Basic Data Analysis Methods

and Their Applications

Course Name: Research Methodology

Course Code: MNS3173

By:
Dr. Muhamad Nasir bin Rahmatdin
 Descriptive statistical analysis method

 Descriptive statistics is the term given to the analysis of data that

helps describe, show or summarize data in a meaningful way such
that, for example, patterns might emerge from the data.
 Descriptive statistics do not, however, allow us to make conclusions
beyond the data we have analysed or reach conclusions regarding
any hypotheses we might have made.
 They are simply a way to describe our data.
 Descriptive statistics enables us to present the data in a more
meaningful way, which allows simpler interpretation of the data.
 Types of Descriptive Statistics
Descriptive statistics allow you to characterize your data based on its properties. There are four major
types of descriptive statistics:

Measures of Frequency: Measures of Central Tendency:

✓ Count, Percentage, Frequency ✓ Mean, Median, and Mode
✓ Shows how often something occurs ✓ Locates the distribution by various points
✓ Use this when you want to show how often a response ✓ Use this when you want to show how an average or
is given. most commonly indicated response

Measures of Dispersion or Variation (Variability): Measures of Position:

✓ Range, Variance, Standard Deviation ✓ Percentile Ranks, Quartile Ranks
✓ Identifies the spread of scores by stating intervals ✓ Describes how scores fall in relation to one another.
✓ Range = High/Low points ✓ Relies on standardized scores
✓ Variance or Standard Deviation = difference between ✓ Use this when you need to compare scores to a
observed score and mean normalized score (e.g., a national norm)
✓ Use this when you want to show how "spread out" the
data are.
✓ It is helpful to know when your data are so spread out
that it affects the mean
Example Outputs of Descriptive Statistics
 Inferential Statistical Analysis Method

 Inferential
statistics is a branch of statistics that makes
the use of various analytical tools to draw inferences
about the population data from sample data.
 Inferential
statistics help to draw conclusions about the
population while descriptive statistics summarizes the
features of the data set.
 Common Types of Inferential Statistical
Analysis Method
Types of Inferential
Statistics

Regression
Hypothesis Testing
Analysis

Z-test Linear
Regression

F-test Nominal
Regression
T-test
Logistics
Regression
ANOVA test
Ordinal
Wilcoxon Signed Regression
Rank Test

Mann-Whitney U Test
 Common Types of Inferential Statistical
Analysis Method
Hypothesis testing is a type of inferential statistics that is used to test Regression analysis is used to quantify how one variable will change with respect to
assumptions and draw conclusions about the population from the available another variable.
sample data.
There are many types of regressions available such as simple linear, multiple linear,
It involves setting up a null hypothesis and an alternative hypothesis nominal, logistic, and ordinal regression.
followed by conducting a statistical test of significance.
The most commonly used regression in inferential statistics is linear regression.
A conclusion is drawn based on the value of the test statistic, the critical
value, and the confidence intervals. Linear regression checks the effect of a unit change of the independent variable in
the dependent variable.
A hypothesis test can be left-tailed, right-tailed, and two-tailed.
Some important formulas used in inferential statistics for regression analysis are as
Given below are certain important hypothesis tests that are used in follows:
inferential statistics.
• Z-Test: A Z-test is used on data that follows a normal distribution and has
a sample size greater than or equal to 30. It is used to test if the means
of the sample and population are equal when the population variance is
known.
• T-Test: A T-test is used when the data follows a student t distribution and
the sample size is lesser than 30. It is used to compare the sample and
population mean when the population variance is unknown.
• F-Test: An F-test is used to check if there is a difference between the
variances of two samples or populations.

Apart from these tests, other tests used in inferential statistics are the
ANOVA test, Wilcoxon signed-rank test, Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis
H test, etc.
Types of T-Tests
Steps for conducting T-Tests
 (2) Chi-Square Test

 A Chi-square test is a hypothesis testing method.

 It is used to determine if there is a significant association between
two categorical variables.
 It is commonly used to assess whether there is a relationship or
dependency between the variables and is often employed in fields
such as social sciences, biology, and market research.
 You use a Chi-square test for hypothesis tests about whether your
data is as expected.
 The basic idea behind the test is to compare the observed values
in your data to the expected values that you would see if the null
hypothesis is true.
 Common Types of Chi-Square Test

Notes: If there is a significant difference

between the observed frequencies and the
expected frequencies in a contingency table,
the chi-square test is a statistical significance
test that may be performed to assess this.

It is possible to utilize the chi-square test for

two-way and multi-way tables when dealing
with categorical data.
Basic Steps in Chi-Square Test
 (3) Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) Test

 Analysis of variance, or ANOVA, is an approach to comparing

data with multiple means across different groups (samples),
and allows us to see patterns and trends within complex
and varied data.
 It's primarily used when you have more than two groups
(i.e., three or more) and want to determine whether there
are statistically significant differences between those
groups.
 ANOVA is particularly useful when you're dealing with
categorical independent variables and continuous
dependent variables.
 Common Types of ANOVA

One-Way ANOVA: Two-Way ANOVA:

This is used when you have one This is an extension of one-way ANOVA and is
independent variable (factor) and three or used when you have two independent variables
more levels or groups.
(factors) and want to examine their combined
effects on a dependent variable.
It helps determine whether there are
significant differences in the means of these Two-way ANOVA can help you determine
groups. whether there are main effects of each factor, as
well as interaction effects between the factors.

For example, you might use a one-way For example, you might use a two-way ANOVA to
ANOVA to assess whether there are analyze whether there are differences in test
differences in the average test scores among scores based on both teaching method (Factor A:
students in different classes (Class A, Class
B, Class C). traditional vs. online) and class type (Factor B:
regular vs. advanced).
 One-way ANOVA vs Two-way ANOVA

The one-way analysis of variance is also known as single-factor ANOVA Two-way ANOVA is used when there are two or more independent variables.
or simple ANOVA.
Each of these factors can have multiple levels.
The one-way ANOVA is suitable for experiments with only one
independent variable (factor) with two or more levels. Full-factorial ANOVA can only be used in the case of a full factorial
experiment, where there is use of every possible permutation of factors
For instance, a dependent variable may be what month of the year and their levels.
there are more flowers in the garden. There will be twelve levels. A
one-way ANOVA assumes: This might be the month of the year when there are more flowers in the
garden, and then the number of sunshine hours.
• Independence: The value of the dependent variable for one
observation is independent of the value of any other observations. This two-way ANOVA not only measures the independent vs the
• Normalcy: The value of the dependent variable is normally independent variable, but if the two factors affect each other.
distributed
• Variance: The variance is comparable in different experiment A two-way ANOVA assumes:
groups.
• Continuous: The dependent variable (number of flowers) is • Continuous: The same as a one-way ANOVA, the dependent variable
continuous and can be measured on a scale which can be should be continuous.
subdivided. • Independence: Each sample is independent of other samples, with no
crossover.
• Variance: The variance in data across the different groups is the same.
• Normalcy: The samples are representative of a normal population.
• Categories: The independent variables should be in separate categories
or groups.
 (4) Simulation Method

 Simulation methods are widely used in the marine industry for

research, analysis, and decision-making.
 It involves creating a computer-based or mathematical model to
mimic and study the behavior of a complex system or process.
 The primary goal of simulation is to gain insights, make
predictions, or test hypotheses about real-world phenomena
without conducting physical experiments or observations.
 Simulations can be used to assess the safety of marine operations,
including ship navigation, offshore drilling, and port management.
 Researchers can simulate various scenarios to identify potential
risks and develop safety measures.
 (5) Formal Safety Assessment (FSA)

 Formal Safety Assessment (FSA) is a structured and systematic methodology used in the
maritime industry to evaluate and improve safety within the design, operation, and
regulation of ships and shipping activities.
 It is primarily applied to enhance safety and mitigate risks in maritime transportation.
 FSA involves a comprehensive and methodical analysis of various safety aspects associated
with ships and their operations.
 Formal Safety Assessment is often used in the maritime industry to inform the
development of safety regulations and guidelines.
 It helps ensure that maritime activities are conducted with a strong focus on safety and
risk reduction.
 The International Maritime Organization (IMO) encourages the use of FSA as a structured
approach to maritime safety, and it has been applied to various aspects of shipping, such
as vessel traffic management, ship design, and offshore operations, to reduce the
likelihood of accidents and environmental damage.
 (6) Marine Risk Assessment (MRA)

 Marine Risk Assessment (MRA) is a systematic and comprehensive methodology

used in the maritime industry to evaluate and manage risks associated with
various maritime activities, including shipping, offshore operations, and port
activities.
 The primary goal of MRA is to identify, assess, and mitigate risks to ensure the
safety of people, property, and the environment in marine and coastal
environments.
 Marine Risk Assessment is a critical tool for managing safety and minimizing
environmental impacts in the maritime industry by combining various techniques
in the assessment procedures such as risk matrix analysis, event tree analysis,
area observational / simulation study, etc.
 It helps ensure that maritime activities are conducted with a strong emphasis on
risk reduction and compliance with safety standards and regulations.
 MRA is commonly used in ship safety assessments, offshore risk management, port
safety planning, and maritime regulatory compliance efforts.
Thank you for your attention.