start.
 Cloud Integration: It’s easy to sync with services like Ubuntu One,
and it’s well-suited for cloud-based work.

iii. Pros
 Great for Beginners: Ubuntu’s GUI and large community support
make it a very beginner-friendly Linux.
 Tons of Software: Because it’s so popular, you’ll find a lot of
software developed specifically for Ubuntu.
 Stable and Secure: LTS releases are known for their stability and
are a great choice if you need a reliable system.
 Accessibility: Ubuntu has built-in tools to support users with
disabilities, which is a nice touch.

iv. Cons
 Higher System Requirements: The GNOME desktop can be a bit
heavy on resources, so it’s not as light as some other Linux distros.
 Frequent Updates: Some users find the constant updates, especially
in the regular (non-LTS) releases, a bit annoying.
 Customization Limitations: If you like to deeply customize your
OS, Ubuntu can feel a little restrictive compared to something like
Arch Linux.
v. Installation Process:
1. Download the ISO: Head to the Ubuntu website and grab the ISO
file for the version you want.
2. Create a Bootable USB Drive: Use a tool like Rufus (for Windows)
or Etcher (cross-platform) to create a bootable USB with the ISO.
3. Boot from USB: Plug in your USB, reboot, and choose it as the boot
option (usually F12 or Esc during boot).
4. Install Ubuntu: In the live environment, select "Install Ubuntu."
5. Configuration Steps: Choose your language, keyboard layout, and
any third-party drivers. Select "Erase Disk and Install Ubuntu" or set
it up to dual-boot.
6. Set Up User Account: Create your username, password, and set
your time zone.
7. Installation: Let it install, then reboot, remove the USB, and follow
the final setup steps to get started.

9. Kali Linux (Security-Focused Distribution)

i. Description :
Kali Linux is a security-focused Linux distribution developed by
Offensive Security. It’s based on Debian and packed with hundreds of
tools designed for penetration testing, security auditing, and ethical
hacking. It’s the go- to OS for cybersecurity professionals, but it’s also
flexible enough to work as a general-purpose OS if you want, though
that’s not its main focus.

ii. Main Features

 Built-In Security Tools: Kali has over 600 security tools pre-
installed, including Metasploit, Nmap, Wireshark, and Aircrack-
ng.
  Highly Customizable: You can set it up exactly how you want,
which is great for specific penetration testing or forensic analysis
environments.
 Live USB Mode: Run it directly from a USB stick without installing,
making it portable for on-the-go security testing.
 ARM Support: Kali works with ARM devices like the Raspberry Pi,
so you can test IoT or other small-device security.
 Forensics Mode: This ensures no data gets written to the drive,
which is essential for forensic investigations.
 Rolling Release: You always have the latest features and tools, with
constant updates.

iii. Pros
 Ready-to-Use Security Toolkit: Comes with everything you need
for security testing right out of the box.
 Strong Community and Documentation: Tons of tutorials and
resources from a passionate security community.
 Portable Live Mode: The ability to run it live from a USB is perfect
for quick, temporary access to security tools.
 Customizable Images: You can create your own custom Kali image,
tailored to specific security testing needs.

iv. Cons
1. Not Meant for Beginners: Kali is highly specialized, so it’s not
really meant for everyday use or people new to Linux.
2. Resource Heavy: Some of the tools can be intensive, so it’s best to
have decent hardware.
3. Potential for Misuse: While designed for ethical hacking, the tools
can be misused by individuals with bad intentions.
v. Installation Process :
1. Download the ISO: Go to the Kali Linux website and get the ISO file.
2. Create a Bootable USB: Use a tool like Rufus or Etcher to create a
bootable USB.
3. Boot from USB: Insert the USB and reboot, selecting it as your boot
option (F12 or Esc during startup).
4. Installation Option: You can run it live or choose Graphical Install
for a permanent installation.
5. Configuration: Follow prompts to set language, location, keyboard
layout, and choose whether to partition manually or let the installer
do it.
6. User Account Setup: Create a username, password, and set up your
network settings.
7. Install GRUB: The installer will ask if you want to install the GRUB
bootloader—select this if you plan to dual-boot.
8. Reboot and Use: Once installed, reboot and remove the USB.
You’re all set to dive into Kali!

10. Qubes OS (Security-Focused Distribution)

i. Description :
Qubes OS is a unique Linux distribution that prioritizes security through
compartmentalization. Instead of traditional security measures, Qubes
OS isolates different applications and tasks into separate virtualized
environments or “qubes,” making it much harder for security breaches to
spread across the system. Developed by the Qubes OS Project, this
operating system is trusted by security professionals, researchers, and
privacy advocates worldwide. Qubes uses Xen-based virtualization to
create virtual machines (VMs) for isolating applications and data, thereby
minimizing the impact of any security vulnerabilities.
 ii. Main Features
 Security Through Compartmentalization: Applications and tasks
run in their own VMs or “qubes,” which isolates them from one
another.
 Integrated Whonix for Anonymity: Qubes OS includes Whonix, an
anonymizing environment that helps protect user identity.
 Disposable VMs: For tasks like opening untrusted files, Qubes OS
offers disposable VMs that disappear after use, eliminating any
traces of the activity.
 Color-Coded Windows: Each qube can be color-coded, making it
easy to recognize and manage different security domains.
 Customizable Templates: Create custom qubes tailored to specific
needs, such as personal browsing, work-related activities, or secure
communications.
 Strict Hardware Requirements: Qubes OS requires hardware that
supports virtualization and is compatible with its security
requirements.

iii. Pros
 Exceptional Security: Qubes OS's compartmentalized approach
offers a high level of security, making it ideal for security-sensitive
users.
 Privacy-Enhanced Browsing: With built-in Tor and Whonix, Qubes
OS offers robust anonymity tools.
 Flexibility with Compartmentalized Workflows: You can create
isolated environments for specific tasks or roles, like email, work, or
personal browsing.
 Strong Community: Qubes OS has a dedicated user and developer
community that provides support and shares best practices.
iv. Cons
 Higher System Requirements: Qubes requires hardware that
supports virtualization, typically needing at least 16GB of RAM for
smooth performance.
 Not for Beginners: The security-centric structure has a steep
learning curve and may not be ideal for those new to Linux or
cybersecurity concepts.
 Performance: Running multiple VMs can be resource-intensive,
which may slow down the system on lower-end hardware.
 Limited Application Compatibility: Some applications may not
function properly within the Qubes OS environment or may require
extra configuration.

v. Installation Process :
1. Download the ISO: Go to the Qubes OS website and download the
latest ISO file.
2. Create a Bootable USB Drive: Use a tool like Rufus (for Windows)
or Etcher (cross-platform) to create a bootable USB drive with the
Qubes ISO.
3. Boot from USB: Insert the USB drive and reboot, selecting the USB
drive from the boot options (usually F12 or Esc during boot).
4. Installation Process:
o Select “Install Qubes OS” from the menu.
o Configure your keyboard layout, language, and time zone.
o Set up your disk partitioning (recommended: use whole disk
encryption for security).
5. Set Up User Accounts: Enter a username and create a secure
password.
6. Initial Configuration:
 o Select the default qubes (e.g., “Personal,” “Work,”
“Untrusted”) you want to set up.
o Choose whether to enable Whonix for anonymous browsing.
7. Complete Installation: After the installation finishes, reboot, and
remove the USB. Qubes OS will launch with initial setup steps,
where you can configure each qube to your preference.