IT questions

1. Define system software.

2. Difference between ram and rom.
3. Define OCR?
4. Define the telent?
5. Introduce the web Brower?
6. What do you mean by secondary storage?
7. Define the network topology?
8. Convert decimal 460 into binary?
9. What is the difference between lighten and digitizer?
10. Difference between primary memory and secondary?
11. Operating system is a system software or application
software? Justify.
12. What is assembler mention to use of assembler?
13. Explain the global and fortaan?
14. How it can be useful in artificial intelligence? Explain with
example
15. What is internet explain also www.
16. What is a 4g language?
17. Define compiler interpreter and assembler?
18. What are the functions performed by ALU?
19. What are the difference between laser and dot-matrix
printer?
20. List various input devices and their applications?
21. Difference between printer and plotter?
22. Difference between internet and www?
23. Define one’s and second complement?
24. What are the drawbacks of computer?
25. Difference between volatile and non-volatile memory?
26. What do you mean by multimedia technology?
27. Discuss these following in brief
# Mobile internet
#Nano technology
# Social media
# e-commerce and m- commerce
# GPS (global positioning system)

ANSWERS
Ans 1. System software is a software that directly operates the computers
hardware and provides the basic functionality to the users as well as to the other
software to operate smoothly. Or in other words, system software basically
controls a computer’s internal functioning and also controls hardware devices such
as monitors, printers, and storage devices, etc. It is like an interface between
hardware and user applications, it helps them to communicate with each other
because hardware understands machine language (i.e. 1 or 0) whereas user
applications are work in human-readable languages like English, Hindi, German,
etc. so system software converts the human-readable language into machine
language and vice versa.
Ans 2. RAM is like a workspace that holds data temporarily for tasks you're
working on right now. ROM is like a reference book that keeps essential
instructions the computer needs to function properly.
RAM:
 Temporary Storage: RAM is volatile, meaning it only stores data temporarily

while the computer is on. Once the power is off, the data is lost.
 Purpose: Used to store data that the CPU needs quickly, such as open

applications and active tasks, to speed up processing.

 Example: When you open a browser or a game, it loads into RAM to allow

faster access while you’re using it.

ROM:
 Permanent Storage: ROM is non-volatile, meaning it retains data even

when the computer is turned off.

 Purpose: Stores essential instructions for the computer, like the BIOS (Basic

Input/Output System), which is needed to boot up the system.

 Example: The firmware in your computer’s motherboard, stored in ROM,

helps start up the computer when you press the power button
Ans3 - OCR, or Optical Character Recognition, is a technology that allows
computers to read and convert text from images, scanned documents, or photos
into editable digital text. For example, if you have a picture of a printed page, OCR
can "see" the letters and words in that image and turn them into text you can edit,
copy, or search on a computer.
Key Applications of OCR
 Data Entry Automation: Reduces manual data entry by converting
documents into text automatically.
 Digitizing Historical Documents: Converts scanned historical records or
books into digital formats.
 Text Extraction from Images: Extracts text from photos of signs,
documents, or notes for easier processing.
 Assistive Technology: Helps visually impaired users by converting text to
speech or Braille.
Ans 4. A web browser is a software application that allows you to access and view
websites on the internet. Browsers fetch and display content, including text,
images, videos, and other multimedia, from websites based on the URL (Uniform
Resource Locator) you enter or the links you click.

Here's a quick overview of key components and functions of web browsers:

1. **Address Bar**: Where you enter website URLs (e.g., "www.example.com") or

search terms.
2. **Navigation Buttons**: Includes options like back, forward, refresh, and home,
allowing you to move through web pages or reload them.
3. **Tabs**: You can open multiple web pages in different tabs, making it easy to
browse several sites at once without closing others.
4. **Bookmarks**: A way to save frequently visited or favorite sites for easy
access.
5. **Extensions/Plugins**: Many modern browsers support add-ons, enhancing
functionality with tools for things like blocking ads, managing passwords, or
integrating productivity apps.
6. **Privacy and Security Features**: Browsers provide settings for incognito or
private browsing, blocking pop-ups, and managing cookie permissions to protect
user privacy.

Some of the most widely used browsers include Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox,
Safari, Microsoft Edge, and Opera. Each has its own unique features but generally
provides a similar browsing experience.

Ans 6 Secondary memory, also known as secondary storage, is a type of

storage in a computer where data is stored permanently or for long-term use.
Unlike primary memory (like RAM), which is temporary and only holds data while
the computer is on, secondary memory retains data even when the computer is
turned off. This makes it ideal for storing files, software, and data that we want to
keep.
Examples of Secondary Memory:
 Hard Drive (HDD): The main storage device in most computers, where
operating systems, programs, and personal files like documents, photos, and
videos are stored.
 Solid-State Drive (SSD): Similar to a hard drive but faster and more durable.
It stores data permanently and is commonly used in laptops and modern
computers.
 USB Flash Drive: A portable storage device used to transfer files between
computers.
 CDs, DVDs, Blu-rays: Optical disks used for storing media like movies,
music, and backup data.
 Memory Cards: Small storage devices used in cameras, smartphones, and
tablets

Ans 7. Topology defines the structure of the network of how all the components
are interconnected to each other. There are two types of topologies: physical and
logical topology.
Types of Network Topology
Physical topology is the geometric representation of all the nodes in a network.
There are six types of network topology which are Bus Topology, Ring Topology,
Tree Topology, Star Topology, Mesh Topology, and Hybrid Topology
Ans 8. To convert the decimal number 46 into binary, we can use the method of
repeated division by 2. Here's the step-by-step process:
1. Divide 46 by 2, which gives a quotient of 23 and a remainder of 0.
2. Divide 23 by 2, which gives a quotient of 11 and a remainder of 1.
3. Divide 11 by 2, which gives a quotient of 5 and a remainder of 1.
4. Divide 5 by 2, which gives a quotient of 2 and a remainder of 1.
5. Divide 2 by 2, which gives a quotient of 1 and a remainder of 0.
6. Divide 1 by 2, which gives a quotient of 0 and a remainder of 1.
Now, write the remainders in reverse order: 101110.
So, the binary representation of 46 is: 101110.
Ans 9. Lighten refers to making something brighter or lighter in color. For
example, if you lighten a photo, the colors become less dark and brighter.
 Digitizer refers to a device or tool that converts physical objects or images (like
drawings or documents) into digital form. For example, a scanner is a type of
digitizer that turns paper documents into digital files on a computer.

Figure 1 DIGITIZER PIC

Ans 10. 1. Primary Memory (Volatile Memory):

 Purpose: Primary memory is used to store data and instructions that are
directly used by the CPU during processing. It acts as a temporary storage
area for active tasks.
 Types: Includes RAM (Random Access Memory) and cache memory.
  Speed: Faster access speed compared to secondary memory. It is directly
connected to the CPU, enabling rapid data retrieval.
 Volatility: Data is lost when the computer is turned off or restarted.
 Capacity: Generally smaller in capacity (measured in gigabytes, GB).
 Example: RAM (Random Access Memory), Cache Memory.
2. Secondary Memory (Non-Volatile Memory):
 Purpose: Secondary memory is used to store data permanently or for long-
term storage, such as files, applications, and operating system data.
 Types: Includes hard drives (HDD), solid-state drives (SSD), optical disks
(CD/DVD), and flash drives.
 Speed: Slower compared to primary memory. Data must be transferred to
primary memory before the CPU can access it.
 Volatility: Data is not lost when the computer is powered off; it is retained.
 Capacity: Generally larger in capacity (measured in terabytes, TB, or more).
 Example: Hard Disk Drive (HDD), Solid State Drive (SSD), Flash Drives.
Primary memory is fast, temporary, and smaller in capacity, while secondary
memory is slower, permanent, and larger in capacity.
Ans 11 An operating system (OS) is considered system software, not application
software.
Justification:
 System software refers to software designed to manage hardware and
provide basic functionalities for other software to run. An operating system
controls and manages computer hardware, system resources (like CPU,
memory, and storage), and provides an interface for users and application
software.
  Application software- on the other hand, is designed to perform specific
tasks for the user, such as word processing, web browsing, or gaming. It
relies on the operating system to provide the necessary system resources
and functions.
Ans 12. An assembler is a program that converts assembly language code
(which is a low-level programming language) into machine code, or binary code,
which can be executed by a computer's processor.
Use of an Assembler:
1. Converting Assembly to Machine Code: The primary purpose of an
assembler is to translate human-readable assembly code into machine-
readable code (also known as object code or binary code). This allows the
computer to understand and execute the instructions written by the
programmer.
2. Optimizing Code: Some assemblers offer optimization features to improve
the performance of the code, reducing the amount of machine code needed
for certain tasks.
3. Providing Error Checking: An assembler can detect errors in the assembly
language program and alert the programmer, making it easier to debug the
code before it is executed.
4. Creating Executable Files: The assembler produces executable files (such
as .exe or .out files) that can be run by the computer. These files contain the
machine instructions that the processor understands.
5. Cross-Platform Development: Assemblers are often used in cross-platform
development, where assembly code is written for one type of processor but
needs to be executed on another. The assembler can be tailored for specific
hardware architecture.
Ans 14. In artificial intelligence (AI), usefulness refers to how AI systems can be
applied to solve real-world problems or improve processes. AI can make
decisions, recognize patterns, and automate tasks that traditionally require human
intelligence. Here’s a simple explanation with an example:
How AI is Useful:
1. Automation: AI can perform repetitive tasks more quickly and accurately
than humans. For example, in customer service, AI-powered chatbots can
answer common questions, saving human agents time.
2. Data Processing and Analysis: AI can analyze large amounts of data to
find patterns or insights that might be difficult for humans to spot. For
instance, AI in healthcare can analyze medical data to help doctors diagnose
diseases faster and more accurately.
3. Personalization: AI can personalize experiences for users. For example,
when you use streaming services like Netflix or Spotify, AI analyzes your
viewing or listening habits and recommends shows or songs that you’re likely
to enjoy.
Ans 15. The Internet is a global network of computers connected to each other. It
allows people to communicate, share information, and access services from
anywhere in the world. It’s like a huge digital highway where data (like emails,
videos, websites) can travel between computers. The Internet is used for things
like:
 Browsing websites
 Sending emails
 Watching videos
 Online shopping
 Social media interaction
The World Wide Web (WWW) is a collection of websites and webpages that are
available over the Internet. It is often called the Web. When you use a browser like
Google Chrome or Safari to visit a website, you are using the Web. It includes
everything from online stores to social media sites, educational pages, and much
more.
Ans 16. **4G** stands for **Fourth Generation**, and it refers to a type of
**mobile network technology** that provides faster internet speeds and better
connectivity than previous generations like 3G.
4G technology is used in smartphones, tablets, and other devices to enable fast
data transfer, making things like streaming videos, browsing the internet, and
downloading files much quicker. It also supports high-quality video calls and faster
downloads/uploads.

**4G** is like the **latest and faster version of mobile internet**, allowing you to do
things like watch HD videos, play online games, and browse websites without
much delay or buffering.
Ans 17. An interpreter is a program that translates a high-level programming
language (like Python, JavaScript, or Ruby) into machine code line by line. This
means that the interpreter reads and executes each line of code one at a time. If
there's an error in the code, the interpreter stops and shows an error at the point of
the mistake.
Assembler:
An assembler is a program that converts assembly language (a low-level
programming language) into machine code or binary code that the computer can
understand and execute. Assembly language is a human-readable version of
machine code, which makes it easier to write and understand than binary code.
Ans 18. The ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) is a critical component of a computer's
CPU (Central Processing Unit). It performs mathematical and logical operations
on data. Essentially, it handles the "thinking" part of the computer, where
calculations and decisions are made.
Functions Performed by the ALU:
1. Arithmetic Operations:
o Addition: Adding two numbers together.
o Subtraction: Subtracting one number from another.
o Multiplication: Multiplying two numbers.
o Division: Dividing one number by another.
o Increment/Decrement: Increasing or decreasing a number by 1.
2. Logical Operations:
o AND: Combines two binary numbers and returns true (1) only if both
are true (1).
o OR: Combines two binary numbers and returns true (1) if at least one is
true (1).
o NOT: Reverses (inverts) the bits of a number (1 becomes 0, and 0
becomes 1).
o XOR (Exclusive OR): Returns true (1) if one and only one of the two
bits is true (1).
3. Comparisons:
o Equality: Checks if two numbers are equal.
o Greater Than / Less Than: Compares numbers to determine which
one is greater or lesser.
4. Shifting Operations:
o Shift Left / Shift Right: Moves the bits of a number to the left or right,
often used for multiplying or dividing by powers o
Ans 19. Printing Technology
  Laser Printer: Uses a laser beam to transfer toner (powdered ink) onto
paper. The laser creates an image on a drum, which attracts the toner and
then prints onto the paper.
 Dot-Matrix Printer: Uses a print head with a series of tiny pins that strike an
ink ribbon, creating a pattern of dots on paper to form characters and
images.
2. Print Quality
 Laser Printer: Produces high-quality prints with sharp text and detailed
images, suitable for professional documents and graphics.
 Dot-Matrix Printer: Prints with lower quality, as the output consists of visible
dots. It's more suited for simple text or forms.
3. Print Speed
 Laser Printer: Much faster compared to dot-matrix printers. Can produce
several pages per minute (ppm), making it ideal for office environments.
 Dot-Matrix Printer: Slower, often printing only a few pages per minute,
especially for complex documents.
4. Noise
 Laser Printer: Quiet operation, ideal for environments where noise is a
concern.
 Dot-Matrix Printer: Noisier, as the print head physically strikes the ribbon
and paper, creating more sound during operation.
5. Cost of Operation
 Laser Printer: Higher initial cost but lower cost per page for printing,
particularly when used for high-volume printing.
 Dot-Matrix Printer: Generally lower initial cost, but the cost per page can be
higher because of the wear on the ribbon and slower speed.
6. Durability and Maintenance
  Laser Printer: Generally more durable, with fewer moving parts.
Maintenance is usually minimal, though toner can be expensive to replace.
 Dot-Matrix Printer: Requires more maintenance due to the wear on the
ribbon and print head, and the print head may require replacement over time.
7. Print Media Compatibility
 Laser Printer: Works well with a wide range of paper types and sizes but
may not handle multi-part forms as well.
 Dot-Matrix Printer: Can print on multi-part forms (e.g., carbon copies),
making it useful for printing invoices and receipts.
8. Cost
 Laser Printer: More expensive initially but cost-effective for high-volume
printing.
 Dot-Matrix Printer: Typically cheaper upfront but more costly in terms of
long-term maintenance and consumables.
9. Use Cases
 Laser Printer: Best for office use, high-quality documents, color printing, and
high-volume printing.
 Dot-Matrix Printer: Suitable for printing multi-part forms, invoices, and
receipts, where print quality is less critical.
Ans 20.
1. **Keyboard**
- **Application**: Used for typing text, entering commands, and interacting with
software. Commonly used in computing, programming, word processing, and
gaming.

2. **Mouse**
- **Application**: Allows users to interact with graphical user interfaces (GUIs).
It’s used for pointing, clicking, dragging, and selecting objects on a screen.
3. **Touchpad**
- **Application**: A flat, touch-sensitive surface used as an alternative to a
mouse, primarily in laptops for navigation and clicking.

4. **Touchscreen**
- **Application**: Allows direct interaction with the display by touching it.
Commonly used in smartphones, tablets, kiosks, and modern POS systems.

5. **Scanner**
- **Application**: Digitizes physical documents or images. Used in offices,
libraries, and by photographers to convert paper documents to digital formats.

6. **Microphone**
- **Application**: Captures audio input, used in voice recognition systems,
communication apps, gaming, podcasts, and virtual assistants.

7. **Webcam**
- **Application**: Captures video input for video conferencing, streaming, and
video recording. Used in online meetings, security systems, and content creation.

8. **Joystick**
- **Application**: Used for controlling movement in video games, flight
simulators, and robotic control systems.

9. **Gamepad (Controller)**
- **Application**: A handheld device used for gaming. It features buttons, analog
sticks, and triggers for controlling characters or actions in games.

10. **Light Pen**

- **Application**: A pointing device used to interact with a CRT display. It allows
for drawing or selecting items directly on the screen, often used in design or
engineering applications.

11. **Bar Code Reader**

- **Application**: Scans barcodes for data input, used in retail, warehouses,
libraries, and inventory management systems.
12. **Digital Camera**
- **Application**: Captures photographs or videos, often used in multimedia
applications, digital imaging, and security.

13. **Biometric Devices**

- **Application**: Devices like fingerprint scanners, retina scanners, and face
recognition systems used for identification and security purposes.

14. **Graphics Tablet (Drawing Tablet)**

- **Application**: Used by artists and designers to draw, paint, or edit images on
a computer. It offers high precision for creative work.

15. **Smart Glasses**

- **Application**: Provide a wearable interface with gesture control and
augmented reality features, used in healthcare, sports, and navigation.

16. **Stylus**
- **Application**: A pen-like device used for precision input on touchscreens,
often used in drawing, note-taking, and signature capture.

17. **Speech Recognition System**

- **Application**: Converts spoken words into text or commands. Used in voice-
activated devices, virtual assistants, and transcription services.

18. **Tactile or Braille Keyboard**

- **Application**: Used by visually impaired individuals for typing, with raised
symbols or Braille characters for tactile feedback.

19. **MIDI Controller**

- **Application**: A music input device used to control digital audio workstations,
synthesizers, and electronic instruments for creating music.

20. **RFID Reader**

- **Application**: Used to read data from RFID tags, typically used for asset
tracking, inventory management, and access control systems.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ans 21. A printer is a device that transfers text and images onto paper through
various printing technologies such as inkjet, laser, or dot matrix. Printers are
generally used for creating documents, photographs, or simple graphics. They
work by spraying ink, using toner, or hitting the paper with a print head, depending
on the type. Printers are commonly used in offices, homes, and businesses for
daily printing tasks such as documents, letters, and photos.

In Contrast, a plotter is a specialized output device designed for creating high-

quality line drawings, graphs, and complex illustrations. Plotters use pens, ink, or
markers to draw on paper, producing precise, continuous lines. They are often
used for technical applications, such as architectural blueprints, engineering
designs, and geographic maps. Unlike printers, plotters can create large-scale
drawings with high accuracy, especially useful in industries that require detailed
and precise visual representations.

Ans 22. Internet:

 The Internet is a global network of interconnected computers and devices
that communicate using a standard set of protocols (TCP/IP).
 It includes everything from email systems, file sharing, online games, VoIP
services, and the World Wide Web.
 The Internet is the infrastructure or the "highway" that connects millions of
computers across the world.

World Wide Web (WWW):

 The World Wide Web is a system of interlinked documents and multimedia

content that can be accessed via the Internet.
 It uses the HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) and web browsers (like
Chrome, Firefox, Safari) to display websites and web pages.
 The WWW is just one service that operates on the Internet, primarily focused
on browsing and viewing websites.

Ans 24. Here are 10 simple disadvantages of computers:

1. **Health Issues**: Prolonged use can cause eye strain, headaches, and
posture problems.
2. **Security Risks**: Computers can be vulnerable to hacking, viruses, and data
theft.
3. **Dependency**: Over-reliance on computers can make people dependent on
them for work and daily tasks.
4. **Job Losses**: Automation and computers can replace human jobs in some
industries.
5. **Social Isolation**: Too much screen time can reduce face-to-face
interactions, leading to loneliness.
6. **Expensive**: Computers and software can be costly to purchase and
maintain.
7. **Distractions**: Computers can be a source of distractions, reducing
productivity.
8. **Privacy Issues**: Personal data can be collected and misused by websites
and companies.
9. **Energy Consumption**: Computers consume a lot of electricity, especially
when used for long hours.
10. **Environmental Impact**: Disposing of old computers improperly can harm
the environment.

Ans 25. Volatile Memory:

 Definition: Volatile memory requires power to maintain the stored data.
When the power is turned off, the data is lost.
 Example: RAM (Random Access Memory) is a common example. When
you turn off your computer, all data in RAM is erased.
 Characteristics:
o Fast read and write speeds.
o Used for temporary storage (e.g., running programs and active data).
o Loses data when the power is lost or interrupted.
Non-Volatile Memory:
 Definition: Non-volatile memory retains its data even when the power is
turned off.
 Example: Hard drives (HDDs), solid-state drives (SSDs), and flash
memory are examples. Data stored in these devices stays intact without
power.
 Characteristics:
o Slower read and write speeds compared to volatile memory.
o Used for permanent storage of data (e.g., files, operating systems, and
applications).
o Does not lose data when power is lost

Ans 26. **Multimedia technology** refers to the use of different types of media,
such as **text**, **images**, **audio**, **video**, and **animation**, together in a
single application or platform to convey information or create entertainment.

In simple words, it's about combining various media elements like pictures,
sounds, videos, and more, to make content more engaging and interactive. For
example, movies, video games, websites with videos and music, and interactive
apps all use multimedia technology to provide a richer experience.

Ans 27. Here’s a brief discussion on each of the topics:

1. Mobile Internet
- **Definition**: Mobile Internet refers to accessing the Internet via mobile
devices like smartphones and tablets, typically using cellular data networks (like
4G, 5G) or Wi-Fi.
- **Importance**: It allows users to browse websites, check emails, use apps,
and engage in social media on the go, making it a key part of modern
communication and entertainment.

2. **Nanotechnology**:
 - **Definition**: Nanotechnology involves manipulating matter on an atomic or
molecular scale, usually at sizes between 1 and 100 nanometers (1 nanometer = 1
billionth of a meter).
- **Applications**: It is used in medicine (drug delivery systems), electronics
(faster processors), materials science (stronger, lighter materials), and
environmental protection (clean energy and water filtration).

3. **Social Media**:
- **Definition**: social media refers to online platforms and applications where
users can create and share content or participate in social networking (e.g.,
Facebook, Instagram, Twitter).

- **Impact**: It has transformed communication, allowing people to connect

globally, share ideas, promote businesses, and even engage in political
movements.

4. **E-commerce and M-commerce**:

- **E-commerce**: Refers to buying and selling products or services over the
Internet, such as through online stores like Amazon or eBay.
- **M-commerce**: A subset of e-commerce, it involves transactions conducted
via mobile devices (smartphones or tablets), allowing users to shop, pay bills, or
perform financial transactions anywhere.
- **Difference**: E-commerce can happen on desktops or laptops, while m-
commerce is specifically mobile-based.

5. **GPS (Global Positioning System)**:

- **Definition**: GPS is a satellite-based navigation system that helps determine
your exact location on Earth, using signals from satellites in orbit.
- **Usage**: It’s used in navigation apps (Google Maps, Apple Maps), in
vehicles, for tracking, and in outdoor activities like hiking or geocaching. It’s also
used in logistics, aviation, and military operations.