Annexure 2

1 INTRODUCTION

(a) Background:

The Indian Himalayan Region (IHR) is stretched across 13 major states of India (about 16.2%
of the country’s total geographical area), comprising unique ecological habitats as well as
distinct human settlements and their cultural ethics which imparts significant importance to
their research, and sustainable utilization. It is ecologically pristine as well prone to
anthropological effects. Solid waste management (SWM) is becoming a serious
environmental concern and a rising issue due to the growing population, particularly in the
environmentally sensitive Indian Himalayan Region (IHR) (Thakur et al., 2021; Dar et al.,
2019). Despite having a very low local population, IHR sees a large growth in solid waste due
to rising tourist traffic. The rapid economic transformation has led to the rise in extensive
risks to the ecosystem, people, and wildlife of the IHR due to an increase in urbanization,
consumption patterns, over-crowded tourist destinations, illegal dumping, mining operations,
and ill-equipped SWM systems (Aayog, 2018; Alfthan et al., 2016; Thakur et al., 2021).
SWM is difficult in the highlands because of its isolation, topography, growing urbanization,
and harsher temperature than in plain areas (Thakur et al., 2021; Dar et al., 2019). Landfilling
is the most adopted disposal method used worldwide for the management of municipal solid
waste (Hereher et al., 2019). It is known as the most cost-effective method of waste disposal.
Poor landfill management contributes to environmental and public health-related problems
(Kumar et al., 2017). Therefore, proper sanitary landfill systems are required for MSW
treatment (Hereher et al., 2019). The liquid portion contact with the stored landfill waste is
generally known as landfill leachate. The landfill leachate is toxic to the environment due to a
high concentration of ammonium nitrogen, heavy metals, phosphorus, and organic matter
(Nguyen and Min, 2020). It exhibits a potential risk of polluting streams, rivers, groundwater,
and soi. In a study conducted by Sharma et al. 2018; 2019 in districts of Himachal Pradesh,
Waste-aware benchmark analysis of the study sites using the matrix method was determined
to be 32% for Solan and Baddi sites and 36% for Sunder Nagar and Mandi sites, indicating
poor implementation of existing MSW management practices). The physical characterization
of the MSW generated in this study showed high percentages of organic waste i.e., 55.35%
(Solan), 51.87% (Sundernagar), and 54.20% (Mandi). Also, the average calorific values were
2,626, 2,580, 2,476, and 2,352 kcal/kg for Baddi, Sundernagar, Mandi, and Solan,
respectively, and were suitable for energy generation because the waste is suitable for waste-
to-energy (WTE) procedures when the calorific value is greater than 2,000 kcal/kg. Though
various methods are adopted for a reduction in the volume of organic i.e., processes like
composting, vermicomposting, and anaerobic digestion to treat biodegradable wastes and
inorganic fractions of waste i.e., incineration and landfills are ineffective and harmful
methods cause of regions' extreme cold conditions (Thakur et al., 2021) and ill effects on the
environment and human health (Zhang et al., 2020) respectively. This intricate problem needs
a multifaceted approach inclusive of indigenous and technological interventions. The most
essential aspect of solid waste management is the segregation of organic and inorganic
fractions of solid waste and technological intervention is a dire need of the hour (Nayakuma
et al., 2021). The indigenous cold-adapted microbes namely psychrotrophic bacteria
possessed various efficient hydrolytic activities (namely protease, cellulase, amylase,
phospholipase, lipase, pectinase, and xylanase) and can be phenomenal in the degradation of
an organic waste fraction of municipal solid waste in landfill sites of hilly region curbing the
issue of low temperature (Hou et al., 2017; Hamid et al., 2019). Technology to produce a
value-added product from Plastic waste, and inert waste construction purposes, such as in the
construction of roads (Appiah et al., 2017), the manufacturing of tiles (Awoyera and Adesina,
2020), and building materials (Mansour and Ali, 2015) producing oil, wax paraffin, benzene,
 styrene, terephthalic acid, di-isocyanate, hydrocarbons, hydrogen, and carbon nanotubes from
plastic waste through different techniques such as pyrolysis, hydrocracking, and gasification
(Zhang F. et al., 2020). The non-recyclable fraction of the plastic waste recovered after
mechanical treatment (MT) can be used as RDF in energy extensive plants like chemical,
cement, or paper manufacturing plants (Onwosi et al., 2017).
To be added …………

(b) Project Area [It should capture the baseline of the project area including demography,
socio-economy, biodiversity, forest & wildlife, natural resources and environment]

Confirmed sites so far;

1. Darjeeling and Kalimpong of West Bengal

2. Kulu, Manali and Mandi of Himachal Pradesh
3. Leh of Ladakh
4. Shillong of Meghalaya
5. To be added……

(c) Situation Analysis of the Area

(d) Identification Issues/ problems and justification for the Project

(e) How the Project is relevant to NMHS and National priorities

(f) Identify the Project Beneficiaries

(g) Ongoing activities/other project or activities in support of this project

(h) Expected Impacts of the Proposed Project [It may be livelihood, socio-economy,
biodiversity, forest & wildlife, natural resources and environment etc.]
2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

(a) Aim, Objective(s) and Goals

Diagram based on our discussion, to be improved

EXCAVATION
LEGACY OF MSW AND
SEGREGATION
WASTE LEACHATE
TREATMENT

IN-
ORGANIC ORGANIC
WASTE WASTE

ENRICHED VALUE
COMPOST ADDED
PRODUCT

(b) Proposed Activities to Achieve Project Goals

(c) Describe the details of Activities (each activity separately)

I. Methodology
Activity 1: Mechanized Segregation of Legacy Waste
Legacy wastes are the old wastes at landfill sites that have remained dumped for
more than three months. The composition of legacy wastes from different dumpsites
shows that there are predominantly four significant fractions of waste: Fine soil, sand-
like material, scrap polymeric and combustible materials, stones (greater than 20 mm
in size) and miscellaneous items.
Nearly 44-75% of the waste (by weight) comprises fine sand/soil-like material. The
scrap polymeric and combustible material consisting of plastics, paper, cardboard
and textiles ranges between 4 and 19% on weight basis. Other miscellaneous
fraction comprising broken glass, metallic fractions such as razors, needles, sanitary
waste and diapers constitute nearly 2-6% of the total waste. The unsegregated mixed
fraction of the waste contains a high amount of moisture. The high moisture content
reduces the efficiency of mechanical segregation, consequently making it unfavorable
for beneficial utilization. Hence, a suitable pre-treatment is required to reduce the
moisture content in waste. The waste is then unloaded into an inclined vibratory
screen of hole size 150 mm where oversized plastics, bottles etc. will be separated.
The undersized material will be sent to a rotary trommel with a hole size of 20 mm
where the major fines, bio-degradable component will separate out. The segregated
fines are then screened through a rotary trommel of mesh size 4 mm. The collected
particles of < 4 mm size will be sent for accelerated composting. The oversized
particles will be passed over a horizontal roller conveyor where the waste will be
exposed to hot air at a temperature of 55-60°C. The dry waste is then passed over a
rotary magnetic drum separator where the iron components (Fe) separate out and
can be recycled. The rest of the material are passed over an eddy current separator
where non-ferrous metals like Al, Cu etc. are separated. The remaining waste is sent
to an Air Separation System where the lighter mass (paper, plastics) and heavier
mass (stones) are separated. The lighter fractions can be either sent for thermal or
mechanical recycling.

Fig: Mechanized Segregation System at CSIR-CMERI

Fig: Proposed Mechanized Segregation System for Legacy Municipal Solid Waste

Activity 2: Recycling of Plastic Waste

The segregated waste plastic materials are shred to small size (< 10 mm). The
shredded plastic materials are cleaned and washed with water to remove some of the
impurities such as product labels and adhesives as well as dirt and food residue
before further processing. The washed plastic is fed to a hydro extractor for removing
water and drying the particles through centrifugal action. The dried plastics are put in
an Agglomeration machine to physically transform loose plastic material into chips
suitable to be fed in the hopper of an extruder. Agglomerator is a cylinder with five to
nine stationary and two rotating blades at the bottom which create friction and heat.
This process causes the material to reach to the softening point. In this stage, some
water is added to create a kind of shock. After water evaporates, the dried and
densified material comes out from the discharge door as chips. The chips are fed in
the hopper of an extruder where it is melted to give granule lumps. These lumps are
put in grinding machine to obtain granules of required size to be used as input
material for horizontal or vertical injection moulding press. In the injection moulding
process, the plastic granules are first melted and then poured into die cavity where
the pressure is created though hydraulic power pack. Different product components
can be created i.e. paper weight, flower pot, toys etc. through re-processing of the
plastic.

Fig: Re-processing of plastic waste developed by CSIR-CMERI

Fig: Proposed Reprocessing System for Plastic Waste

Activity 3: Utilization of Construction & Demolition Waste

The construction and demolition (C&D) waste will be crushed in a jaw crusher and
then segregated in different sizes in the trommel. The fines are be mixed with cement
as binder and water in appropriate proportion. The prepared mixture is then filled in
the mould cavity of brick press. Then it is pressed using hydraulic press to give it a
proper shape and compaction. The bricks are to be cured for achieving desired
strength. Finally, the prepared bricks are tested for engineering properties. The ready
bricks are used as construction materials. The oversized crushed materials are used
as aggregate in PCC road making.
 Fig: Utilization of Construction & Demolition Waste at CSIR-CMERI

II. Focus Area of Action

III. Performance Indicators

IV. Key beneficiaries

V. Expected Results

(d) Expected outcomes of the project [PERT Chart may be given]

(e) Time Frame [with WBS and Gantt Chart showing each Activity and
sub components]s

Deliverables Year 1 Year 2 Year 3

3 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION PLAN

(a) How project would be Implemented

(b) Identification of Project Partners and how they would be coordinated

(c) Details of Project Workers to be included

 (d) A Block Diagram on Project Implementation Plan should be provided
approach to be elaborated

(e) Exit strategy- how Outcomes be sustained after funding ceases

4 PROJECT MANAGEMENT AND CO-ORDINATION

(a) Financial Management and Procurement

(b) Identify Risks associated with Projects how these risks be addressed

(c) How Cross-Cutting Issues would be addressed in the Project

(d) How the project would be Sustainable and Replicable for wider benefits?

(e) How project Information would be disseminated for better visibility

5 MONITORING, REPORTING & EVALUATION

 (a) How Project progress would be reporting (Technical and Financial)

(b) Describe the Internal Progress Assessment arrangement

(c) How project would be Monitored

(d) Project Evaluation Strategy

(e) Attending Committee Meetings, Workshop

6 ANNEXURES

(a) Site description (with maps, photos where relevant) (See annexure a)
(b) Detailed Budget and Disbursement Plan (See annexure b)
(c) Project organization Chart (See annexure c)
(d) TOR/Job Descriptions for all project implementing personnel (See annexure d)