OBJECTIVE

Describe the horizontal

and vertical motions of a
projectile
 Uniformly
Accelerated
Motion
Uniform Acceleration
A body maintains a
constant change in its
velocity in each time
interval along a straight line
Horizontal (rectilinear) Motion

Example:
track and field runner

If the runner’s positions are taken at equal time

intervals and the change in position for each
time interval is increasing, then, the runner is
moving faster and faster
Vertical (free fall) Motion
Example:
 ball thrown upward

As the ball goes up, it decelerates until it stops

momentarily and changes direction. That means,
it reaches its maximum height before it starts to
fall back to the point where it was thrown, and its
speed will be equal to the speed at which it was
thrown.
Note that the magnitudes of the two
velocities are equal, but they have
opposite directions – velocity is upward
when it was thrown, but downward when it
returns.

Acceleration
Upward – 9.8 𝑚/𝑠 2
Downward – ( − 9.8 𝑚/𝑠 2 )
The equations for Uniformly
Accelerated Motion (UAM) are:
where:
v𝑓 = 𝑣𝑖 + 𝑎𝑡 𝑣𝑓 = final velocity/speed (m/s)
𝑑 = 𝑣𝑖 𝑡 + ½ 𝑎𝑡 2 𝑡 = time (s)
𝑣𝑓 2 = 𝑣𝑖 2 + 2𝑎𝑑
𝑣𝑖 +𝑣𝑓
𝑑 = distance/displacement (m)
𝑑=( )𝑡 𝑣̅= average speed/velocity (m/s)
2
or 𝑣𝑖 = initial velocity/speed (m/s)
𝑑 = 𝑣̅𝑡 𝑎 = constant acceleration (𝒎/𝒔𝟐 )
 Horizontal
Uniformly
Accelerated
Motion
1. A car starts from rest and
accelerates uniformly over a
time of 5.21 seconds for a
distance of 110 m.
Determine the acceleration
of the car.
d

𝟏 𝟐
𝒅 = 𝒗𝒕 + 𝒂𝒕
𝟐
2. A race car accelerates
uniformly from 18.5 m/s to
46.1 m/s in 2.47 seconds.
Determine the acceleration
of the car and the distance
traveled.
3. A bike accelerates
uniformly from rest to a
speed of 7.10 m/s over a
distance of 35.4 m.
Determine the acceleration
of the bike.
Vertical (Free-Fall)
Uniformly
Accelerated
Motion
1. A construction worker
accidentally drops a brick from a
high scaffold.

a. What is the velocity of the brick

after 4.0 s?
b. How far does the brick fall during
this time?
A tennis ball is thrown straight up with an i
nitial speed of 22.5 m/s. It is caught at the
same distance above the ground.
a. How high does the ball rise?
b. How long does the ball remain in the
air? Hint: The time it takes the ball to rise
equals the time it takes to fall
 You decide to flip a coin to determine
whether to do your physics or English
homework first. The coin is flipped straight up.
a. What is the velocity of the coin at the top of
its trajectory?
b. If the coin reaches a high point of 0.25 m a
bove where you released it, what was its initia
l speed?
c. If you catch it at the same height as you
released it, how much time did it spend in the
air?
Motion in Two
Dimensions
Projectile motion
a combination of uniform motion
along the horizontal and the
motion of a freely falling body
along the vertical.
Projectile motion is a form of
motion where an object given an
initial velocity is thrown or
projected and is allowed to be
acted on by gravity in a curved-
like path.
Projectile
the moving body

Trajectory
the curved path it
travels

Range
horizontal distance it
covers
Type 1: Horizontally Launched
Projectiles
Type 2: Angle-Launched
Projectiles
 Below is a list of sports/games.
Classify the sports/games
whether they exhibit projectile
motion or not. Complete the table
on your answer sheet.
The Horizontal and Vertical

Motion of a
Projectile
Type I: Horizontally Launched Projectiles

𝑣𝑥 horizontal velocity responsible

A for the projectile to travel at a
B
𝑣𝑥 horizontal distance
𝑣𝑥
𝑣𝑦 C
𝑣𝑦 𝑣𝑥
𝑣𝑦 vertical velocity responsible for
Height – vertical 𝑣𝑦 the projectile to travel at a verticle
distance from the height (y) distance
projectile to the
earth’s surface
D
𝑣𝑥
Range (x)
𝑣𝑦
Range – horizontal distance
covered by the projectile
The vertical velocity of the marble is gradually
increasing from points A to D (as illustrated by the
increasing downward arrows). Due to the
presence of gravity accelerating at the marble -
9.8 m/s2 this causes the vertical velocity (𝑣𝑦) to
increase.

There is a constant horizontal velocity (𝑣𝑥) as

illustrated by a consistent set of horizontal rays to
the right for each of the location of the marble in
the strobe.
Type II: Angle-Launched Projectiles
𝒗𝒚 vertical velocity 𝒗𝒙 horizontal velocity
Angle ɵ - a responsible for the
responsible for the projectile
numerical value in to travel at a verticle distance
projectile to travel at a Maximum height
degrees ֯ expressing horizontal distance 𝒚𝒎𝒂𝒙 the maximum vertical
𝒗𝒚 distance a projectile can
the orientation of a + y
projectile to be 𝒗𝒙 𝒗𝒙 𝒗𝒙 reach the ground
axis 𝒗𝒚
projected
𝒗𝒚 𝒗𝒚
𝒗𝒙
𝒗𝒙 𝒚𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒗𝒚
𝒗𝒙 𝒗𝒙
ɵ 𝒗𝒚
+ x axis

Range – horizontal distance covered by

the projectile
Type II: Angle-Launched Projectiles
➢ horizontal velocity (𝑣𝑥) is still constant
vertical velocity
➢ as the projectile ascends (point A to B) the upward vertical
velocity (𝑣𝑦) is decreasing
➢ As the projectile reaches the maximum height (point B) it
momentarily stops causing a vertical velocity equal to zero
(𝑣𝑦 = 0).
➢ When the projectile descends (point B to C) the direction of
its motion is in the direction of the gravitational force hence
the magnitude of its vertical velocity is increasing.
 Conceptual Characteristics
of Free Fall Motion
An object in free-fall experiences an acceleration of -9.8m/s2.

(The negative sign indicates a downward acceleration)

Whether explicitly stated or not, the value of the acceleration
in the kinematic equations is -9.8 m/s2 for any freely falling
object.

If an object is merely dropped (as opposed to being thrown)

from an elevated height, then the initial velocity of the object
is 0 m/s
 ➢ If an object is projected upwards in a perfectly
vertical direction, then it will slow down as it
rises upward. The instant at which it reaches the
peak of its trajectory, its velocity is 0 m/s. This
value can be used as one of the motion
parameters in the kinematic equations;

 If an object is projected upwards in a perfectly

vertical direction, then the velocity at which it is
projected is equal in magnitude and opposite in sign
to the velocity that it has when it returns to the
same height