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Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology

Lab Report
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Course Title:

Circuits & Systems-I Sessional

Course No:

ECE 1102
Date of Experiment: 02 November, 2024
Date of submission: 09 November, 2024

Submitted To: Submitted By:

Md. Abu Hanif Pramanik Name: Sourav Ghosh
Assistant Professor, Roll: 2310016
Department of ECE, Session: 2023-2024
RUET
Experiment Number: 01

Name of the experiment: Verification of Ohm’s law

Objective: To verify Ohm's Law by measuring the current flowing through a resistor when a
known voltage is applied across it and observing if the relationship V = IR holds.

Theory: Ohm's Law states that the current I flowing through a conductor between two points
is directly proportional to the voltage V across the two points, provided the temperature
remains constant. Mathematically, this is expressed as:
VI
V =IR

where:
 V is the voltage (in volts, V),
 I is the current (in amperes, A),
 R is the resistance (in ohms, Ω).
For a fixed resistance, if we vary the voltage, the current should vary linearly, which can be
graphically represented as a straight line. Ohm’s Law is only valid for ohmic materials, where
resistance remains constant over a range of voltages.

Required Apparatus:
1. Voltmeter
2. Ammeter
3. Fixed Resistor
4. Variable Resistor
5. Connecting Wires
6. DC Voltage Source

Cicuit Diagram:
 Figure 1: Circuit Diagram

Experimental Procedure:
1. Set Up the Circuit:
 Arranged the circuit on a breadboard or circuit board. Connected the power
supply, ammeter, and the fixed 103.6 Ω resistor and the variable resistor.
 Connected the ammeter in series with the resistor to measure the current, and
connected the voltmeter in parallel across the resistor to measure the voltage.
2. Select the Voltage:
 Turned on the power supply and set the voltage to 10 V. Recorded the exact
voltage across the resistor using the voltmeter and noted the current flowing
through the resistor using the ammeter.
3. Increase Voltage Gradually:
 Gradually increased the voltage in increments of 10 V (i.e., 10 V, 20 V, 30 V, 40 V,
50 V, and 60 V).
 For each increment, measured and recorded the exact voltage across the resistor
and the corresponding current through the circuit.
4. Record Data:
 Completed the voltage and current measurements for the 103.6 Ω resistor, and
record each reading in a data table.
5. Calculate Resistance:
 For each voltage and current pair, calculated the resistance using the formula
V
R=
I
6. Determine Average Resistance:
  Calculated the average resistance from the calculated values to verify if it remains
constant across different voltage and current measurements.
7. Analyze Results:
 Plotted a Voltage (V) vs. Current (I) graph for the fixed resistor. The linear
relationship of the plot should confirm Ohm's Law, with the slope indicating the
resistance value.
8. Turn Off Power:
 After completing the measurements, turned off the power supply and safely
disconnected all components.

Data Table:

Test
Voltage Calculated Average
Resistance Volt (v) I (A)
Source (Vs) Resistance Resistance
(R)
10 6.25 0.06 104.167
20 10 0.1 100
30 15 0.14 107.14
40
103.6 18.75 0.18 104.167
103.32
50 23.75 0.22 107.95
60 30 0.31 96.5

V-I Graph
35

30

25
Voltage (V)

20

15

10

0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35

Current (I)

Graph: V-I graph according to data table

Calculation:
Calculated Resistance:
1. At 6.25 V the current was approximately 0.06 giving a calculated
6.25
resistance of R= ≈ 104.167 Ω .
0.06
2. At 10 V the current was approximately 0.1 giving a calculated resistance
10
of R= ≈100 Ω.
0.1
3. At 15 V the current was approximately 0.14 giving a calculated resistance
15
of R= ≈ 107.14 Ω.
0.14
4. At 18.75 V the current was approximately 0.18 giving a calculated
18.75
resistance of R= ≈104.167 Ω.
0.18
5. At 23.75 V the current was approximately 0.22 giving a calculated
23.75
resistance of R= ≈ 107.95 Ω.
0.22
6. At 30 V the current was approximately 0.31 giving a calculated resistance
30
of R= ≈ 96.5 Ω.
0.31
Average Resistance:

104.167+100+107.14 +104.167+107.95+ 96.7

Average Resistance= ≈ 103.32 Ω
6

Discussion: In this experiment, the V-I graph showed a slight deviation from a perfect
straight line, and the calculated error was relatively high. This deviation may be attributed to
several factors:
1. Apparatus Limitations: The equipment used may have introduced small
inaccuracies. For example, contact resistance at connection points or internal
resistance within the measuring devices could slightly alter the readings.
2. Loose Connections: Loose or unstable connections can cause intermittent resistance,
impacting both voltage and current measurements.
3. Measurement Fluctuations: Although a digital multimeter was used, the readings
fluctuated, making it difficult to capture an exact measurement. This fluctuation could
be due to environmental factors or minor internal noise in the equipment.
Despite these challenges, the experiment was carried out with care and accuracy, following
the teacher’s instructions. While these issues may have affected precision, the overall results
still provided a reasonable verification of Ohm’s Law.
Precaution:
1. Ensure Secure Connections: All connections should be tight and secure to avoid
fluctuations in resistance that could affect current and voltage readings.
2. Use Reliable Measuring Instruments: Use a calibrated digital multimeter to
minimize measurement errors and ensure more stable readings.
3. Avoid Overheating: Allow the resistor to cool between measurements, or limit the
duration of current flow to prevent resistance changes due to temperature increases.
4. Take Readings Carefully: Observe the multimeter readings closely and take
consistent measurements to reduce error from fluctuating values.
5. Minimize External Interference: Conduct the experiment away from sources of
electrical noise or interference, which can impact the stability of the readings.
6. Follow Safety Guidelines: Handle all equipment properly and adhere to lab safety
protocols to prevent accidents or damage to equipment.