DEVELOPMENT OF VISUAL painting were commemorative

statues, sarcophage, frescoes, design

ARTS
with vine motifs

I. PRE-HISTORICAL MEDIEVAL PERIOD

PAINTING
There were three art Classifications
PRE-HISTORIC PAINTING (40000-9000 during the Medieval Period
BS)
1. Early Christian Art - subject matter of
➢ Paintings focused on animal spears art were symbols: cross, fish, lamb, alpha
and other rudimentary materials. and omega, triumphal wreaths, grapes, dove,
Drawn in caves, stones and on earth and peacocks and later-haloed Christ, saints
filled ground the drawings or and the Virgin Mary, and Martyrs. Spiritual
illustrations are primarily focused on expression took precedence over physical
hunting and stylistic treatment beauty and symbols were emphasized

GREEK ART 2. Byzantine Art - The subject matters of

painting were Christ as the Creator, and
➢ The Prehistoric Greek Art was seen Mary as the Mother of God
in four periods: 1. Formative or Pre
Greek period - motif was sea and 3. Gothic Art - The Subject matter of
nature 2. First Greek Period - painting was religious and grotesque; more
Largely Egyptian Influence 3. calmer and plastic style. The picture of the
Golden Age (480-400 BC) 4. Madonna and Child gazing into each other's
Hellenistic Period (4th century-ist eyes in playful mood is an example of this
BC) - heightened individualism, style
tragic mood and contorted faces
FRANCO- FLEMISH PAINTING
(lacaustic painting) The subject
matters were on young wide males, ➢ Portable easel painting and oil
draped female, wounded soldiers, painting utilized. Illustrations
and scenes from everyday life consisting of altar pieces with
general wings that open and close.
ROMAN ART
Children's faces were painted like
➢ The Prehistoric Roman Art had gone small adults; spectators was even
through two periods: 1. Etruscan drawn into the picture. Landscape
Period (2000-1000 BC) - subject was placed within the pictures by the
matters of paintings were on open window technique where
ancestors' worship; catacombs and faraway Landscape of towns, people,
sarcophage 2. Roman Period (2000 and rivers were seen
BC 400 AD) - the subject matters of
RENAISSANCE ART Famous painting: The Anatomy Lesson of
Dr. Nicolaes Tulp, Rembrandt
The Renaissance is Divided into Three
Periods: ROCOCO ART

1. Early Renaissance (14-15th century). ➢ The painting style emphasized

The styles of painting are simplicity pretty, voluptuous, picturesque and intimate
gesture and expression. Painting was on man presentation of farm and country.
and nature fresco technique Rococo Art Technique made use of
soft pastel colours rendering the
2. High Renaissance(16th century) its landscape smoking, and hazy with
center was in Florence, Venice and Rome. the subject always in the center of
Painting style consists of the deepening of the caved
pictorial space, making the sky more
dramatic with dark clouds and flashes of Famous Rococo Painters were: Watteu,
light. • Da Vinci introduced the chiaroscuro; Fragnard, Hogarth, Reynolds, and Igres
• Michealangelo dramatized the position of Famous painting: The Embarkation for
figure in his famous contrapuesto-twists Cythera, Watteau.

3. Mannerism period subject matters is on ROMANTIC ART

the human figure with the use of oil painting
and color. Colors were sumptuous, warm, ➢ The Emphasis of painting is on the
and sensual. Famous Painters in this period painter's reaction to past events,
were Giotto, Lenardo Da Vinci, Raphael landscapes, and people. Painting is
Sanzio, and Michaelangelo. richer than Rococo Art.

Famous Painting in Renaissance is “The Famous painter in this period was

Creation of Adam, Michelangelo” Francisco Goya
Famous Painting: Manuel Osorio Manrique
BAROQUE ART de Zúñiga, Francisco Goya

➢ Painting Style is ornate and fantastic, 19TH CENTURY ART (Modern Art)
appealing to the emotion, sensual Art was aimed to please the public. Various
and highly decorative; with light and movements appeared.
shadow for dramatic effect. The
painting showed figures in diagonal, 1. Impressionists - Paul Cezanne was the
twists, and zigzags greatest impressionist and the Father of
Modern Art. His efforts were toward the
Famous painters included: Paul Rubens, achievement of simplicity, brilliance and
Rembrandt, El Greco, Diego Velasquez and perfect balance in art, brightness of color
Murillo and sense of depth in art.
Ex: Still Life with Peppermint Bottle, Paul Egyptian Sculpture
Cezanne
The Egyptian sculpture had gone through
2. Expressionists - Vincent Van Gogh was four (4) periods:
the Father of Expressions. He used bright, ● First Dynastic Period: 5,000 years
pure colors mixed on the palette but applied ago. The subject matters of sculpture
to the canvas in small dots or strokes are the sun, moon, stars, sacred
replying on the beholder's eyes to see them animals. The sculptors decorated the
together. tombs of the dead with scenes from
his life, with signs of his rank and
Ex: Starry Night, Vincent Van Gogh
profession with assurance that his
3. Simplicity in Art - Paul Guaguin was spirit may continue his existence
simple in his artistic style. He studied the within the tomb. Statues began to
technique of craftsmen, applied these to his flourish in this period.
canvas, simplifying the outline of forms but ● Old Kingdom Period: Portrait
strong patches of colors. sculpture was emphasized. Five
lifelike structure existed in every
Ex: Tahiti Woman, Paul Gauguin home. Statues were either single
figure or family groups. The faces of
II. PRE-HISTORIC statues were always calm.and grave.
SCULPTURE Statues of royal personages were
Sculpture much larger than ordinary
➢ Sculpture is an aesthetic art. The personages to give impression of
technique is modeling. Modeling in movement splendor.
sculpture means that a material is ● Middle Kingdom Period: faces of
shaped and formed into a single mass statues depicted individual moods
or block of material having but their bodies were still rigid and
tri-dimensional form. straight in posture.
● New Kingdom Period figures were
Prehistoric Sculpture lifelike and vigorous looking. The
➢ Prehistoric sculpture consisted of figures were depicted in usual poses
rude forms carved in stones and as walking, dancing and bending.
woods in order to produce figures Figures showed dignity and serenity
and images to commemorate heroes
and heroines and perpetuate the Greek Sculpture
memory of men.
Prehistoric Greek sculpture had gone
through three (3) periods.
 ● Dedalic Period: Marble was used as statues are tall, dignified, straight,
material. Nude male statues were exquisitely carved, sometimes
usually executed. covered with jewels. Christ was
● Classical Age: This was the golden shown as fully garbed, mature,
age or Age of Pericles in Greece. dark-beard with haunting eyes.
Temples of gods and goddesses were
adorned with sculptured figure. Romanesque Sculpture
Many statues were made of young ➢ The subject matter of Romanesque
victors of Greek games and athletic Sculpture were on biblical characters
contests. The human body with all its and human figures. Biblical
beauty and splendor was the characters and human figures were
emphasis of the art. Male figures carved in statue form or in relief and
were always naked; women figures the bodies were fully clothed, flat
were fully draped. and elongated-looking. The faces
● Later Greek Period - Male and were grave and remote. Draperies
female figures were shown with very were usually swirled around them in
little or no clothing at all. Example is whirlpool patterns. Arches of
the Venus de Milo. churches were decorated with
patterns of zigzags and geometric
Roman Sculpture designs.
➢ The Roman sculpture was more
represented in bust forms of famous Gothic Sculpture
men and women. The figures showed ➢ The statues of human figure were
their individual imperfections as if given a natural and life-like look
they were in real life. both in bodies and facial expressions.
They wore garments to give the
Byzantine Sculpture impression of real bodies and limbs.

Byzantine sculpture is classified into two: Renaissance Sculpture

● Early Byzantine Sculpture: No The Renaissance sculpture is divided into

statues adorned the churches and three groups.
basilicas; only symbols or signs as ● Early Renaissance Sculpture Great
mosaic. For example, fish and detailed attention was given to
symbolized Christ; hand protruding anatomical shapes, proportions and
from the clouds symbolized God. perspectives, to indicate a more
● Later Byzantine Sculpture: statues scientific attitude towards art.
replaced mosaic symbols and signs. ● Middle Renaissance Sculpture By
Biblical statues adorned churches, the end of the 15th century, sculpture
basilicas and even homes. These became more secular than religious
 in nature. Palaces were adorned with
sculpture cast in bronze. 20th Century Sculpture
● Later Part of the Renaissance - The
subject matters of sculpture were on Sculpture is mainly concerned with human
legends and myths of Greece and body.
Rome. The artists were given
complete freedom on the choice of a 1. Pablo Picasso, the Father of Abstract
subject in sculpture. sculpture and Julio Gonzalez advocated a
regeneration of plastic shapes through
Baroque Sculpture geometric organization of the human body.
➢ It started in the 17th century. Abstract sculpture remains tied with biology.
Sculpture depicted beauty of the art 2. Henry Moore and his associates depicted
and the expression of emotion. The a sculpture of anxiety and terror. Through
picted of Bermini and the "Piedad" this form, the sculptor's view of life is
of Gregorio Fernandez, as famous shown.
Spanish sculptor were representative 3. Alberto Giacometti carved a figure
of Baroque sculpture. endowed with either action or feeling by
using thinned-out matter rising upward in
Rococo Sculpture empty space the expression of being lost in
➢ It is designed purely for ornamental an infinite nothingness.
purpose, highly ornate and exquisite. 4. On 1910, a sculpture of geometric shapes
This art appeared largely in furniture, emerged. This led to the new tool in
panels, vases and urns. This sculpture - the blow torch. Through the
sculpture was first used in the court presentation of marred and tangled shape,
of the French King Louis XV. contemporary sculpture shows fear and
terror.
19th Century Sculpture
III. ARCHITECTURE IN THE
There were two schools: Neo-classical and
ANCIENT WORLD
Romantic-Realistic trends.

1. Neo-classical schools-depicted perfect The development of western architecture

human anatomy endowed with a calm, was divided into four formal periods:
reflective look. (I) Ancient world;
2. Romantic-Realistic schools-depicted (2) Medieval period;
realistic figures with psychological attitudes (3) the Modern world;
of the French Revolution. (4) the Contemporary world.

The famous sculptor in this school was

Auguste Rodin.
Architecture in the Ancient World d) Architecture of the Persians - The Royal
Palace at Persepolis is a representative of
In the Ancient World, architecture is divided Persian architecture. The repetitious vertical
into four (4) areas: line represented by columns and ceremonial
(I) Architecture of Mesopotamia; figures seems to be the overriding element
(2) Architecture of Ancient Egypt; of form of the Royal Palace.
(3) Aegean and Ancient Architecture; and
(4) Etruscan and Ancient Roman.
II. The Architecture of the Ancient Egypt
I. Architecture of Mesopotamia The primitive Egyptian architecture in the
The temple becomes the predominant Valley of the Nile used readily available
building type in Mesopotamia. Since there materials such as seeds, papyrus, and palm
was no local supply of stone, mud bricks branch ribs. Timber and wood were then
and fired bricks were the principal building utilized. Stone was not much utilized. The
materials. two types of Egyptian architectures are the
simple steriometric shape of mass and
a) Architecture of the Sumerians - The rhythmically articulated columnar hall.
typical building of the Sumerians was Tombs, pyramids and temples depicted this
Ziggurat. The architectural emphasis is a type of architecture.
centralized arrangement with vertical axis of
the structure that conveys a sense of stability a) Architecture of the Old Kingdom
and order. The temple on top of Ziggurat (3000-2130 BC)
represents the god-centered structure of the The Mastaba (Arabic for bench), the
society and conveys dependence on God. stepped pyramid of Zoser (near Cairo) and
the pyramids at Gizeh (near Cairo) are
b) Architecture of the Asyrians — The examples of architecture during this period
Sargon's palace stood as a representative of The Mastaba is a rectangular brick or stone
the Assyrian sculpture. The palace of structure with slopping flat or recessed
Sargon, was built above the ground level of sides, erected over on subterranean tomb
the city to convey the idea that the King chamber. The simple steriometric and solid
stood between the gods and his people. form of the Mastaba expressed the Egyptian
aspiration for permanence, security and
c) Architecture of the Neo-Babylonians (575 concern for after life.
BC) - The Ishtar-gate of Babylon was built
for a Babylonian King-Nebuchadnezzar II. The stepped pyramid of Zoser is a complex
One gate of the Palace - Ishtar gate, is lined structure consisting of an enclosed rectangle
with several beasts done in brightly colored of 545*278 outlets surrounded by a
glazed bricks and dedicated to the goddess 1o-meter high wall of limestone. The
Ishta. architectural form of this pyramid conveys
the supremacy and power of the king even III. Aegean and Ancient Greek
after his death. Architecture
a) The Aegean Architecture (1600-1200 BC)
The pyramids at Gizeh signify the height of The Palace at Knossos, Crete (1600-1400
the pharaonic power. The form symbolizes BC) is an example of Aegean architecture.
permanent and stability together with The oblong shape of the court and the
transcendence. general layout of the palace shows a
centralized arrangement. The rigid layout of
b) The Architecture of the Middle Kingdom the storage magazines conveys the values of
(2730-1580 BC) efficient administration and order. It was a
Among the characteristic remains of the setting of harmonious living. The
Middle Kingdom are the rock-cut tombs at arrangement of the storage jars and the
Beni-Hasan. Frosted by a shallow-columned drainage system testifies to efficiency and
portico, the tombs contained the practicality.
fundamental units of Egyptian culture:
portico or vestibule, columned hall, and b) The Mycean Architecture (1400-1200
sacred chamber. BC)
The Citadel of Tiryns was a representative
c) The Architecture of the New Kingdom architecture of this era. The Citadel
(1580-322 BC) consisted of heavy walls that reveal a
If the most impressive monuments of the defensive character. Through the walls, at
Old Kingdom are its pyramids, those of the intervals, run corbeled galleries, which
New Kingdom are the grandiose temples. probably served defensive purposes.
An example of architectural reality was that The architectural form of this era conveys
of the Mortuary Temple of Hatsheput security and safety; perhaps also dominance
located at Deir-El-Bahari in and power.
1500 BC. It represents another version of the
combination of the horizontal and vertical c) Ancient Greek Architecture
axes. The structure arises from the valley The Ancient Greek Architecture is
floor in three colonnaded terraces connected essentially columnar and trabeated. The
by ramps. Queen Hatsheput wanted it to be columns taper towards the top. The effect is
the symbol of peace on earth. This temple a muscular-like human quality of the
provides adequate setting for the religious columns. The spacing of the columns
services to a deified queen. The architectural towards the corners is sometimes narrower,
style and form in this period was focused on which also makes for a better, dynamic
sequences, progression,symmetry, balance visual appearance.
and harmony with natural setting.
The Greek temple consist of three parts: the
platform or base, the columns and
superstructure or entablature. The
combination of the three parts is called an (70-83 AD), the Basilica Ulphia in Rome,
architectural order. the Pantheon, the Baths of Caracalla and the
Basilica of Moxentius in Rome.
Doric order was the earliest of the Greek
architectural orders. The columns rest on a IV. ARCHITECTURE IN THE
three-stepped platform or base. The capital
MEDIEVAL WORLD
consists of two elements, a lower, called
echinus (circular and cushion-like) and an
upper, the abacus (square) that provides the Early Christian Architecture
immediate support of the entablature. The Consist of two building types:
Doric order is massive and severe in ● Christian Basilica - rectangular
appearance. It is a muscular order. building
● Martyrium- circular building
The Corinthian order was developed much Examples: Santa Sabina, Santa Costanza,
later, a variant of the Ionic order. It does not Old St. Peter's Basilica, Church of the Holy
consist of volutes but of stylized acanthus Sepulchre.
leaves. The Ionian and Corinthian orders
were regarded as feminine. The Corinthian Byzantine Architecture
and lonic orders form an inverted bell shape. ● created as a totally spiritualized
space
IV. Etruscan and Ancient Roman ● the use of domes also called as dome
Architecture of heaven that serves as a point of
The Etruscan house was a simple departure
rectangular structure which grew Examples: San Vitale Dome, Hagia Sophia
progressively more complex. The Etruscan
Temple was intended to function primarily Islamic Architecture
as an interior space. It was a place of shelter ● Development of new kind of interior
protected by the wide overhang of its roof. space.
● Using Roman and Byzantine dome
The Ancient Roman Architecture is a as a point of departure.
combination of axis and centre. The Romans ● Principal building types are Mosque,
were the first to develop interior Fort, Palaces and Tomb.
architectural space on a large scale. The Examples: Great Mosque of Samarra,
typical Roman values of order, persistence, Alhambra Palace, Taj Mahal.
tenacity in reaching the goal, superiority
over the barbarians, and the outgoing Romanesque Architecture
conquering mentality are all embodied in the ● Was characterized by bay systems,
Roman apartment house, the Colosseum or cross or groin vaulting, semi circular
Flavian Amphitheatre of Rome arches, massive walls, and towers
into the church building proper.
Examples: Santiago de Compostela, The Baroque Architecture (1600- 1750
Monastery Church of Cluny, Imperial AD)
Cathedral of Germany, St. Marks Cathedral, ● The original meaning of the term
Cathedral of Pisa. "Baroque" was odd, irregular and
grotesque. In 1880, the term lost its
Gothic Architecture derogatory flavor. The term referred
● Pointed arches mainly to the architecture of
● Flying buttresses Barromini and Guarini. Baroque Art
● Rib vault grew out of Renaissance art.
● Towers and Spires ● The architecture form of the Baroque
Examples: Abbey Church of St. Denis, architecture consists of two centers
Notre Dame de Paris, Chartres Cathedral, and paths connecting them. One
Amiens Cathedral, Salisbury Cathedral, St. center, the interior, is located under
Elizabeth Cathedral. the tomb and is occupied by the main
altar. The other center, the exterior, is
V. ARCHITECTURE IN made up of the oblisk. The path
connects the exterior and interior
MODERN WORLD
space of the facade.
● Both centers, interior and exterior,
The Renaissance Architecture in Italy( convey the meaning of goal, of
1420-1600 AD) arrival, arrival at the end of a
● The dome is a double shell structure pilgrimage, and final arrival at the
built according to Gothic style. end of our life — path under the
Spaces and enclosing surfaces are on dome of heaven.
simple proportional relationships. Exemplified by this type of architecture are
● Basic module utilized the paneling of the
white and colored marbles. ● St. Peter Basilica of Rome
● The Renaissance architecture makes ● San Carlo Alle Qualtro Fontane of
man standing in the center of the Rome
dome revealing self-sufficient ● San Lorenzo Church of Turin, Italy.
individuality of man, acting not by
the grace of God, but more by the
VI. ARCHITECTURE IN THE
power of his own agency.
The structures established during this time
CONTEMPORARY
were:
● Santo Spiritu Dome, Romantic Naturalism
● Pazzi Chapel in Florence, ● expressed upon freedom from rules
● Palazzo Medicu in Florence, and upon an escape from the harsh
● Palazzo Rocelli also in Florence and rigor of reason into the world of
Saint Andrea. intuition and the natural. The forms
of Romantic Naturalism architecture
 are not linear but spatial, more healthy city environment. Famous
painterly and picturesque. The use of architects were Walter Gropius, Le
natural materials was favored. Mies, etc.
● The architecture of Romanticism Some of the buildings constructed during
remained essentially lifeless. The this era are the
indiscriminate use of forms from the ● Bauhaus Building at Germany
past without concern for function ● Tugendhat Hous at Czechoslovakia
and technique made these forms ● Villa Savage in France
devoid of meaning. ● Centennial Hall in Germany
● Einstein Tower in Germany
Example of Romanticism Architecture:
● The Guardian of the Fields at
Ledoux
● German Embassy at Petersburg
● Street Facade of Altes Museum

The Architecture of Engineers

● The architecture of the Engineers
such as bridges, railroad stations,
large halls for work and exhibitions
were the first to exhibit new ideas
and paved the way for contemporary
architecture. This new architecture
was made possible through the
availability of new building
materials, iron and steel — the
materials that revolutionized the
whole building industry.
Examples of the Engineers Architecture are
the:
● Seven Bridge of England
● Bridge over the Menas Straits.
● Eiffel Tower
The Architecture of the International
Style
● The architects of the International
Style showed a seemingly genuine
concern for the emotional and
physical well-being of men. Urban
planning was intended to provide a