2016 3rd International Conference on Renewable Energies for Developing Countries (REDEC)

Comparison of Different Types of Generator for Wind

Energy Conversion System Topologies.
Anissia Beainy 1,2, Chantal Maatouk 2, Nazih Moubayed 1, Fouad Kaddah 2
1 2
CRSI, Faculty of Engineering, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
CINET, ESIB, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
[email protected], [email protected]
[email protected], [email protected]
Abstract-- This paper outlines the advantages and 978-1-5090-1864-2/16/$31.00 ©2016 IEEE
the disadvantages of the most commonly generator WT are usually installed together as wind farms
used in Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS). in remote areas where power supply from grid is
The state of art on wind turbine technology is scarce and the wind farm is usually connected to a
established by comparison of each type. Doubly Fed
Induction Generators (DFIG), Squirrel Cage storage system. Wind farms can also be directly
Induction generators (SCIG) are the two types of connected to grid for provision of extra power. [7].
induction generators commonly used for geared State-of-the-art wind conversion systems that have
operation in WECS in variable speeds and fixed been developed and which are currently installed
speeds, while the Permanent Magnet Synchronous worldwide are still mainly geared wind turbines.
generators (PMSG) can operate gearless. Due to The direct drive type will also be reviewed in this
higher demand of power from wind energy, off shore
paper and the most-suitable ones in terms of the
installations are becoming more popular and new
wind turbine designs are being expected in the near weight, size, and reliability will be referred to.
future, with the development of the improved
generators and converter designs. The paper is divided in to the following
Sections. Section II shows the general
Keywords –Wind Turbine, DFIG, SCIG, PMSG, configuration and different topologies of a
Gearbox, Direct- Drive, Variable Speed, HAWT.
wind turbine and its conversion equations. In
I. INTRODUCTION Section III the three different types of generators
Worldwide, Governments have been focusing commonly in use for WT systems will be listed and
their attention in achieving their set targets for they are; Doubly Fed Induction Generators (DFIG),
power production based on renewable energies. The Squirrel Cage Induction generators (SCIG) and
latest annual wind reports from the end of 2011 Permanent Magnet Synchronous generators
have stated that the installed wind power (PMSG). Section IV will highlight the performance
worldwide (239GW) is enough to supply 3% of the and market trend of each and Section V concludes
world’s demand in electric power [1]. In many the most appropriate choice of generator to be used
countries around the world, wind energy has been according to the demand.
ranking high in the total annual energy production.
Naming some countries: Denmark (22%), Spain II. WIND TURBINE CONFIGURATION AND
(15.4%), Portugal (21%), Ireland (10.1%), and TOPOLOGIES.
Germany (6%) In the history of WT, there were two types of
[2]. WTs in use; the fixed speed and the variable speed
Wind energy has long attracted lots of attention WT. Until the end of the 90’s the fixed speed WT
as a clean source of power. Wind power is extracted was more in use but developed many shortcomings.
by Wind turbines (WTs). Most WT today are They were less that 1kw and were mainly of SCIG
onshore or land-based. WTs have increased in size type. Nowadays, a newer technology is in use
along the years, starting from a few KW to the which is called the variable speed WT. This type is
multi MW systems found installed nowadays [3,4]. known to achieve maximum aerodynamic
New and different combinations and configurations efficiency over a wide range of wind speeds as
of generators and convertors help achieve high and those of the wind [11]. Typically, large scale WTs
stable output power. A major modification in WTs are of horizontal axis configuration (HAWT), or
technologies is the introduction of pitchable blades three rotor blades, with the mechanical parts and
which to enable the control of the wind power input the generator mounted in a nacelle. This nacelle is
to the generator system [5,6]. In the near future, a positioned high up on a mast or tower. The blades
lot of WT will be moving toward off shore of some large scale WTs can reach up to 140 m in
installation where the winds are diameter with a rotational speed between 5 and 25
stronger and thus the need of WTs of higher rating rpm [12]. WT with Variable-speed operation and
pitch control systems seem to be the current

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 2016 3rd International Conference on Renewable Energies for Developing Countries (REDEC)

standard nowadays [13].The different geared and

direct wind turbine topologies with their rotor and
stator type are shown in Fig. 2.

As seen in FIG 1 above, WTs are systems that have

the ability to transform the kinetic energy of the III. GENERATORS TYPES
wind into electricity. This process passes by many
stages and is characterized by the following Below is introduced the configurations of three
equations [8]: general types of wind turbines that fall under the

= ( ,).
induction generator and the synchronous generator
categories and their mathematical models will be
(1) presented. Power quality, reliability and

= . . 2. .
performance will be technically compared in the
3
end.
(2)
a) Induction Generator Modeling:
Where and represent the wind power and the

given as: dΨ
mechanical power of the wind respectively, is the The Rotor and Stator voltage equations are

v = R i
performance coefficient of the turbine, R designates
the rotor radius, V represents the wind speed and is

sω Ψ
the air density.

(5) dΨ
v = R i

sω Ψ

(6) dΨ

v = R i sω Ψ

dΨ
(7)

v = R i sω Ψ
(8)

The flux linkage and the electromagnetic

Fig. 1: Wind conversion system layout. torque equations are
represented below respectively:
The performance coefficient factor C P(λ,β) is
in function of λ which is the tip speed ratio Ψ = Li i (10) Ψ
= Li i
(TSR) and β which represents the pitch angle of
Ψ =Li i
(11)
the blade in degrees. Cp is at its maximum value
when β=0 and λ=8.1 The mechanical torque can

Ψ =Li i
be determined in the following relations, where (12)
is the torque coefficient [9,10]:

Ψ i Ψ i
(13)

=
(14)
(3)

Where, v , i and Ψ represent the rotor

voltage, current and flux respectively; , v ,
i and Ψ are stator voltage, current and

= . . . . .
flux respectively.

(4)

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 2016 3rd International Conference on Renewable Energies for Developing Countries (REDEC)

ω represents the angular partially rated convertor [14]. A gearbox is

velocity; d and q are the direct and necessary to couple the rotor to the generator due to

respectively, L represents the

quadrature axis components the difference in the rotor and generator speed
ranges. These convertors are usually of variable
mutual inductance; and are the frequency (VFC) and back to back AC/DC/AC
stator and rotor leakage voltage source type [15]. They are made up of two
inductance. IGBT converters: rotor side converter and grid side
b) Synchronous Generator Mathematical Model. converter with a DC-link connection. This
converter decouples the electrical grid frequency
The Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator is
and the mechanical rotor frequency, which in turn

di
expressed by the following equations:
enables variable speed operation. The rotor voltage

=R i L Lω i
is applied from the power converters. The Rotor
Side Convertor (RSC) fully controls the generator

di
(15) like in the control of active and reactive powers,

=R i L L ω i ω Ψ (16)
and controlling harmonics, while the Grid Side
Converter (GSC) controls the power factor and
ensures that it is high enough [16, 17]. A schematic
Where L and R represent the generator of a DFIG is presented in Fig.3.
inductance and resistance stator, respectively, ω is
the generator rotor speed, and Ψ is the magnet flux. 1) Advantages of DFIG:
The electromagnetic torque is given by the • Mechanically and electrically
following equation: simpler than other generator types.

= pΨi
The 3 stage geared DFIG is the
lightest and low cost solution [18],
(17) • Converter Rating is only 25%-30%

Fig. 2: Wind Turbine

Topologies
in DFIG as compared to 100 % of
total nominal power of the
c) DFIG (Doubly Fed Induction Generator). generator,
• Rugged and brushless,
DFIG is a wound- rotor induction generator.
• Can reach to about 30% of
DFIG are the most commonly used in the wind
synchronous speed, thus has a
industry. In the DFIG, the stator terminals are
wide range of speeds [19],
connected directly to the grid and the rotor across a

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 2016 3rd International Conference on Renewable Energies for Developing Countries (REDEC)

• The converter compensates the • This machine is a very popular

reactive power and ensures smooth for its mechanical simplicity
grid integration, and robust construction,
• High efficiency and energy yield. • A SCIG requires no brushes for
2) Disadvantages of DFIG: operation, which are sometimes
• For WTs based on DFIGs, necessary for the operation of
gearboxes are still a necessity DFIG,
since a multiple pole DFIG with • Metallic rotor bars are very well
lowspeed is not yet technically resistant to vibrations and dirt,
available [20], • Completely decoupled from the
• Difficulties associated in grid for variable speed
complying with gridfault ride- operations,
through [21,22], •
SCIG based WT have the
• Medium reliability and reduced advantage of avoiding short
longevity due to bearings and gear circuit power from the grid
faults. because the control system
. limits any fault current from the
grid side convertor going into
the system [27].
2) Disadvantages of SCIG:
• Two full scale converters are
required for operation,
• It does not have the advantage
using reducedsize power
converters as in the DFIG, for
variable speed operation,
• It can’t function as a multi-pole
direct drive mode (gearless).
Fig.3: Schematic of a DFIG.

d) SCIG (Squirrel cage Induction

Generator).

The SCIG as shown in Fig.4, operates

completely minimum ranges of wind speeds
through a gearbox. Variations in the rotor speed
of the SCIG are very small as the only speed
variations that can occur are changes in the
rotor slip. Due to this fact, the SCIG was widely
considered as fixed-speed and was the basis of Fig.4: Schematic of a SCIG.
design for the first Danish WT.
e) PMSG (Permanent Magnet Synchronous
It is very robust and little maintenance is Generator).
needed only bearings lubrication. The rotor is
composed of metallic bars that are very To couple the slow spinning turbine rotor blade
effective in resistive vibratory motion and dirt to generators like the DFIG and the SCIG, high
[6, 20]. In some cases, a SCIG may and it is still speed multiple stage gearboxes (1:100), medium-
used for variable-speed windenergy generation speed single-stage gearboxes (1:10) are necessary.
with a full-scale power electronic convertor [23- Direct-driven generators are system that do not
26]. To extract more power from the wind is need the gearbox altogether and these systems are
difficult because this can cause generator based on the PSMG. Today’s WTs high-speed
overload. So to achieve an optimal power multiple stage gearboxes have proven to be less
extraction, pitch angle regulation is needed. reliable than expected by manufacturers thus
requiring replacement at 5 to 7 years from
1) Advantages of SCIG: beginning of operation, and that is a much earlier

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 2016 3rd International Conference on Renewable Energies for Developing Countries (REDEC)

than their expected design life of 20 years In this Section, comparisons of different wind
[28,29,30]. generator systems is performed, which includes the
performance comparison and the current market
On shore-based wind turbines have a serious penetration of each type.
issue of decreased reliability and longevity so this
becomes a critical matter to look into for offshore Some authors have made comparisons concerning
installations. In this case, main WT manufacturing variable speed and fixed speed generator systems.
companies have started manufacturing WT with Some compared the fixed speed SCIG with the
this type of generators for mainly offshore direct drive PMSG [36]. While others compared
installations [3133]. This type is the most efficient two types of direct drive SG with the DFIG [37].
generator with power losses of about 65% of that of With rapid development of WT technologies, it is
a typical DFIG [34]. A schematic of a PMSG is highly probable that future trends in the industry
presented in Fig.5. will be focused on the continuously improving
already existing and established technologies such
1) Advantages of PMSG: as PSMG, SCIG and DFIG.
• Lower maintenance cost due to
absence of gearbox, The outer diameter of the direct-drive PMSG is
nearly twice of the conventional geared-drive
• Improved reliability and longevity SCIG; however, the total length is three times
comes with the elimination of the shorter including the length of high-speed shaft.
gears and bearings which are by Also, the direct-drive PMSG system has its average
themselves the main cause of efficiency 1.6% higher than the fixed speed SCIG
faults in the generators [35], system at the 3 MW rated power [17]. Additionally,
• Lower weight. due to the variable speed operation, the direct-drive
• High efficiency and energy yield PMSG system can produce more energy 10–15%
2) Disadvantages of PMSG: than the fixed single-speed concept.
• High cost,
In comparing the direct drive PMSG with the 3
• the outer diameter of the direct stage geared DFIG and considering the part of the
drive PMSG is almost twice the WTs, the total weight of both WT systems may
size of that of the conventional have no big difference, but DFIG 3G is the lightest
geared-drive SCIG, in general and low-cost solution with standard
• Low maturity as it being a new components. In Table I, the Annual energy yield in
technology, function of total cost of these three generator
• Increased mass and weight that can performance parameters is presented. Table II
reach to critical proportions presents the different manufacturers of these types
especially for WT above 3MW of WT and their characteristics. Now considering
[30]. market penetration, most manufactures opt for
geared-drive WT concepts. The wind market is
predominated by DFIG with a multiple-stage
gearbox, and the predominantly used generator type
is still the IG suhc as DFIG, SCIG and WRIG
(Wound Rotor). Manufacturers like, Vestas,
Gamesa, GE wind, Repower, Nordex and
Ecotecnia, manufacture multi stage geared DFIG
WTs. Companies like Enercon are manufacturing
direct drive wind turbines such as PMSG. Fig 6
depicts the world share of different generator
concepts [38], as recorded by world manufacturers
taken from their websites.

Fig.5: Schematic of a PMSG

Table I: Annual energy yield/ total cost of three

IV. PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF THE different wind generator systems [34].
DIFFERENT WIND GENERATOR SYSTEMS
AND MARKET TRENDS.
COST SCIG DFIG PMSG
(KEURO)

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 2016 3rd International Conference on Renewable Energies for Developing Countries (REDEC)

Gearbox 220 220 - As can be seen in Fig 6, types like SCIG have
decreased dramatically over the space of a decade
Converter 120 40 120
in favor of variable speed types like DFIG. These
Generator 287 320 432 have had a huge increase to about 50% of the
cost installed type. The direct drive types like PMSG
Total cost 1837 1870 1982 have been steady and its market penetration has not
with shown any alteration.
margine for
company V. CONCLUSIONS
costs
Annual 6705 7690 7890 This paper has reviewed the state of the art
energy yield technology for generators used in WECS. It is very
Mwh clear that Variable speed operation is very still
attractive due to the fact that machines with this
Annual 3.63 4.11 3.98
technology exhibited reduced mechanical stress and
energy
increased power capture. As mentioned above and
yield/ total
as can be seen in Fig.6, the market share of the
cost fixed speed concept has decreased quickly, whereas
the demand for variable speed wind turbine has
increased. The multiple-stage geared-drive DFIG
with a partial-scale IGBT based power converter is
still dominant in the current market. When
compared with other variable speed WTs that need
a full-scale power converter to operate, the main
advantage of the DFIG is that only 30% of the
generated power goes through the power converter
and this alone may have substantial cost advantages
even with low cost of future converters and power
electronics. But considering that DFIG suffer a lot
from large peak currents during grid related faults,
variable speed wind turbines like SCIG with a full-
scale power converter that are completely detached
from the grid may be more effective and become a
Fig 6: World share of yearly installed power for more attractive option to deal with grid related
different wind generator systems from 1995 till short circuit problems.
2004 [38]
If overall efficiency, reliability and availability are
Table II: List Wind turbines Characteristic [39-44] a critical requirement, the direct-drive PMSG wind

generator systems come into play because of

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 2016 3rd International Conference on Renewable Energies for Developing Countries (REDEC)

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