PRINCIPLES OF SPEECH

WRITING AND DELIVERY

ORAL COMMUNICATION IN CONTEXT
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM of Speech Writing
Conducting an audience analysis
Determining the purpose of the speech
Selecting a topic
Narrowing down a topic
Gathering data

Selecting a speech pattern

Preparing an outline
Editing and/ or Revising
Creating the body of the speech
Rehearsing Preparing the introduction
Preparing the conclusion
 1. Audience Analysis

Principles of 2. Duration of Speech

Effective 3. Logical Organization

Speech 4. Word Choice

Writing and 5. Grammatical Correctness
Delivery 6. Articulation and Modulation

7. Stage Presence

8. Facial Expressions, Gestures and Movements

9. Rapport with the Audience

 1. Audience analysis
Entails looking into the profile of your target audience .

➢ Demography ( age range, male female ratio, educational

background and affiliations or degree program taken,
nationality, economic status, academic or incorporate
designations).
➢Situation ( time, venue, occasion and size).
➢ Psychology (values, beliefs, attitudes, preferences,
cultural and racial ideologies and needs).
 Purpose of writing and delivering the speech

• To inform – an informative speech provides the

audience with a clear understanding of the concept
or idea presented by the speaker.
• To entertain – an entertainment speech provides the
audience with amusement.
• To persuade – a persuasive speech provides the
audience with well-argued ideas that can influence
their own beliefs and decisions.
• TOPIC
The topic is your main point, which can be determined once
you have decided on your purpose.
• Narrowing down a topic
Means making your main idea more specific and focused.
• Data Gathering
Is the stage where you collect ideas, information, sources and
references relevant or related to your specific topic.
• Writing patterns
In general, are structures that will help you organize the ideas
related to your topic.
 Type of
Pattern Descriptions speech Examples
appropriate
to
Biographical Presents descriptions of To inform Specific Purpose
your life or of a person, To entertain To inform my student about my grandfather.
famous or not.
Describing the life and works of my grandfather.
Specific Topic
Categorical/Topical Presents related categories To inform Specific Purpose To persuade the community members to reduce, reuse and
supporting the topic. To entertain recycle as means of eliminating garbage.
To persuade Why the community members should promote
Specific Topic reducing, reusing, and recycling.
Causal Presents cause-effect To inform To inform my audience on the effects of overeating.
Specific Purpose
relationships.
Explaining the possible effects of overeating to one’s
Specific Topic health.
Chronological Presents the idea in time To inform Specific Purpose To inform my audience about the significant events in the 1986
order. EDSA Revolution or People Power.

Describing the significant events before, during and

Specific Topic after the People Power.
Comparison/Contrast Presents To inform Specific Purpose To persuade the audience that living in the Philippines
comparison/contrast of two To persuade is better than living in Australia.
or three points.
Explaining why the Philippines is more habitable than
Specific Topic Australia.
Problem-solution Presents an identified To inform To persuade the audience to support the educational programs
Specific Purpose of the national government.
problem, its causes and To persuade
recommended solutions. Explaining the reasons for supporting the government’s
Specific Topic
educational programs.
An outline is a hierarchical list that shows the relationship of your ideas.
Experts in public speaking state once your outline is ready, two thirds of
your speech writing is finished.
1. Table format
Purpose To inform

Specific purpose To persuade the community members to reduce, reuse, and recycle as means of
eliminating garbage and protecting the environment.
Topic Promoting the importance of reducing, reusing, and recycling in eliminating wastes
and protecting the environment.
Pattern Problem-solution

Introduction Share facts on the current situation of the environment.

Body Discuss how improper wastes disposal becomes an environment problem. Explain
how reducing, reusing and recycling would eliminate wastes and protect the
environment.
Conclusion State the specific purpose of your speech again.
Call for action.
1.0 As of today, there is an alarming increase of wastes in our community.
1.1 According to Solid Waste Management Office, if we do not tale
immediate action, we might face more perils caused by natural calamities.
1.2 Now, I am going to talk about how to eliminate wastes and protect
the environment.
2.0 Improper waste disposal causes environmental problems.
2.1 Wastes contaminate the soil.
2.2 Wastes contaminate the water.
2.3 Wastes can cause floods.
3.0 There are ways to eliminate wastes and protect the environment.
3.1 Reducing, reusing, and recycling can help eliminate wastes.
3.2 People should start doing these at home.
3.3 This solution should be supported by the local government.
4.0 We must act now
4.1 This solution should be supported by the local government.
4.2 Let us learn from the lessons in natural calamities we have experienced.
 The introduction is the foundation of your speech. Here, your
primary goal is to get the attention of your audience and present
the subject or main idea of your speech.

• Use a real-life experience and connect that experience to your

subject.
• Use practical examples and explain their connection to your subject.
• Start with a familiar or strong quote and then explain what it means.
• Use facts or statistics and highlight their importance to your subject.
• To tell a personal story to illustrate your point.
 The body of the speech provides an explanation, examples, or
any details that can help you deliver your purpose and explain
the main idea of your speech.

The following are some strategies to highlight your

main idea.
• Present real-life or practical examples.
• Show Statistics.
• Present comparisons.
• Share ideas from the experts or practitioners.
 The conclusion restates the main idea of your speech.
Furthermore, it provides a summary, emphasizes the message,
and calls for action.
The following are some strategies.
• Begin your conclusion with a restatement of your message.
• Use positive examples, encouraging words, or memorable lines
from songs or stories familiar to your audience.
• Ask a question or series of questions that can make your
audience reflect or ponder.
 Some Guidelines in Speech Writing
1.Keep your words short and simple.
2.Avoid jargon, acronyms or technical words.
3. Make your speech more personal. Use the personal
pronoun “I” and “We”.
4. Use active verbs and contractions .
5. Be sensitive to your audience.
6. Use metaphors and other figures of speech to effectively
convey your point.
7. Manage your time well.
 2. DURATION
There is no exact definition of duration as applied in speech and or public speaking. According to Longman
Dictionary, duration refers to the the length of time that something continues- in this case your speech.

How long should a speaker speak? The answer to this fundamental question of speech writing, like so many
others, depends on a wide range of Factors.

FACTORS AFFECTING THE DURATION:

1.The Audience
2. The Subject Matter/ Topic to discussed
3. Your Role
4. The Mood
3. Logical Organization
Speech organization is effectively taking the information one
wishes to present and arranging it in a logical order. Start with
main points or smaller chunks of information to break down the
overall purpose. Then, use supporting materials, like examples,
statistics, testimony or a narrative, that backs your claims.

4. Word Choice
Word choice is a person’s choice or selection of words. There are many factors
which determine or compel a person for a word choice. A word choice is an
important part of any communication. It is the manner in which something is
expressed in words. The choice of words is the style of expression. A person, in
general, chooses words to which he feels comfortable, confident, and simple
enough for a general audience to understand.
 4. Level of Diction: The level of diction an author

Factors That Influence chooses directly relates to the intended

audience. Diction is classified into four levels of

Good Word Choice language:

A. Formal which denotes serious discourse
B. Informal which denotes relaxed but polite
1. Meaning: Words can be chosen for either their conversation
C. Colloquial which denotes language in everyday
denotative meaning, which is the definition you'd usage
find in a dictionary or the connotative meaning D. Slang which denotes new, often highly informal
like the emotions, circumstances, or descriptive words and phrases that evolve as a result
variations the word evokes. sociolinguistic constructs such as age, class,
wealth status, ethnicity, nationality, and regional
2. Specificity: Words that are concrete rather than
dialects.
abstract is more powerful in certain types of
writing, specifically academic works and works 5. Tone: Tone is an author's attitude toward a topic.
of nonfiction. However, abstract words can be When employed effectively, tone—be contempt,
powerful tools when creating poetry, fiction, or awe, agreement, or outrage—is a powerful tool
that writers use to achieve a desired goal or
persuasive rhetoric. purpose.
3. Audience: Whether the writer seeks to engage,
amuse, entertain, inform, or even incite anger, 6. Style: Word choice is an essential element in the
the audience is the person or persons for whom style of any writer. While his or her audience may
play a role in the stylistic choices a writer makes,
a piece of work is intended. style is the unique voice that sets one writer apart
 5. Grammatical
Correctness
The correct use of grammar indicates
that an individual is well educated,
attentive, and professional. In
contrast, poor grammar contributes
to the perception that one is careless
or unqualified for a professional
position.
 Editing/Revising your written speech involves correcting errors in
mechanics, such as grammar, punctuation, capitalization, unity,
coherence and others.
➢ Edit for focus.
“So, what’s the point? What’s the message of the speech?”
➢ Edit for clarity
“I don’t understand the message because the examples or supporting details were
confusing.”
➢ Edit for concision
“The speech was all over the place; the speaker kept on talking endlessly as if no one was
listening to him/her”
➢ Edit for continuity
“The speech was to difficult to follow; I was lost in the middle.”
➢ Edit for variety
“I didn’t enjoy the speech because it was boring.”
➢ Edit for impact and beauty
“There’s nothing really special about the speech.”
Common Errors in Grammar and Punctuation with Examples and Guides in
Writing:
1. Indefinite referents: Whenever possible, avoid using "it," "there," and "this" when no specific referent precedes
these pronoun
2. Shifts in person or point of view: Be consistent with the use of "you,“ "they," and "I." Each of these pronouns
represents a different point of view.
2.1(First person: I, me, we, us)
2.2 (Second person: you)
2.3 (Third person: her, him, he, she, they, them)
3. Such as
3. Lack of agreement
4. Incomplete sentences.

5. Run-on sentences. A run-on sentence is actually two or more sentences run together without punctuation.
6. Comma splices. Commas splices are like run-on sentences except that
the writer places a comma between the two clauses:
7. Punctuation
Punctuation helps convey the precise meaning of a sentence – and in fact
can even change the meaning,
8. Capitalization
Like punctuation, capitalization helps convey information. The first word
of every sentence is capitalized, signaling that a new sentence has begun.
6. Articulation and Modulation
Articulation – this refers to the speaker’s skill in pronouncing the words of the speech
since clear diction effectively transmits the message. This is also mean the act of
vocal expression; utterances or enunciation.

Voice Modulation is when you control or adjust your voice. It’s when you go louder or
softer, faster or slower, dramatic or emotional. Basically, it is a change in stress,
pitch, loudness, or tone of the voice and an inflection of the voice that gives your
voice mood meaning and sounds attractive.
1. Emphasis
Putting a pressure on keywords, syllables to provide contrast to words in bringing out the desired meaning.
This also allows to sound clear and attractive.
2. Pauses
Adrenalin rushes through our veins whenever we are delivering a speech on the stage.
It is normal if you are trembling and nervous, the only problem is when we tend to rush through
our speech. Being conscious about your speech is fine but through providing a few pauses can
greatly improve the impact of a speech.
3. Volume
The volume of your speech plays a key role in the clarity of your speech and is an easy way to modulate
your vocal tones.
4. Pace or Speech Speed
Changing pace from slow to fast or vice-versa is required depending on the Situation
5. Inflection
It is the ups and downs of words. Combining inflections links meaning and feeling with words.
6. Power
Always try to create sound coming from your abdomen and not from your throat and nasal.
Make it sound commanding by putting intensity on the voice.
 7. Stage Presence
Stage fright as we all know, is the feeling of being afraid to speak or perform in front of the crowd. It is even the
feeling of anxiety that we feel even before the actual talk or performance. As they say “No one is immune to
stage fright.” Performing an act or speaking in front of a crowd is never an easy task for anyone without
experience. Stage presence is the manner on how you conduct yourself in front of your audience. It takes
experience and practice in order to achieve a satisfying or an ideal outcome.

8. Facial Expressions, Gestures and

Movements)

9. Rapport with the Audience

Rapport is simply defined as the trust and connection that a
speaker creates with his/her audience. It is necessary to build
rapport in public speaking especially if the goal is to influence the
emotions and way of thinking of the audience.

A good rapport makes the speaker exude credibility and confidence.

Without rapport, your audience will not be engaged and will find a
hard time connecting to your speech. If you want your audience to
pay attention, build a rapport with them.
THANK YOU
☺☺☺☺☺
Reference:
Sipacio, Philippe John F. & Balgos, Ann Richie
G. (2016) Oral Communication in Context For
Senior High School () C & E Publishing:893
EDSA, South Triangle, Quezon City