Received September 10, 2021, accepted September 20, 2021, date of publication October 4, 2021, date of current version

October 29, 2021.

Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3117252

Channel Measurement and Modeling Prototype

for IEEE 802.22-Based Regional Area Networks
RUITING OUYANG , (Member, IEEE), TAKESHI MATSUMURA, (Member, IEEE),
KEIICHI MIZUTANI , (Member, IEEE), AND HIROSHI HARADA, (Member, IEEE)
Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
Corresponding author: Ruiting Ouyang ([email protected])
This work was supported in part by the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, Japan, under Grant JPJ000254.

ABSTRACT During the design and development of a reliable transceiver, its performance and robustness
are evaluated using channel models that simulate the propagation channel characteristics in a real-world
environment. In the case of wide-area communication systems in rural areas such as those based on TV white
spaces, long delay multipath fading is one of the dominant factors impairing communication quality, and it
is important to apply realistic multipath fading channel models in various application scenarios. Therefore,
it is necessary to develop channel measurement and modeling systems that adaptively obtain channel factors
and reflect multipath propagation characteristics in various wide-area communication environments. In this
study, we developed a flexible channel measurement and modeling prototype applicable to mobile IEEE
802.22-based wide-area communication systems, which can be simply implemented by using programmable
hardware and software. The prototype includes a new channel modeling framework that applies an improved
double exponential slope model to extract the essential factors of multipath propagation characteristics.
To validate the developed prototype, a fading emulator is applied to it to measure the raw data used for
modeling. As a result, the multipath fading characteristics measured with the prototype were successfully
modeled and reproduced by the proposed channel modeling framework with a high fitness of root mean
square delay spread distribution. The derived bit error rate characteristics agreed better with the simulation
results compared to the conventional channel model.

INDEX TERMS Channel measurement, channel modeling, IEEE 802.22, prototype, wireless regional area
network.

I. INTRODUCTION white spaces (TVWS) has shown great potential [2]. TVWS
Future wireless networks will form heterogeneous networks are temporally and spatially unused TV channels in the
that are highly integrated with Internet of Things (IoT) sys- very-high frequency (VHF) and ultra-high frequency (UHF)
tems, next-generation intelligent transport systems (ITSs), bands. VHF and UHF spectra provide excellent propaga-
and advanced cellular systems. Along with the advancement tion and penetration characteristics, which are suitable for
of the wireless networks, the demand for network capacity wide-area communication. IEEE 802.22 is a communication
has also exponentially increased in recent years. According system operated in TVWS. It was standardized in June 2011
to a forecast [1], global data traffic will increase with a as a fixed wireless regional area network (WRAN) system
compound annual growth rate of 46% over the next few supporting a wide coverage range of 10–30 km and line-
years. To accommodate data traffic from the increasingly of-sight (LOS) / non-LOS (NLOS) communication in rural
large amount of IoT devices deployed worldwide by wireless areas with a high effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP)
communication systems, it is necessary to realize a wide area of 4W [3]. Thus, a full-coverage broadband wireless network
access network with as large a coverage area as possible. can be deployed in rural areas at a relatively low infrastruc-
To support such a wide communication coverage, espe- tural cost [4]. Wireless devices and receiving technologies
cially in rural areas, radio communication in television (TV) incorporating the IEEE 802.22 system have been devel-
oped, and their performances have been investigated [5]–[12].
The associate editor coordinating the review of this manuscript and Owing to its excellent propagation properties, the application
approving it for publication was Petros Nicopolitidis . of IEEE 802.22 in mobile communication is in high demand.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
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To realize IEEE 802.22-based mobile communication sys- applications scenario are essential. [21]–[25] have performed
tems for IoT and ITS applications, especially in rural areas, measurements of propagation characteristics and showed the
it is necessary to design new receiving algorithms and statistical characteristics of the root mean square (RMS)
evaluate their transmission performance. Besides, an appro- delay spread, delay profile, and spectrum spread. However,
priate propagation model considering multipath fading in the there are no appropriate methods to reproduce the channel
VHF and UHF bands is crucial for the receiver design and characteristics in simulations.
evaluation because propagation models that offer small-scale Regarding the channel modeling framework,
fading (i.e., multipath fading) are required at the validation Ohara et al. [16] provides a WRAN channel modeling
stage of link-level simulations. However, to the best of our scheme for various applications in a mobile NLOS urban
knowledge, there are few propagation models with a cor- environment in the VHF band. Similar to [17] and [18], an
responding comprehensive modeling framework that offer exponential power decay structure and a Poisson process
practical multipath fading characteristics for UHF wide-area were applied for the modeling. A Saleh-Valenzuela (S-V)
communication systems in rural areas. model-based multi-cluster stochastic channel model was
For instance, the COST 207 channel model was developed applied to the model from measured delay profiles [26]. [16]
based on the 900 MHz band Global System for Mobile measured channel characteristics with an orthogonal fre-
Communication (GSM) and is applicable to urban, rural, and quency division multiplexing (OFDM)-based signal in the
hilly terrain areas [13]. Nevertheless, the model was derived VHF band with NLOS environment and showed that the
from measured characteristics based on a considerably nar- received channel impulse responses (CIRs) follow the gen-
row band system with a bandwidth of 200 kHz or lower [14]; eralized extreme value (GEV) distribution. Then, [16] also
thus, it is not suitable for IEEE 802.22-based systems with a proposed a method to extract channel factors, called multi-
bandwidth of 6 MHz or more. path components (MPCs), that characterize the S-V model.
The WRAN channel model proposed in [15] was derived This modeling scheme is widely applicable if CIRs are
from measured characteristics based on the Digital Video measured with mobile urban NLOS communications in the
Broadcasting-Terrestrial system with a bandwidth of 8 MHz. VHF band. However, the actual multipath clustering algo-
It includes four types of multipath profiles (Profiles A, B, C, rithm and channel coefficient reproduction framework are
and D), and several studies have been carried out on the devel- incomplete. Thus, the feasibility of the concept in [16] is
opment of practical receivers with WRAN Profile A [6]–[8]. insufficient for the IEEE 802.22 system targeted in this study.
This channel model simply provides a six-path delay profile Furthermore, owing to the different propagation character-
where individual excess delay and relative power are defined istics in rural areas, the generated channel coefficient is
to each path. However, these delay profiles were developed not compatible with the IEEE 802.22 system in the UHF
for fixed long-distance communications with the antenna band.
of the terminal far from the ground; additionally, they are To cope with various application scenarios of near-future
site-specific. Therefore, the WRAN channel models are not IEEE 802.22-based IoT and ITS networks in rural areas,
suitable for wide-area mobile NLOS environments for IoT an adjustable channel model reflecting a realistic propagation
and ITS applications [16]. environment is essential. Due to the limitations of the existing
The 3GPP TR 38.901 [17], ITU-R M.2135-1 [18] docu- channel models, it is necessary to develop a flexible channel
ments, SUI-6 channel model [19], and ITU-R M.1225 doc- measurement and modeling prototype.
ument [20] provide channel models for wide-area mobile In this study, we developed a comprehensive chan-
communication systems in rural areas. The channel models nel measurement and modeling prototype for IEEE
in [17] and [18] apply a cluster-based single exponential slope 802.22-based regional area networks. For prototype devel-
model where the arrival of clusters follows a Poisson process. opment, the IEEE 802.22 signal is generated and transmitted
The channel models in [19] and [20] provide three-path and by a programmable signal generator (SG). Then, the signal
six-path delay profiles, respectively. However, the operation propagates through various environments according to the
band of the IEEE 802.22 system is not completely covered in application scenario. The propagated signal is received and
the 3GPP TR 38.901 channel model, SUI-6 channel model, digitalized by a flexible software defined radio (SDR)-based
and the ITU-R M.1225 document. Furthermore, the user receiver. Ultimately, the desired signal is extracted and mod-
terminal speed is not clarified for rural macro-cell scenarios eled by applying the proposed channel modeling framework.
in these models. In addition, for channel models in [17] Because the channel modeling scheme in [16] is deficient,
and [18], the channel coefficient generation framework for an improved statistical multi-cluster double exponential
mobile communications and validation of the propagation decay channel modeling algorithm is proposed in this study
characteristics reproducibility are not fully clarified. There- for the IEEE 802.22 communication system under a mobile
fore, their flexibility and adaptivity are limited from IEEE NLOS rural environment in the UHF band for IoT and ITS
802.22 diverse usage scenarios. applications. Furthermore, we apply a dynamic GEV param-
To derive propagation models that can be applied for var- eter according to the arrival time of clusters. In addition,
ious IoT and ITS user cases in IEEE 802.22-based mobile we propose a framework to reproduce channel coefficients
communication systems, field experiments assuming the allowing flexible link-level simulations.

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For validation, a set of measurement experiments are per- sequence at the customer premises equipment (CPE). Here,
formed using the developed prototype, and a set of delay 10 µs is reserved for physical transition time from reception
profiles are measured by receiving the IEEE 802.22-based to transmission, and the remaining 200 µs absorbs trans-
transmission signals through a hardware fading emulator mission time with a long-distance of up to 30 km. Owing
(FE). Then, the parameters are extracted using the proposed to its excellent communication coverage, IEEE 802.22 is
algorithm, and the reproduced channel model is compared expected to be utilized as a cost-effective and wide coverage
with the raw measurement channel data. Moreover, the bit communication system in rural areas, where the users are
error rate (BER) of IEEE 802.22 is evaluated by using the sparsely located.
channel models based on the extracted parameters and raw
measurement channel data. It is confirmed that the propaga- B. CHANNEL MEASUREMENT AND MODELING
tion channel measured with the prototype can be modeled and PROTOTYPE FRAMEWORK
reproduced with excellent fit in statistical characteristics. Channel measurement and channel state estimation tech-
The main contributions of this paper can be summarized as nologies used for wireless communication system have been
follows: investigated in [27] and [28]. However, their focus was not on
• An IEEE 802.22-based channel measurement and model- channel measurement and modeling but on the recognition of
ing prototype with a modified channel modeling framework wireless signal parameters (i.e., signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)
is developed for future IEEE 802.22-based mobile commu- in [27] and [28]). In this study, we propose a channel mea-
nication systems in rural areas. The prototype can be simply surement and modeling prototype framework applicable to
implemented by using programmable hardware and software. IEEE 802.22-based mobile communication systems as shown
• A new S-V model-based channel modeling algorithm in Fig. 1. The prototype is composed of a signal transmitter,
applicable to the developed prototype is proposed. signal receiver, and signal processor with a channel modeling
• The developed prototype is experimentally validated module.
under three different long delay multipath fading conditions. In this prototype, a radio frequency (RF) signal genera-
The rest of this paper is organized as follows. In Section II, tor (SG) is employed as a signal transmitter due to its simple
general specifications of IEEE 802.22, the proposed channel configuration and implementation for various waveforms and
measurement and modeling prototype, and the S-V model are operation bands. The digital baseband signal is generated by
described. In Section III, the conventional channel modeling inserting the reference data known in advance by following
scheme in [16] is explained. In Section IV, a proposed channel the IEEE 802.22 standard PHY frame structure; this pro-
modeling algorithm and channel reproduction framework are cess can be accomplished using software tools. Afterwards,
described. The performance of the proposed channel mea- the baseband signal is input into the SG and converted to
surement and modeling prototype is evaluated in Section V. an RF signal. The RF signal is received and processed by
Finally, the paper is concluded in Section VI. applying an SDR-based device, enabling flexible RF param-
eter re-programming, simple outdoor / indoor operation, and
II. OVERVIEW OF THE IEEE 802.22-BASED CHANNEL offline baseband signal processing. The received RF signal is
MEASUREMENT AND MODELING PROTOTYPE down-converted and sampled into a baseband digital signal
A. IEEE 802.22 SYSTEM with an analog-to-digital converter (ADC). Then, the digital
IEEE 802.22 [3] was standardized as the first WRAN sup- signal is recorded in the embedded storage. As the channel
porting unlicensed operation in the TV broadcast band. IEEE modeling module input, the signal including the reference
802.22 is basically a point-to-multipoint fixed communica-
tion system based on orthogonal frequency division multiple
TABLE 1. IEEE 802.22 system parameters [3].
access with time division duplex (OFDMA / TDD) and is
commonly used in rural areas. Table 1 presents the system
parameters defined in IEEE 802.22. Channel bandwidths of 6,
7, and 8 MHz are supported to allow use in various countries
and regions worldwide. The physical layer parameters are
designed to enable a transmission distance of up to 30 km,
and the coverage can be expanded to 100 km with appropriate
scheduling at the base station (BS).
In the frequency domain, 60 subchannels, each of which
consists of 28 subcarriers, are assigned to the frame. In the
time domain, the IEEE 802.22 frame is composed of 26–41
OFDM symbols according to the cyclic prefix length
and bandwidth and is divided into down- and up-stream
subframes. A transmit/receive transition gap of 210 µs is
allocated between the down- and up-stream subframes to FIGURE 1. Framework of the proposed channel measurement and
ensure a specific transition time from down- to up-stream modeling prototype.

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data is extracted from the recorded signal for the following where µ0 , σ 0 , and ξ are the location, scale, and shape param-
channel modeling process. In the channel modeling module, eters, respectively. These parameters are extracted from the
a proposed channel modeling algorithm is applied, and the measurement data as the channel factors of multipath propa-
essential factors of the multipath propagation channel are gation characteristics, as shown in Table 2.
extracted by implementing the proposed algorithm. Similar
to [16], an S-V model-based channel modeling algorithm is III. CONVENTIONAL CHANNEL MODELING FRAMEWORK
developed. In [16], a channel modeling scheme for a 200-MHz broad-
band mobile communication system is developed based on
C. S-V CHANNEL MODEL the S-V model. Instead of the log-normal function applied in
Fig. 2 shows a schematic of an S-V channel, which is widely the conventional S-V model, a GEV distribution function is
used to describe propagation characteristics in NLOS com- applied to the power fluctuation fit. For this channel modeling
munication systems as a double exponential delay model with framework, unique channel factors are applied to all clusters.
MPCs [26]. The CIR of the S-V model is expressed as Before applying the channel modeling scheme, the ref-
XK XLk erence signal including the data known in advance used
hSV (τ ) = gk,l (τ ) ejϕk,l δ τ − Tk − τk,l ,


k=1 l=1 for channel propagation characterization and the measured
(1) signal including the raw data propagated through the mul-
where k and l denote the cluster index and the ray index in the tipath channel are collected. Then, the CIR is calculated as
k-th cluster, respectively; K and Lk denote the total number follows [32]:
of clusters and rays in the k-th cluster, respectively; gk,l and 1 XN
hme [p] = sme [n] s∗re [n − p], (7)
ϕk,l are the amplitude and phase of the ray, respectively; Tk N n=1
and τk,l are the arrival time of the k-th cluster and the l-th hre [p] =
1 X N
sre [n] s∗re [n − p], (8)
ray in the k-th cluster, respectively; and δ() is the Dirac delta N n=1
function. The arrival of each cluster and ray follows a Poisson where hme and hre are the measured and reference CIRs,
process. Thus, the probability density of the cluster and ray respectively; sme and sre are the measured and reference
arrival times can be expressed as follows: signals, respectively; N is the discrete time length of the mea-
p (Tk | Tk−1 ) = Λe−Λ(Tk −Tk−1 ) , k > 1, (2) sured signal; n and p are the sample indices of the measured
− (τk,l −τk,l−1 )
signal and the excess delay, respectively; and ()∗ denotes the
p τk,l | τk,l−1 = e , l > 1,


(3) complex conjugate.
where Λ and λ denote the average arrival rate of clusters and In general, the framework of this scheme can be divided
rays, respectively. The average power of the ray in the S-V into several blocks: MPCs extraction, MPCs clustering, and
model is attenuated exponentially with the arrival time. The channel factors extraction. First, the MPCs are extracted from
average path power gain of the l-th ray in the k-th cluster, the raw data obtained from measurements by applying the
except for the first ray in the first cluster, is given by successive interference cancellation (SIC) algorithm shown
h i h i in Algorithm 1 [33].
E g2k,l = E g21,1 e−Γ Tk e−γ τk,l , (4)
where Γ and γ denote the power decay factors of the
cluster and ray, respectively.
r The ray amplitude gain
h i
fluctuation distribution g2k,l /E g2k,l agrees well with the
log-normal distribution in the S-V model. In previous stud-
ies, the GEV distribution [29] fitted the ray amplitude gain
distribution fluctuation better than a log-normal distribu-
tion [16], [30], [31] because the GEV distribution is a
flexible integrated distribution. The cumulative distribution
function (CDF) of the log-normal distribution is defined as
Z ln s −(r−µ)2 FIGURE 2. Schematic of a Saleh-Valenzuela channel.
1
Plog−norm (s) = √ e 2σ 2 dr, (5)
σ 2π −∞ TABLE 2. Extracted channel factors.

where µ and σ are the expected value and standard deviation,

respectively. The CDF of the GEV distribution in the case of
1 + ξ (s − µ0 )/σ 0 > 0 is defined as
  1
 ξ (s−µ0 ) ξ
 [− 1+ σ 0 ]

ξ 6= 0

e
PGEV (s) = (6)
 s−µ0
−( 0 )
 e[−e σ ]

ξ = 0,


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Algorithm 1 Simplified SIC Algorithm Algorithm 2 K-Power-Means Algorithm

Input: hre and hme Input: p, c0 , and K
Output:M , p, β, and φ Output: RK and cF
1: Initialize the path index m = 1 1: Initialize the iteration index i = 1
2: Initialize the SIC CIR as 2: do while ci 6= ci−1
h0SIC [p] = hme [p] (9) 3: Calculate the multipath component
distance (MCD) of all MPCs as follows:
3: do while
    pm − ci−1
k pstd
SIC [p] /max (|hme [p]|) > Pth
20 log10 max hm−1 M (m, k) =
i
 (15)
1pmax 1pmax
n o
4: Extract the excess delay sample of the 1pmax = max pm − ci−1 (16)
k
m-th path as
4: Calculate the index of cluster for each
pm = arg max hm−1
SIC [p] (10) MPC RK [m] as follows:
p
n o
5: Extract the amplitude of the m-th path as RiK [m] = arg min Mi (m, k) (17)
k
βm = hm−1
SIC [pm ] (11) 5: Update the cluster centroid as follows:
6: Extract the phase of the m-th path as 1 X
cik = P  βm2 pm (18)
i β 2
φm = 6 hm−1
SIC [pm ] (12) R [m]=k m
K i RK [m]=k

7: Generate the replica of CIR from the 6: Update the iteration index i = i + 1
m-th path as 7: end
8: Set cF = ci−1
rep [p] = βm e
jφm
hm hre [p − pm ] (13) 9: return RK and cF
8: Update the SIC CIR as
m−1
hm m
SIC [p] = hSIC [p] − hrep [p] (14)
By applying this channel modeling scheme, the propaga-
9: Set p[m] = pm tion characteristics of a 200-MHz broadband mobile system
10: Set β[m] = βm is clarified. However, there are several deficiencies when
11: Set φ[m] = φm applying this channel modeling scheme to the proposed IEEE
12: Update the path index as m = m + 1 802.22-based channel measurement and modeling prototype.
13: end First, a K-power-means algorithm is applied in this modeling
14: Set M = m − 1 scheme, while the method to decide the optimal number of
15: return M , p, β, and φ clusters and the initial centroids of clusters are not clarified.
This deficiency causes the difficulty in the implementation
for various application scenarios. Second, the channel repro-
In Algorithm 1, Pth indicates the threshold of the SIC CIR, duction framework is not clarified, resulting in an obstacle
which was set to −20 dB according to [16]; M indicates for researchers to validate the channel modeling framework
the number of extracted MPCs; and p, β, and φ indicate the and evaluate the performance of the receiving algorithm. Fur-
excess delay, amplitude, and phase arrays, respectively. thermore, due to the geographical differences between urban
Subsequently, the MPCs are clustered by applying a and rural areas, the performance of the power fluctuation
K-power-means algorithm, as shown in Algorithm 2 [34]. function in this modeling scheme is not sufficient for the
In Algorithm 2, ci = ci1 , ci2 , . . . , ciK and K represent the IEEE 802.22-based channel measurement and modeling pro-


centroids of clusters after i times iterations and the number of totype. Therefore, an improved channel modeling framework
clusters, respectively; pstd represents the standard deviation of is required for our proposed prototype.
the excess delay array p; RK [m] indicates the optimal index
of the cluster which the m-th element in p belongs to. Besides, IV. PROPOSED CHANNEL MODELING FRAMEWORK
Mi (m, k) and cF represent the MCD between excess delay Fig. 3 shows a flowchart of the proposed channel mod-
of the m-th path and the k-th centroid of clusters in the i-th eling framework, which can be broadly divided into four
iteration and the final cluster centroid after the application parts: data collection, data processing, modeling, and channel
of the clustering algorithm, respectively. Here, the number of coefficient reproduction. Compared with the conventional
clusters is determined by visual inspection as shown in [16]. channel modeling framework, an improved K-power-means
Afterwards, the channel factors are extracted by applying the algorithm is proposed. Here, the framework for channel coef-
regression functions described in Section II. ficient reproduction is clarified.

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Algorithm 3 Cluster Validity Algorithm for optimizing the number of clusters and the initial centroids
Input: p, Kmin , and Kmax of clusters, as shown in Algorithm 3 and 4, respectively.
Output: Kopt In Algorithm 3, χ k represents the indices of the MPCs
1: do for all number of clusters K = Kmin to Kmax that belong to the k-th cluster, and Kopt represents the opti-
2: Calculate initial centroid mal number of clusters. In this study, the variable Kmin
c0 = Maxmin(p, K ) by applying the is set to 2 considering the limitations of the K-power-
Max-Min algorithm expressed in means algorithm, and Kmax is set to 12 based on previous
Algorithm 4 studies [17], [37].
3: Cluster p with the K-power-means After deciding the optimal number of clusters and the
algorithm as initial centroids of clusters, the conventional K-power-means
{RK , cF } = KPowerMeans(p, c0 , K ) algorithm in Algorithm 2 is performed.
4: Calculate the intra-cluster distance as
K Algorithm 4 Max-Min Algorithm
1 X X 2
dintra = p [m] − cFk (19) Input: p, K
M Output: c0
k=1 m∈χ k
  1: Initialize the first cluster centroid as
χ k = arg min |RK [l] − k| (20)
l c0 [1] = min p
5: Calculate the inter-cluster distance as
Set c0kc = c0 [1]

2:
2
dinter = min cFi − cFj , 3: for k = 2 to K do
i6=j 4: for p[m] ∈ p do
i, j ∈ {1, 2, . . . , K } (21) 5: Calculate the distances between
p[m] and each component of c0kc ,
6: Calculate the cluster validity value as
and find the minimal value of
dintra them as
dVK = (22)
dinter
d [m] = min p [m] − c0kc
7: end
8: Set Kopt = arg min dVK 6: end
K
9: return Kopt 7: Set mk = max {d [m]}
m
8: Set c0 [k] = p [mk ]
9: Set c0kc = c0 [1] , c0 [2] , . . . , c0 [k]
A. DATA COLLECTION 10: end
For the data collection, the reference signal used for prop- 11: return c0
agation channel characterization is transmitted by the signal
transmitter module of the proposed channel measurement and
modeling prototype through the RF cable and recorded by the C. MODELING
signal receiver as sre . To collect the measured signal, the ref- The MPC parameters are extracted in the cluster modeling
erence signal is transmitted through the propagation channel process. The essential parameters are the power decay factor,
and recorded by the signal receiver. Then, raw digital in-phase path arrival rate, and the statistical parameters of path power
and quadrature signals with reference signal information are gain fluctuations, as shown in Table 2.
extracted as measured signal sme . The power decay factor indicates the power decay rate
with the arrival time of each cluster or ray. In the S-V model,
B. DATA PROCESSING the average power of the cluster and each ray within a cluster
Similar to the conventional channel modeling framework is attenuated exponentially with the arrival time. In this study,
described in Section III, the data processing stage is com- the cluster power indicates the power of the strongest ray in
posed of CIR calculation, MPC extraction, and MPC cluster- each cluster. The ray power in the k-th cluster is normalized
ing. The reference and measured CIRs are calculated using by the k-th cluster power. Thus, the power decay factor of
(7) and (8). The MPCs are extracted from the measurement the k-th cluster and rays in the k-th cluster can be linearly
CIR by applying Algorithm 1. It is worth noting that Pth is regressed as follows:
 !
set to −40 dB according to [15] due to different propaga- E βk2 −Γ pk
tion environments. Afterwards, an improved K-power-means ln   = , (23)
E β12 FS
clustering algorithm is applied to MPC clustering. Instead  h i 
of the fuzzy scheme in the conventional channel modeling E βk,l
2
−γ (pk,l − pk,1 )
framework described in Section III, a simplified cluster valid- ln  h i v = , (24)
E β 2 FS
ity algorithm [35] and a max-min algorithm [36] are applied k,1

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FIGURE 3. Proposed channel modeling framework.

h i
where E βk2 and E βk,l 2
 
are the cluster power of the k-th directions, which are reflected by nearby obstacles and have a
cluster and the ray power of the l-th ray in the k-th cluster, similar delay spread [39]. The proposed S-V model provides
respectively; pk and pk,l indicate the excess delay sample of a frequency-selective fading channel that generates multi-
the k-th cluster and the l-th ray in the k-th cluster, respec- path propagation by synthesizing the arrival paths, which are
tively; Fs is the sampling rate of the used communication reflected by faraway obstacles and have a different delay
system (i.e., Fs = 6.856 MHz according to [3]); and Γ and spread.
γ are the power decay factors of the cluster and ray in each The proposed joint S-V-Jakes model combines the delay
cluster, respectively. spread and spectrum spread features of the Jakes and
The arrival rate of the cluster and ray can be linearly S-V models. The complex fading fluctuation factors of the
regressed by the CDF arrival interval between clusters and S-V-Jakes model can be calculated as a proportional super-
rays. According to (2) and (3), the relationship between the position of the Jakes-model fading factors for each path in
arrival interval and the complementary CDF is expressed as the S-V model as follows:
follows: 1 XK Q
h (t) = qP (β k hIk (t −τk )+jβk hk (t −τk )),
ln (1 − D (pk | pk−1 )) = −Λ (pk − pk−1 ) /Fs , (25) K k=1
k=1 βk
2
ln 1 − D pk,l | pk,l−1 = − (pk − pk−1 ) /Fs ,



(26) (27)
where D (x | y) is a CDF of the arrival interval between x
and y. In this study, the regression of the path power gain where K = 6 is the number of multipaths in the S-V model; k
fluctuations was converted into the regression of the path is the multipath index; τk is the delay spread of the k-th path
Q
amplitude gain fluctuations. The path amplitude gain was in the S-V model; and hIk and hk are the in-phase and quadra-
fitted with a dynamic GEV distribution instead of the con- ture Jakes model-based fading components, respectively.
ventional log-normal or GEV distributions. For the dynamic Jakes model-based fading components can be calculated as
GEV distribution fitness process, the location, scale, and follows [39]:
shape parameters were estimated individually for each clus- s
πn
 
2 XN1 2πn
ter [38]. Note that the GEV parameters are estimated using hk (t) =
I
cos cos 2πfd t cos
maximum likelihood method in this study. Compared with N1 + 1 n=1 N1 N
s
the conventional GEV distribution, different GEV parameters 1
were applied to individual arrival clusters considering the + cos 2πfd t, (28)
N1 + 1
different obstacle characteristics. Ultimately, K sets of the s
GEV distribution parameters µ0k , σk0 , and ξk were derived, Q 2 XN1 πn 2πn
where k is the cluster index. hk (t) = sin cos 2πfd t cos , (29)
N1 n=1 N1 N
D. CHANNEL COEFFICIENT REPRODUCTION where fd is the maximum Doppler frequency; N = 4N1 +
In a wide area and mobile environment, fading is caused 2 is the number of rays from uniform directions in the Jakes
by the MPCs composed of delayed waves with different model; and n is the ray index. In this study, N1 was set to
arrival times due to faraway obstacles as well as the Doppler 6 according to [40]. By applying the joint S-V-Jakes model,
spectrum spread due to the surrounding obstacles. Therefore, a time- and frequency-selective fading channel can be repro-
a joint S-V-Jakes model is proposed and applied to channel duced to simulate the propagation environment in wide-area
coefficient reproduction in this study. The conventional Jakes mobile communication. We developed a channel reproduc-
model provides a Rayleigh fading channel that generates a tion framework based on the proposed joint S-V-Jakes model
Doppler spectrum by synthesizing the arrival rays in uniform to generate channel coefficients with the channel modeling

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of the experimental equipment [38], [41]. In the validation

experiment, the IEEE 802.22 signal generated by a signal
transmitter based on an SG was measured with an SDR-based
signal receiver through the FE. A multipath FE (NJZ-1600D)
was used to emulate the propagation channel. The FE could
emulate the fading channel for RF band signal with broad-
band of up to 20 MHz. A delay profile with up to 12 paths was
supported, and Rayleigh and Rice distribution-based fadings
were independently applied to each path. For the validation,
delay profiles of the WRAN channel model with six paths
were applied to the FE as in [15]. Rayleigh distribution-based
fading was applied to each path for emulating the NLOS
environment, as shown in Fig. 6. Four delay profiles, referred
to as Profiles A, B, C, and D, are generally defined as the
WRAN channel model; however, Profile D is not used in this
study owing to its fuzzy delay profile. For the measured signal
sme collection, the transmitted RF signal propagates through
the FE and is received by the SDR-based signal receiver. For
each delay profile, a 30-s sme was recorded at the receiver; one
set of measured signals was collected for each of Profiles A,
B, and C. The excess delay and relative amplitude of Profiles
A, B, and C are summarized in Table 4. The velocity of the
user terminal was set to 80 km/h to imitate the communication
scenario for highly mobile vehicles and maintain the Rayleigh
characteristics of fading pitches generated by the FE. For the
reference signal sre collection, the transmitted RF signal is
directly recorded by the SDR-based receiver. Details of the
system parameters are given in Table 5.

B. CHANNEL FACTOR EXTRACTION

After obtaining sme and sre , the measured and reference
CIRs were derived using (7) and (8), and the SIC-based
MPC extraction process was performed in the personal com-
puter (PC)-based signal processor. Then, the extracted MPCs
were clustered by applying the improved K-power-means
FIGURE 4. Framework of channel coefficients reproduction. algorithm described in Section IV. Based on the results
of the intra- and inter-cluster distance ratios obtained with
Algorithm 3, K = 6 was set as the optimal number of clus-
parameters. Fig. 4 shows the proposed channel reproduction ters for Profiles A, B, and C, as shown in Fig. 7. Then,
framework flowchart. Algorithm 2 was applied to perform the clustering with the
initial cluster centroids obtained by Algorithm 4. Fig. 8 shows
V. PERFORMANCE EVALUATION an example of the clustering result of the extracted paths
In this section, the validation results for the developed chan- obtained for Profile A. Fig. 9 shows the linear regression
nel measurement and modeling prototype are presented. For a results of the arrival rate of clusters and rays. Because the
convenient and flexible validation, an off-the-shelf FE device estimated average ray arrival rate in each cluster is larger
is used to emulate the actual radio propagation environment than the sampling rate of the IEEE 802.22 system, only one
by setting channel delay profiles. Subsequently, the conven- ray is included per cluster. Thus, the ray power decay factor
tional and proposed channel modeling frameworks described and ray amplitude gain fluctuation are not considered in
in Sections III and IV, respectively, were applied to the the following analysis, and six MPCs are considered during
prototype, and the channel factors were extracted. Finally, the modeling process according to the measurement result.
the channel coefficients were reproduced, and the evaluation Fig. 10 shows the fitting results of the cluster power decay
results were compared. factor, and Table 6 summarizes the estimated cluster arrival
rate and cluster power decay factor for Profiles A, B, and
A. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP C. Table 6 also presents the model parameters obtained by
Fig. 5 shows a block diagram of the experimental setup fitting the conventional GEV and proposed dynamic GEV
used in this study, and Table 3 presents the specifications distributions described in Sections III and IV, respectively.

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FIGURE 5. Experimental setup for the proposed channel measurement and modeling prototype.

TABLE 3. Equipment information. coefficients. First, the initial average power and arrival time
of the first path are 0 dB and 0 µs, respectively. The arrival
interval, which follows an exponential distribution with the
estimated arrival rate 3, is generated for each arrival path.
Here, according to the measurement results, the path arrival
interval for the reproduction of Profiles A, B, and C is
2.0–8.0, 1.5–4.6, and 1.6–16 µs, respectively, as 99.9% of
the arrival time is within this range. With the arrival inter-
val between paths, the arrival time of each path τk can be
calculated. According to the arrival time of each path and
the estimated path power decay factor 0, the average power
of each path can be calculated. Then, the power fluctuation
factor of the k-th path is also generated according to the

FIGURE 6. Fading emulator and its setup.

TABLE 4. WRAN channel model parameters [11].

FIGURE 7. Analysis result of the decision of the number of clusters.

TABLE 5. Experiment parameters.

C. EVALUATION RESULTS
After obtaining the channel factors with the channel modeling
frameworks described in Sections III and IV, the framework FIGURE 8. Example of multipath components clustering result obtained
described in Section IV is applied to reproduce the channel by applying Profile A.

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FIGURE 9. Fitting result of cluster and ray arrival rate.

FIGURE 10. Fitting result of cluster power decay factor.

TABLE 6. Extracted channel factor of experimental measurement.

arrival time as follows: corresponding GEV parameters µ0d , σd0 , and ξd were chosen
n o as the power fluctuation factors of the k-th path. To avoid
d = arg min τk − τcd , (30) large power fluctuations between paths, the power difference
d
between the adjacent paths for the reproduction of Profiles A,
where d is the cluster index and τck is the centroid of B, and C is controlled within 15, 25, and 30 dB, respectively,
the K-power-means clustering result. For the conventional according to the measurement results. The relative power of
channel modeling framework described in Section III, GEV each path is calculated as the product of the average power
parameters µ0 , σ 0 , and ξ are applied uniformly to all and the power fluctuation value, as explained in Section II.
paths. For the proposed channel modeling framework, the Finally, with the excess delay and the relative power of
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each path generated with the proposed channel modeling

framework, the multipath fading is determined as the pro-
portional superposition of the fading factors generated by
applying the Jakes model of each arrival path. To validate
the channel reproducibility and evaluate the performance of
the proposed channel measurement and modeling prototype
in the link-level simulation, computer simulations with the
parameters listed in Table 5 were performed. An ideal channel
estimation was applied to the simulation. Fig. 11(a) shows the
distribution characteristics of the relative path power distri-
bution. As a result of channel reproduction, the path power
distribution of the conventional channel model described in
Section III was shifted by approximately 9.2, 9.9, and 7.0 dB
from the raw data measured with Profiles A, B, and C,
respectively, with a reference CDF of 0.5. The path power
characteristics obtained with the proposed channel modeling
framework agreed well with those of the WRAN delay profile
in all cases, and the difference between the measured raw data
and simulation results is controlled below 1.1, 0.8, and 0.4 dB,
respectively. Fig. 11(b) shows the distribution characteristics
of the RMS delay spread. According to the simulation results,
the RMS delay spread distribution of the conventional chan-
nel model shifted by approximately 1.5, 0.9, and 3.4 µs from
the measurement results for Profiles A, B, and C, respectively,
with a reference CDF of 0.5. The difference between the

FIGURE 12. BER characteristics of channel reproduction.

measured raw data and the simulation results with the pro-
posed channel modeling algorithm is controlled below 0.1 µs
FIGURE 11. Statistical characteristics of channel reproduction. for all profiles.

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Fig. 12 shows the BER characteristics obtained using the [9] A. Bishnu and V. Bhatia, ‘‘An IEEE 802.22 transceiver framework and
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RUITING OUYANG (Member, IEEE) received the

B.E. degree in communication science and engi-
neering from Fudan University, China, in 2016, HIROSHI HARADA (Member, IEEE) joined the
and the M.I. degree in communications and com- Communications Research Laboratory, Ministry
puter engineering from Kyoto University, Japan, of Posts and Communications, in 1995 (currently,
in 2018, where she is currently pursuing the Ph.D. NICT). He was a Visiting Professor with The Uni-
degree with the Graduate School of Informatics. versity of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan,
She also currently researches the topic of the from 2005 to 2014. He is currently a Professor
development of IEEE 802.22-based mobile com- with the Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto
munication systems. University, and the Executive Research Director of
the Social ICT Research Center, National Institute
of Information and Communications Technology
(NICT). Also, he has joined many standardization committees and forums in
the USA as well as in Japan and fulfilled important roles for them, especially
TAKESHI MATSUMURA (Member, IEEE) IEEE 1900 and IEEE 802. He is the Co-Founder of Wi-SUN Alliance and has
received the M.E. degree in electronic engineering served as the Chairman of the board, from 2012 to 2019. He is also involved
and the Ph.D. degree in nano-mechanics engineer- in many other activities related to telecommunications. He has authored the
ing from Tohoku University, in 1998 and 2010, book entitled Simulation and Software Radio for Mobile Communications
respectively. From 1998 to 2007, he had been (Artech House, 2002). Since 1995, he has researched software defined radio,
engaged in the research and development of wire- cognitive radio, dynamic spectrum access networks, wireless smart ubiqui-
less communications devices in some companies. tous networks, and broadband wireless access systems on the microwave
In 2007, he joined the National Institute of Infor- and millimeter-wave band. He was a member of the Board of Directors of
mation and Communications Technology (NICT) IEEE Communication Society Standards Board, SDR Forum, DSA Alliance,
as a Researcher with the Smart Wireless Labo- and WhiteSpace Alliance. He was a fellow of IEICE, in 2009. He received
ratory and engaged in the white-space communication systems and 5th the achievement awards, in 2006 and 2018, and the Achievement Awards
generation mobile communication systems. From 2016 to 2019, he was of ARIB on the topic of research and development on cognitive radio and
an Associate Professor with the Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto wireless smart utility networks, in 2009 and 2018. He was the Chair of IEEE
University, where he is currently a Researcher. He is also currently the DySpan Standards Committee and the Vice Chair of IEEE 802.15.4g, IEEE
Director of the Wireless Systems Laboratory, Wireless Networks Research 802.15.4m, 1900.4, and TIA TR-51. Moreover, he was the Chair of the IEICE
Center, Network Research Institute, NICT. His research interests include Technical Committee on Software Radio (TCSR) and the Public Broadband
white-space communication systems, wide-area wireless network systems, Mobile Communication Development Committee, ARIB. He is currently the
beyond 5G mobile communication systems, and wireless emulation tech- Vice Chair of IEEE 2857, IEEE 802.15.4aa, and Wi-SUN Alliance.
nologies. He received the Best Paper Award from IEEE LANMAN 2017.

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